ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Category
GeneralApproach

MLA
TheModernLanguageAssociation
(MLA)providesamethodforsource
documentationthatisusedinmost
humanitiescourses.Thehumanities
placeemphasisonauthorship,somost
MLAcitationinvolvesrecordingthe
authorsnameinthephysicaltext.The
authorsnameisalsothefirsttoappear
intheWorksCitedpageattheendof
anessay.ThemostrecentMLA
formattingcanbefoundintheseventh
editionoftheMLAmanual.

CitingBooks

BookcitationsinMLAgenerallyrequire
theauthorname,worktitle,
publicationcity,publisher,year
published,andanindicationofthe
publicationmedium,suchasprint.
Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivores
Dilemma.NewYork:PenguinGroup,
2006.Print.
Pollan,Michael.
Bell,JamesK.,andAdrianA.Cohn.

Generalbook
format

Singleauthor
Twoorthree
authors
Morethan
Kernis,Michael.etal.
threeauthors
Morethan
Kernis,Michael.etal.
sevenauthors
Corporate/
Organization
author

AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.

1
APA
TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation
(APA)providesamethodforsource
documentationthatisusedinmost
socialsciencescourses.Thesocial
sciencesplaceemphasisonthedatea
workwascreated,somostAPAcitation
involvesrecordingthedateofa
particularworkinthephysicaltext.The
dateisusuallyplacedimmediatelyafter
theauthorsnameintheReferences
pageattheendofanessay.Themost
recentAPAformattingcanbefoundin
thesixtheditionoftheAPAmanual.
BookcitationsinAPAgenerallyrequire
authorname,publicationyear,work
title,publicationcity,andpublisher.

CMS
TheChicagoManualofStyle(CMS)providesa
methodforsourcedocumentationthatisused
inmosthistorycourses.Historyplacesmuch
emphasisonsourceorigins,sofootnotesand
endnotesareusedtodemonstrateonpage
whereaparticularpieceofinformationwas
derivedfrom.InCMS,anumberisassignedto
aparticularfactinthetext,andafootnoteor
endnotewillappearatthebottomofthepage
linkingthesourcetothetext.Themostrecent
CMSformattingcanbefoundinthesixteenth
editionoftheCMSmanual.

Pollan,M.(2006).Theomnivores
dilemma.NewYork,NY:Penguin
Group.
Pollan,M.(2006).
Bell,C.,&CohnA.(1968).

Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,
Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.S.
(1993).
Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,
Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.SLast
AuthorsName(1993).
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.
(2005).

Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivoresDilemma.
NewYork:PenguinGroup,2006.

BookcitationsinCMSstylegenerallyrequire
theauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity,
publisher,andpublicationyear.

Pollan,Michael.
Bell,JamesK.andAdrianA.Cohn.
Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
Unknown
OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas.
author
Twoormore Nochangetonameformat;change
worksbythe notedbytitle.
sameauthor
Twoormore Nochangetonameformat;change
worksbythe notedbytitle.
sameauthor
inthesame
year.
Authorwith
Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Ed.
aneditor
KathleenA.Hauke.
Authorwitha Laplace,P.S.APhilosophicalEssayon
translator
Probabilities.Trans.F.W.Truscott
andF.L.Emory.
Editorwithno ConsequencesofGrowingUpPoor.Eds.
author
G.J.DuncanandJ.BrooksGunn.
Workinan
anthology

Editionother
thanfirst
Multivolume
work
Encyclopedia/
Dictionary

Foreword,
introduction,

Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging
ReluctantWriters."ATutor'sGuide:
HelpingWritersOnetoOne.Ed.Ben
Rafoth.Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann,
2000.2434.Print.
Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.
Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5thed.
DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.Ed.P.
Wiener.4Vols.
Posner,Rebecca.Romance
Languages.TheEncyclopedia
Britannica:Macropedia.15thed.
1987.Print.
Duncan,HughDalziel.Introduction.
PermanenceandChange:An

2
Oxfordessentialworldatlas.(2001).

OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas.

Slechty,P.C.(1997).

Slechty,P.C.(2001).
Slechty,P.C.(1997a).

Slechty,P.C.(1997b).

Nochangetonameformat.

Poston,T.(2000).AdraftofhistoryK.A.
Hauke,(Ed.).
Laplace,P.S.(1951).Aphilosophical
essayonprobabilities.(F.W.Truscott
&F.L.Emory,Trans.).
Duncan,G.J.,&BrooksGunn,J.(Eds.).
(1997).Consequencesofgrowingup
poor.
Harris,Muriel.(2000).Talktome:
Engagingreluctantwriters.InBen
Rafoth(Ed.),Atutorsguide:Helping
writersonetoone(pp.2434).
Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann.
Helfer,M.S.,Keme,R.S.,&Drugman,R.
D.(1997).Thebatteredchild(5thed.).

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Editedby
KathleenA.Hauke.
P.S.Laplace.APhilosophicalEssayon
Probabilities.TranslatedbyF.W.Truscott
andF.L.Emory.
Duncan,G.J.andJ.BrooksGunn,eds.

Wiener,P.(Ed.).(1973).Dictionaryof
thehistoryofideas(Vols.14).
Posner,R.(1987).RomanceLanguages.
InTheencyclopediaBritannica:
macropedia(15thed.).

Weiner,P.,ed.DictionaryoftheHistoryof
Ideas.4vols.
Citedinendnotesonly.
1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia,
15thed.,s.v.RomanceLanguages.

Duncan,H.D.Introduction.InK.Burke,
PermanenceandChange:An

Nochangetonameformat.

Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging
ReluctantWriters."InATutor'sGuide:
HelpingWritersOnetoOne,editedbyBen
Rafoth,2434.Portsmouth,NH:
Heinemann,2000.
Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.Drugman.
TheBatteredChild.5thed.

Duncan,HughDalziel.Introductionto
PermanenceandChange:AnAnatomyof

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
preface,or
afterword
ArticlesinPeriodicals

Magazine
Journal
paginatedby
issue

Daily
newspaper
Editorialin
newspaper
Lettertothe
editor

Bookorfilm
review

AnatomyofPurpose.

AnatomyofPurpose(xiiixliv).
UnitedStates:TheBobbsMerrill
Company,Inc.
Althoughperiodicalsarecitedsimilarly InAPAperiodicalcitation,authorsare
tomostbooksources,MLAsseventh
namedbytheirlastnamefollowedby
editionmakessomedistinctions
initials;thepublicationyeargoes
specifictoperiodicals.
betweenparenthesesandisfollowedby
aperiod.Thetitleofthearticleis
writteninsentencecase,inwhichonly
thefirstwordandpropernounsare
capitalized.Theperiodicaltitleiswritten
intitlecaseandisfollowedbythe
volumenumber,which,withthetitle,is
alsoitalicizedorunderlined.
Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaToo
Poniewozik,J.(2000,November).TV
CloseCall."Time20Nov.2000:7071.
makesatooclosecall.Time,20,7071.
Print.
Bagchi,Alaknanda."Conflicting
Bagchi,A.(1996).Conflicting
Nationalisms:TheVoiceofthe
nationalisms:Thevoiceofthe
SubalterninMahaswetaDevi'sBashai
subalterninMahaswetaDevisBashai
Tudu."TulsaStudiesinWomen's
Tudu.TulsaStudiesinWomens
Literature15.1(1996):4150.Print.
Literature(15.1),4150.
Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."
Krugman,A.(2007,May21).Fearof
NewYorkTimes21May2007.A1.
eating.NewYorkTimes,pp.A1.
Print.
"OfMinesandMen."Editorial.Wall
Ofminesandmen(2003,Oct24).
StreetJournaleast.ed.24Oct.2003:
[Editorial]TheWallStreetJournaleast,
A14.Print.
p.A14.
Hamer,John.Letter.American
Hamer,J.(2006/2007,
JournalismReviewDec.2006/Jan.
December/January).[Lettertothe
2007:7.Print.
editor].AmericanJournalismReview,

7.
Seitz,MattZoller."LifeintheSprawling Seitz,M.Z.(2007,May30).Lifeinthe
Suburbs,IfYouCanReallyCallIt
sprawlingsuburbs,ifyoucanreallycall

3
Purpose.

CMSperiodicalcitationsincludeauthorname,
articletitle,publicationtitle,publicationdate,
andissueinformation.CMSalsorequires
citationofaURLifthejournalwasaccessed
online.

Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaTooClose
Call."Time,November20,2000.
Bagchi,Alaknanda."ConflictingNationalisms:
TheVoiceoftheSubalterninMahasweta
Devi'sBashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesin
WomensLiterature15.1(1996):4150.
Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."NewYork
Times,May2007.
Citedinnotesonly.
1.Editorial,WallStreetJournal,October24,
2003.
Citedinnotesonly.
1.JohnHamer,lettertotheeditor,
AmericanJournalismReview,December
2006/January2007.
Sietz,MattZoller.ReviewofRadiantCity,
DirectedbyGaryBurnsandJimBrown.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

OnlineSources

General
format

Entire
Website

Pagefrom
Website

Pagefrom
Websitewith
unknown
author
Imagefroma

Living."Rev.ofRadiantCity,dir.Gary
BurnsandJimBrown.NewYorkTimes
30May2007lateed.:E1.Print.
MLAguidelinesformostonlinesources
weredevelopedundertheassumption
thatcontentcanbefoundonlineas
longasinformation,suchasauthorand
title,wereincluded.Therefore,MLA
doesnotrequireaURLlisting.MLA
citationofonlinesourcesdoes,
however,askforapublisherorsponsor
ofthewebpage.Authorsforwebsites
areoftencorporations,orgovernments
(Hacker).
Author.TitleofSite.Sponsor,Date
created(usen.d.ifnotgiven).
Medium.Dateaccessed.

itliving[ReviewofthefilmRadiant
City,directedbyGaryBurnsandJim
Brown].NewYorkTimes,lateed.:E1.
InAPAcitation,onlinesourcesoften
includewhatareknownasDOIs,or
digitalobjectidentifiers.IfaDOIis
available,itisusedinplaceofaURL.The
DOIisaserialnumberthatidentifiesthe
sourceregardlessofURLchanges,andit
canoftenbefoundonthefirstpageof
anonlinesource.BeyondtheDOI,APA
generallycitesauthor,date,pagetitle,
sitetitle,availablepagenumbers,anda
URLorDOI.
Author.(Year[usen.d.ifnotgiven]).
Articleorpagetitle.LargerPublication
Title,volumeorissuenumber.
Retrievedfromhttp://urladdress
UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection
Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards.
Agency.(2004,July).Drinkingwater
EPA,8July2004.Web.24Jan.2006
standards.RetrievedfromUSEPA
websitehttp://water.epa.gov/drink
Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThird
Shiva,V.(2006,February).Bioethics:A
WorldIssue.Nativeweb.Nativeweb,
thirdworldissue.Nativeweb.
n.d.Web.22Feb.2006.
Retrievedfrom
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/lega
l/shiva.html

MediaGiants.Frontline:The
Mediagiants.(2001).Frontline:The
MerchantsofCool.PBSOnline,2001.
MerchantsofCool.RetrievedfromPBS
Web.7Feb.2006.
Online
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron
tline/shows/cool/giants/
Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharles
Goya,F.(1800).ThefamilyofCharlesIV.

4
NewYorkTimes,May30,2007,Late
edition.
CMScitationrequirestheURLtobelistedat
theendofthecitationbutnotthedatethe
contentedwasaccessed.Iftheinternetsource
istimesensitive,includethedateofaccess
aftertheURLlistinginparenthesis.CMS
documentationoftenincludestheuseofDOIs.

Author.DocumentTitle.URLorDOI.

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection
Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards.
http://water.epa.gov/drink.
Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThirdWorld
Issue.Nativeweb.
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi
va.html.

MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsof
Cool.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/
shows/cool/giants.
Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharlesIV.

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
Website

MuseoNationaldelPrado.Retrieved
from
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd

/goya/hd_goya.htm
Onlinebook
Milton,John.ParadiseLost:BookI.
Milton,J.(1667).Paradiselost:BookI.
Poetryfoundation.org.Poetry
PoetryFoundation.Retrievedfrom
Foundation,2008.Web.14Dec.
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/arc
2008.
hive/poem.html?id=174002
Portionofan Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.The
Adams,H.(1918).Diplomacy.The
onlinebook
EducationofHenryAdams.ByAdams.
educationofhenryadams.
Boston:Houghton,1918.N.pag.
Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.
Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.
Retrievedfrom
Web.8Jan2007.
http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Articleinan
Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationof
Bent,H.(2007).Professionalizationof
onlinejournal
thePh.D.Degree.College
thePh.D.degree.CollegeComposition
CompositionandCommunication58.4
andCommunication,58.4,0145.
(2007):0145.Web.5Dec.2008.
Articleinan
online
magazine/
newspaper
Entireblog

Responseina
blog

IV.1800.MuseoNacionaldelPrado,
Madrid.MuseoNationaldelPrado.
Web.22May2006.

Bernstein,Mark."10TipsonWriting
theLivingWeb."AListApart:For
PeopleWhoMakeWebsites.AList
ApartMag.,16Aug.2002.Web.4
May2009.
Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout.
WashingtonPost,10Jan.2007.Web.
19Jan.2007.

Editor,screenname,author,or
compilername(ifavailable).Posting
Title.NameofSite.Versionnumber
(ifavailable).Nameof
institution/organizationaffiliatedwith
thesite(sponsororpublisher).

MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid,1800.
Painting.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goy
a/hd_goya.htm
Milton,John.ParadiseLost.CityandDateof
OriginalPublication.
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/
poem.html?id=174002
Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationof
HenryAdams.Reprintofthe1918edition,
Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.
http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationofthe
Ph.D.Degree.CollegeCompositionand
Communication58,no.4(2007):0145.
AccessedDecember5,2008.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.
Bernstein,M.10TipsonWritingtheLiving
Web.AListApartMagazine.August16,
2002.
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv
ing
Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout(blog).
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thechecko
ut/

Bernstein,M.(2002).10tipsonwriting
thelivingweb.AListApart:ForPeople
WhoMakeWebsites.Retrievedfrom
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/wr
iteliving
Mayer,C.(2007,January10).The
checkout.[Weblogpost].Retrieved
from
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thec
heckout/
Writersname.(Dateofpost).Subjectof BlogName;EntryTitle,blogentryby
post.[Weblogcomment].Retrieved
WritersName,Dateofpost.
from:URLorDOI

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

CDROM

Email

MultimediaSources

Videoorfilm

Mediumofpublication.Dateof
access.
Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage
DictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.
4thed.Boston;Houghton,2000.CD
ROM.
Kunka,Andrew."Re:Modernist
Literature."Messagetotheauthor.
15Nov.2000.Email.
MLAformatformultimediasources
requiresamediumdescriptionatthe
endofthecitation.Film,DVD,radio,
Web,aperformance,andother
descriptionsshouldbeusedtoindicate
thetypeofmultimediathatisbeing
referenced.
AnInconvenientTruth.Dir.David
Guggenheim.Narr.AlGore.
Paramount,2006.DVD.

Pimpernel.(2000).[CDROM].The
AmericanHeritageDictionaryofthe
EnglishLanguage.4thed.

Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage
DictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed.
Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM.

Notincludedinreferences.

Citedinnotesonly.
1.AndrewKunka,emailmessageto
author,November15,2000.
WhencitinganinternetsourceinCMSformat,
includeasmuchinformationasisavailable
regardingauthor,sitetitle,sitesponsor,and
anyavailableURL.Anaccessdateisnot
neededinCMSformatting.

ElectronicsourcesinAPAformatmay
includeadigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)
number.WhenaDOIisevident,itmay
beusedinplaceofaURLaddress.An
onlinesourceshouldincludeeithera
DOIoraURL.

Guggenheim,D.(Director),&Bender,L.
(Producer).(2006).Aninconvenient
truth[DVD].UnitedStates:Paramount
HomeEntertainment.
Podcast/
Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfile Murphy,B.(2008,September19).Tips
YouTube
Piece.Project:Report.YouTube,7
foragoodprofilepiece.[YouTube].
Sept.2008.Web.19Sept.2008.
Project:Report.Retrievedfrom
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu
A2VcdqB9k/
Lecture/
Teplin,LindaA.et.al.EarlyViolent
Teplin,L.A.,McClelland,G.M.,Abram,
Publicaddress
DeathinDelinquentYouth:A
K.M.,&Washburn,J.J.(2005).Early
ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.
violentdeathindelinquentyouth:a
AnnualMeetingoftheAmerican
prospectivelongitudinalstudy.
PsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla,
[Presentation].Paperpresentedatthe
California.March,2005.Presentation.
AnnualMeetingoftheAmerican
PsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla,CA.
OtherSources

ThePurdue
Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.Four Brizee,A.,&Tardiff,E.(2010,April7).

AnInconvenientTruth.UnitedStates:
ParamountHomeEducation,2006.DVD,94
min.
Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfilePiece.
Project:Report.YouTube.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2Vc
dqB9k/
Teplin,LindaA.,GaryM.McClelland,KarenM.
Abram,andJasonJ.Washburn.Early
ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A
ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.Paper
presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe
AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,
CA,March2005.

Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.FourMain

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
OWL

MainComponentsforEffective
Outlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab.
PurdueUniversity,7April,2010.Web.
20Dec.2010.

Government
publication

ContinentalCongress.Journalsofthe
ContinentalCongress,17741789.
WashingtonDC.19041937.

Dissertation

Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginaries
inDeathRitualsduringtheNorthern
SongDynasty.Diss.Universityof
Chicago,2008.Web.Contesting
ImaginariesinDeathRitualsduring
theNorthernSongDynasty.

7
Fourmaincomponentsforeffective
outlines.PurdueOnlineWritingLab.
Retrievedfrom
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/res
ource/544/01/
ContinentalCongress.(17741789).
Journalsofthecontinentalcongress.
Washington,DC.19041937.
Choi,M.(2008).Contestingimaginaries
indeathritualsduringthenorthern
songdynasty(Doctoraldissertation).
AvailablefromProQuestdatabase.
(AAT3300426).

ComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.Purdue
OnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc
e/544/01/
ContinentalCongress,Journalsofthe
ContinentalCongress,17741789,Editedby
WorthingtonC.Fordetal.34vols.
Washington,DC,190437.
Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesinDeath
RitualsduringtheNorthernSongDynasty.
PhDdiss.,UniversityofChicago,2008.
ProQuest(AAT3300426).

InTextCitations

CitingBooks

Likemostsourcedocumentation
systems,MLAusesintextcitationsto
givereadersinformationanddirects
readerstothemorespecificWorks
Citedpageshouldareaderwantto
pursueasourcefurther.Generally,MLA
intextcitationrequiresanauthorname
andapagenumberwherethe
informationbeingcitedcanbefound.
Citationscanbeformattedinavariety
ofways.

APAaddstoMLAstylebyincludingan
authorname(s),pagenumber(s),and
date.Thedateisgenerallyprovided
parentheticallywheneverthe
authors(s)name(s)is(are)givenwhile
pagenumbersalwaysappearattheend
ofthesentence.Thedateisimportant
insocialsciencebecauseithelps
demonstratetherelevance(newness)
oftheworkbeingcited.

Footnotesorendnotesareusedwhenciting
withinthetextofaCMSformatteddocument.
Thesenotesdonottaketheplaceofthefinal
bibliographypage;instead,endnotesand
footnotesworktostrengthenadocuments
credibilitybyprovidingspecificsource
informationatthebottomofthepageorina
separatenotessectionforreaderstoreview.
FootnotesinCMSstylegenerallyincludethe
authorname,thepublicationtitle,publication
dateandpublisherinformation(ifbeingcited
forthefirsttime),aswellasapagenumber.
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis
phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration
ofevidence.12

Authornamed PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto
inasignal
thisphenomenonasacumulative
phrase
collaborationofevidence(49).

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepper(1961)
referstothisphenomenonasa
cumulativecollaborationofevidence
(p.49).

(Matchnumber(12)toendnoteatthebottom
ofthepage)

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Authornot
namedina
signalphrase

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(Pepper49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(Pepper,1961,p.49).

Unknown
author

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(WorldHypotheses49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(WorldHypotheses,1961,p.
49).

Unknown
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
pagenumber acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(Pepper).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas
acumulativecollaborationof
evidence(Pepper,Evidenceand
Corroborationsection,para.22).

Morethan
oneworkby
thesame
author

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto
thisphenomenonasacumulative
collaborationofevidence(World
Hypotheses49),whichhehintstoward
inearlierworkaswell(Emergence
241).

Twoorthree
authors

ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeisernotein
GoingPublictheimportanceof
redefiningexpectationsforfacultywork

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses
(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,
1961),49.
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa
cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses
(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,
1961),49.
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa
cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

12.WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles:
UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.
Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa
cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,
(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,
1961).
PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis
thisphenomenonasacumulative
phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration
collaborationofevidence(World
ofevidence,12whichhehintstowardin
Hypotheses,1961,p.49),whichhehints earlierworkaswell.13

towardinearlierworkaswell
(Emergence,1926,p.241).
12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,
(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,
1961),49.

13.StephenC.Pepper,Emergence,The
JournalofPhilosophy23,no.9(1926).
RoseandWeiser(2010)notethe
ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoing
importanceofredefiningexpectations
Publictheimportanceofredefining
forfacultywork(p.3).
expectationsforfacultywork.6

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
(3).

Fourormore
authors

Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon
undergraduateperspectivesof
academicwritingfoundavarietyof
approaches(Andersonetal.11).

Corporate
author

TheAmericanPsychological
Associationsstudydemonstratedthe
significantroleofprayerasacoping
mechanismforhealth(67).

Authorswith
thesamelast
name
Encyclopedia

Usethefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.
Smith19).

6.ShirleyKRoseandIrwinWeiser,Going
Public,(Utah:UniversityPress,2010).
In1990,Anderson,Best,Black,Hurst,
Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon
Miller,andMillerproducedastudythat undergraduateperspectivesofacademic
focusedspecificallyonundergraduate
writingfoundavarietyofapproaches.2
perspectivesofacademicwriting,and

theyfoundavarietyofapproachesin
2.WorthAndersonandOthers,Cross
place(p.11).
CurricularUnderlife:ACollaborativeReport
onWayswithAcademicWords,College
CompositionandCommunication41,no.1.
Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificant Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleof
roleofprayerasacopingmechanism
prayerasacopingmechanismforhealth.9
forhealth(AmericanPsychological

Association,2011,p.67).
9.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,
NationalTrendsinPrayerUseasaCoping
MechanismforHealthConcerns:Changes
from2002to2007,PsychologyofReligion
andSpirituality.
Usethefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.
Doesnotapplybecauseendnoteswill
Smith,2009,p.19).
differentiate.

Romancelanguageshaveacurious
history(RomanceLanguages).

Romancelanguageshaveacurious
history(Posner,1987).

Multivolume
work

Usethevolumenumberfollowedbythe
pagenumberinthecitation,e.g.,(2:
119).
Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors
notedtheimportanceofreligionin
conceivingnature(Emerson1123;
Thoreau1994).

Twoormore
worksinthe
same
parentheses

Useendnoteonly,doesnotappearin
bibliography.

1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:
Macropedia,15thed.,s.v.Romance
Languages.
Usethepagenumberanddate;indicate
10.PhillipP.Weiner,Dictionaryofthe
thevolumeinthereferencesection
HistoryofIdeas,6vols,(CharlesScribnerand
only.
Sons,2004).
Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors
Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnoted
notedtheimportanceofreligionin
theimportanceofreligioninconceiving
conceivingnature(Emerson1836;
nature.22
Thoreau,1862).

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

Anentire
work

Workinan
anthology

ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa
fascinationwithsauntering.

Usetheselectionsnameandpage
number,nottheeditor.

Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis
capturedbyHurstonscandid
autobiography,FromDustTracksona
Road(336).
MultimediaSources

Videoorfilm
Citeasintextdocumentusingrelease
date.

TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin
contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn
Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish.

Podcast/
Usevideoauthor/podcastnameand
YouTube
giventitle.

Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious
whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas
DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig
BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet
Money.
Lecture/
Theproblemofviolentdeathamong
Publicaddress delinquentyouthswascarefully
documentedbyTeplinetal.inan
addressdeliveredin2005attheAnnual
MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology

10

ThoreausWalking(1862)
demonstratesafascinationwith
sauntering.
Citethespecificworkonly,notthe
anthologyoritseditor.

Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis
capturedbyHurstonscandid
autobiography,FromDustTracksona
Road(1942).

Citeasintextdocumentusingrelease
date.

TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin
contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn
Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish
(1993).
Usevideo/podcastauthorname,if
known,title,andpostingdate.

Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious
whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas
DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig
BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet
Money(2011).
Theproblemofviolentdeathamong
delinquentyouthswascarefully
documentedbyTeplinetal.inan
addressdeliveredattheAnnual
MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology

22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862;
RalphWaldoEmerson,Nature,1836.
ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa
fascinationwithsauntering.22

22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862.
19.ZoraNealeHurston,FromDustTracks
onaRoad,inTheNortonBookofAmerican
Autobiography,ed.JayParini(NewYork:
Norton,1999),336.

45.TheSecretofRoanInish,DVD,directed
byJohnSayles(1993;CulverCity,CA:
ColumbiaTristarHomeVideo,2000).

Treatasadocumentfromawebsite.

31.DavidKestenbaum,ABigBridgeinthe
WrongPlace,PlanetMoneyPodcast,
NationalPublicRadio,
http://www.npr.org/blogs/money

Ifusinganunpublishedlectureoraddress,cite
inwritingonly.

PresidentObamanotedduringanaddresson
August1,2011that...

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart
LawSociety.

OtherSources
ThePurdue
OWL

Government
publication

11
LawSociety(2005).

Ifusingapublishedlectureoraddress,follow
thisexample:

41.LindaA.TeplinandOthers,Early
ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A
ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy,Paper
presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe
AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,
CA,March2005.

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeewriteinthe KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee(2011)
KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeenote,
OnlineWritingLabatPurdueUniversity, writeintheOnlineWritingLabat
ResearchbasedwritinginAmerican
ResearchbasedwritinginAmerican
PurdueUniversity,Researchbased
institutions,botheducationalandcorporate,
institutions,botheducationaland
writinginAmericaninstitutions,both
isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularly
corporate,isfilledwithrulesthat
educationalandcorporate,isfilledwith beginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhow
writers,particularlybeginners,aren't
rulesthatwriters,particularly
tofollow.23

awareofordon'tknowhowtofollow
beginners,aren'tawareofordon't
(AvoidingPlagiarism).
knowhowtofollow.
23.KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee,Avoiding
Plagiarism,PurdueOnlineWritingLab,
PurdueUniversity,
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/
589/01/
AccordingtothePennsylvania
TheEmeraldAshBorerinvasionin
27.PennsylvaniaDepartmentof
DepartmentofConservationand
Pennsylvaniahasledtodozensof
ConservationandNaturalResources,Bureau
NaturalResources,theEmeraldAsh
countyquarantinesinrecentyears
ofForestryPublications:Coleoptera:
BorerinvasioninPennsylvaniahasled
(PennsylvaniaDCNR,2011).
Buprestidae:AgrilusplanipennisFairmaire,
todozensofcountyquarantinesin
2011.
recentyears.