UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

CHICAGO
A DVA N C E D D I G I TA L
COMMUNICATION

Project Repor t:
DS-CDMA

G OW T H A M S I V A K U M A R
UIN: 674422979

CDMA
Introduction:

Fig.Different channel access methods

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiple access technique where different users
share the same physical medium that is the same frequency band at the same time. The main
ingredient of CDMA is the spread spectrum technique which uses high rate signature pulses to
enhance the signal bandwidth far beyond what is necessary for a given data rate. The users of the
system are identified at the base station by their unique spreading code. The signal that is
transmitted by any user consists of the users data that modulates its spreading code, which in turn
modulates a carrier. An example of a modulation scheme is quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK).
CDMA employs multiplexing, i.e, allowing several transmitters to send information
simultaneously in a single communication channel. This is achieved by using spread spectrum
technology and a special coding scheme where each transmitter is assigned acode to allow multiple
users to be multiplexed over the physical channel.
In contrast, TDMA which divides access by time while FDMA divides access by frequency.
CDMA is a form of spread spectrum signalling, since the code modulated signal has higher
bandwidth than the data being transmitted.
The performance of CDMA is based on XOR-logic when considering that it is transmitting {0,1}.
Each user in CDMA system uses a different code or group of codes to modulate their signal ( one
code if data and pilot are transmitted in the same frequency or 2 if it is done differently). We can use
one code for data channel and another for the pilot channel. A key point for performance is the
choice of codes to modulate the signal from the CDMA system. Two of the best known CDMA coding
techniques are Hadamard-Walsh and Gold. The best performance is obtained when there is a good
seperation between the signals of the desired user and signals from other users. This is called as
Multiple Access Interference (MAI).
The seperation of signals is performed by correlating the received signal with the local source
code of the desired user. If the signal matches the desired user code, then the correlation function
will be high and the system can extract the signal. If desired by the user, the code can have nothing
in common with the correlation signal and thus having a correlation value close to 0. This is known
as auto-correlation and is used to reject multipath interference.

The performance of CDMA is based on XOR-logic when considering that it is transmitting {0,1}.
Each user in CDMA system uses a different code or group of codes to modulate their signal ( one
code if data and pilot are transmitted in the same frequency or 2 if it is done differently). We can use
one code for data channel and another for the pilot channel. A key point for performance is the
choice of codes to modulate the signal from the CDMA system. The best performance is obtained
when there is a good separation between the signals of the desired user and signals from other
users. This is called as Multiple Access Interference (MAI).
Correlation of the received signals with the local source code of the desired user results in the
separation of the signals. The correlation function will be high and the system can extract the signal
if the signal matches the desired user code. If desired by the user, the code can have nothing in
common with the correlation signal and thus having a correlation value close to 0. This is known as
auto-correlation and is used to reject multipath interference. In the DS-CDMA system, the
narrowband message signal is multiplied by a large bandwidth signal, which is called the
spreading of a signal. The spreading signal is generated by convolving a GOLD sequence code with
a chip waveform whose duration is much smaller than the symbol duration. All users in the system
use the same carrier frequency and may transmit simultaneously. The receiver performs a
correlation operation to detect the message addressed to a given user and the signals from other
users appear as noise due to de-correlation.
Direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) is currently the subject of much
research as it is a promising multiple access capability for third and fourth generations mobile
communication systems. The synchronous DS-CDMA system is presented for eliminating the effects
of multiple access interference (MAI) which limits the capacity and degrades the BER performance
of the system. MAI refers to the interference between different direct sequences users. With
increasing the number of users, the MAI grows to be significant and the DS-CDMA system will be
interference limited. The spreading sequences in a DS-CDMA system need to have good crosscorrelation characteristics as well as good autocorrelation characteristics. The goal is to reduce the
fading effect by supplying the receiver with several replicas of the same information signal
transmitted over independently fading paths.

Categories:
In general, CDMA belongs to two basic categories:
Synchronous CDMA
Asynchronous CDMA
SCDMA exploits mathematical properties of orthogonality of vectors representing the datastreams (say, binary streams 1 0 0 0 represents vector [1 0 0 0]. These vectors can be multiplied by
scalar product, the sum of products of their components. If their scalar product is 0, the 2 vectors are
said to be orthogonal to each other.
SCDMA uses a code orthogonal to other codes to modulate their signal. To set an example, we
can use 4 orthogonal digital signals. Orthogonal codes have 0 cross-correlation, meaning they do
not interfere with each other.
rab = rba = a.b = 0
a.(a+b) = a.a + a.b = ||a||2 + 0
a.(-a+b) = -a.a + a.b = -||a||2 + 0
b.(a+b) = b.a + b.b = ||b||2 + 0
In the example, the orthogonal Walsh sequences describes a way in which two users can be
multiplexed in a synchronous system, a technique known as code division multiplexing. An N x N
Walsh matrix can be used to multiplex N users. When multiplexing is necessary all the users are
coordinated so that each transmitter transmits with a delay of the channel to reach the reciever at

exactly the same time. Thus, the technique is used in links to mobile base, where all transmissions
originates from the same transmitter and can be coordinated.
ACDMA links are used when mobile to base communications cannot be coordinated with
proper precision, mainly due to mobility of terminals. Thus, this has a big implication on the design
of the system which needs to be orthogonal at all times. Since, this is mathematically impossible to
design, a pseudo-random code(PN) is used. A PN code is a binary sequence that appears random
but can be reproduced in a deterministic fashion. PN codes are used to encode and decode the
signal from asynchronous CDMA users in the same way as orthogonal codes. These PN sequences
are statistically correlated and the sum of a large number of PN sequences result in MAI which is
approximated by gaussian noise process if all users have the same power. In other words, unlike
SCDMA, the signal from other users appear as noise to signal of interest and interfere slightly with
the desired signal in proportion to the number of users. Since each users generate MAI, controlling
signal strength is a key issue in CDMA transmitter.

Advantages:
1. Efficient use of a fixed bandwidth.
The use of DS-CDMA can effectively enhance overall bandwidth efficiency compared with
traditional multiple access schemes such as FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access). Spectrum is extremely expensive; it has to be purchased from
various governmental licensing authorities at auction and sometimes those auctions have involved
billions of US dollars

2. Flexible allocation of resources

CDMA can offer a key advantage over flexible allocation of resources, for example PN codes can be
assigned to each user. In the case of TDMA and FDMA have a number of simultaneous orthogonal
codes fixed slots and fixed frequency bands. This fixed number of time slots or frequency bands are
underutilized especially in cases of bursts such as when data is packed. In contrast CDMA adapts to
the number of users because you can add another user and the overall impact will be a decrease on
SIR decreases, while if there are fewer users SIR increases.

3.Anti-jamming capability of CDMA

Because bandwidth is limited, it is usually common to try minimizing bandwidth. However, the use
of spread spectrum techniques aims to use more bandwidth while reducing power spectral density.
One of the initial reasons for doing this was military applications in communications systems. These
systems were designed using spread spectrum for resistance to interference. The code makes
CDMA spread spectrum signals appear random, so, these have some properties similar to noise. A
receiver cannot demodulate this transmission without knowing pseudorandom sequence used to
encode data.

4.Resistant to interference
Both synchronous and asynchronous CDMA are resistant to interference. So if the interference is
constant over the spectral width, the effective noise will be the bandwidth of the chip code over the
noise bandwidth. Furthermore, the CDMA is very effective against narrowband interference since
noises outside the bandwidth associated with the code chip are not affecting the signal. Another key
point is that the CDMA is resistant to multipath interference and the delayed versions of the codes
will have little correlation with the original pseudorandom code, and therefore will appear as

another user, which is ignored in the receiver being used a RAKE receiver. In other words, if
multiple channel chip cause the least delay, the multipath signals arrive at the receiver so that travel
time by at least one chip of the predicted signal.

Applications:
DS-CDMA modulation has been used for many commercial communication systems (almost all 3G
mobile cellular systems use DS-CDMA as their prime multiple access air-link architecture) and
measurement instruments. It is reasonable to expect that DS modulation will continue to be a
familiar form of spreading modulation scheme in the years to come due to its unique and desirable
features. Characteristic of DS spreading modulation is just exactly that modulation of a carrier by a
code sequence. The use of DS-CDMA can effectively enhance overall bandwidth efficiency
compared with traditional multiple access schemes such as FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access) and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). Spectrum is extremely expensive; it has to be
purchased from various governmental licensing authorities at auction and sometimes those auctions
have involved billions of US dollars (or equivalent monetary value in other currencies). It represents
a considerable investment by a service carrier. Therefore, the bandwidth efficiency of a
communication technology will be a primary concern for any network operator. The right selection
of a suitable multiple access scheme to provide multi-user services is of ultimate importance.
DSCDMA-based mobile cellular carries more calls than TDMA-based technologies. Generally
speaking, CDMA will carry between 2 and 3 times as many calls simultaneously as TDMA in the
same amount of bandwidth. The another major advantage of CDMA is its capability for dynamic
allocation of bandwidth. To understand this, it is important to realize that in this context in CDMA,
bandwidth refers to the ability of any user to get data from one end to the other. It does not refer to
the amount of spectrum used by the user because in CDMA every terminal uses the entire spectrum
of its carrier whenever it is transmitting or receiving. On the other hand, TDMA works by taking a
channel with a fixed bandwidth and dividing it into several time slots. Any given mobile terminal is
then given the ability to use one or more of the slots on an ongoing basis if it is in a call.

Direct Sequence CDMA:

CDMA is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. The CDMA system works directly on 64
kbit/sec digital signals. These signals can be digitized voice, ISDN channels, modem data, etc.
Signal transmission consists of the following steps:
1) A pseudo-random code is generated, different for each channel and each successive connection.
2) The Information data modulates the pseudo-random code (the Information data is spread).
3) The resulting signal modulates a carrier.
4) The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast.
Signal reception consists of the following steps:
1) The carrier is received and amplified.
2) The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to recover the spread digital signal.
3) A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the anticipated signal.
4) The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its own code to it.
5) The received signal is correlated with the generated code, extracting the Information data.
Code division multiple-access techniques allow many users to simultaneously access a given
frequency allocation. User separation at the receiver is possible because each user spreads the
modulated waveform over a wide bandwidth using unique spreading codes. There are two basic
types of CDMA. Direct-sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) spreads the signal directly by multiplying the
data waveform with a user-unique high bandwidth pseudo-noise binary sequence. The resulting
signal is then mixed up to a carrier frequency and transmitted. The receiver mixes down to

baseband and then re-multiplies with the binary { 1} pseudo-noise sequence. This effectively
(assuming perfect synchronization) removes the pseudo-noise signal and what remains (of the
desired signal) is just the transmitted data waveform. After removing the pseudo-noise signal, a
filter with bandwidth proportional to the data rate is applied to the signal. Because other users do
not use completely orthogonal spreading codes, there is residual multiple-access interference
present at the filter output.
In Direct Sequence spread spectrum transmission, the user data signal is multiplied by a code
sequence. Mostly, binary sequences are used. The duration of an element in the code is called the
"chip time". The ratio between the user symbol time and the chip time is called the spread factor.
The transmit signal occupies a bandwidth that equals the spread factor times the bandwidth of the
user data. In the receiver, the received signal is again multiplied by the same (synchronized) code.
This operation removes the code, so we recover the transmitted user data.

A CDMA receiver can retrieve the wanted signal by multiplying the receive signal with the same
code as the one used during transmission. So

Where c1 is the code sequence used by user 1, Tc is the chip duration, td is a common time offset,
shared between transmitter and receiver and N is the length of the code sequence. Note that the
receive code must be perfectly time aligned with the transmit code.

The DS-CDMA system:

In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems all users transmit in the same bandwidth
simultaneously. Communication systems following this concept are "spread spectrum systems''. In
this transmission technique, the frequency spectrum of a data-signal is spread using a code
uncorrelated with that signal. As a result the bandwidth occupancy is much higher than required.
The codes used for spreading have low cross-correlation values and are unique to every user. This
is the reason that a receiver which has knowledge about the code of the intended transmitter is
capable of selecting the desired signal. Direct sequence signals are generated by their modulating
a carrier with a code sequence; In a DS-CDMA communication system the incoming information
signal is digitized if it is not in a digital format, and modulo-2 added to a higher speed code

sequence. The combined information and code then are used to modulate on RF carrier using bpsk
modulation technique. Since high speed code sequence dominates the modulating function, it
determines the RF signal bandwidth and gives rise to the spread spectrum signal.

Modulation and Demodulation

Modulation:
In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a discrete signal. Digital modulation
methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation
or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a
finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet).
If the alphabet consists of M = 2n alternative symbols, each symbol represents a message consisting
of N bits. If the baud rate is fs symbols/second, then the data rate is N fs bit/second. In the case of
PSK, ASK or QAM, where the carrier frequency of the modulated signal is constant, the modulation
alphabet is often conveniently represented on a constellation diagram, showing the amplitude of the
I signal at the x-axis, and the amplitude of the Q signal at the y-axis, for each symbol.

Fig: QPSK Modulator

Phase Shift Keying (PSK):

This scheme is based on controlling the phase of the symbols generated. There are two types of
deployment with the differential phase or the phase itself. In PSK symbols are chosen in a uniform
angular distribution spread over a circle. This provides maximum phase separation and gives the
best immunity to corruption of the signal. Each symbol is associated with a given energy can be
fixed. Two typical cases are using two-phase BPSK and QPSK uses four phases

Fig: Constellation for QPSK

Demodulation:
Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a modulated
carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit that is used to recover the information content
from the modulated carrier wave. A QPSK signal is generated by two BPSK signals. QPSK uses four
points on the diagram, equispaced around a circle. With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per
symbol shown in the diagram with gray coding to minimize the BER. Then the symbol is changed to
next symbol then the phase of the carrier is changed by 45 . To distinguish the two signals, we use
two orthogonal carrier signals. One is given by cos(2fct) and the other is given by sin(2fct). A
channel in which cos(2fct) is used as a carrier signal is generally called an in-phase channel, or Ich
and a channel in which sin(2fct) is used as a carrier signal is generally called a quadrature-phase
channel, or Qch. Therefore, dI(t) and dq(t) are the data in Ich and Qch, respectively. Modulation
schemes that use Ich and Qch are called quadrature modulation schemes. The first basis function is
used as the in-phase component of the signal and the second as the quadrature component of the
signal.

The mathematical analysis:

Sn(t)=(2 s/T)cos(2fct+(2n-1)/4)
for n=1,2,3,4,
This yields the four phases /4,3/4,5/4 and 7/4 as needed. This results in a two-dimensional
signal space with unit basis functions. The in-phase and quadrature components of the signal are
given by,
1(t)=(2/Ts)cos(2fct)
2(t)=(2/Ts)sin(2fct)
The binary data stream is split into the in separately modulated onto two orthogonal basis functions.
In this implementation, two sinusoids are used. Afterwards, the two signals are superimposed, and
the resulting signal is the QPSK signal. Note the use of polar non-return-to-zero encoding. These
encoders can be placed before for binary data source, but have been placed after to illustrate the
conceptual difference between digital and analog signals involved with digital modulation. In the
receiver structure for QPSK replaced with correlators. Each detection device uses a reference
threshold value to determine whether a 1 or 0 is detected.

Fig: QPSK Demodulator

Communication Channel:
Rayleigh Fading Channel :
Rayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal,
such as that used by wireless devices. The magnitude of a signal that has passed through such a
transmission medium will vary randomly according to a Rayleigh distribution the radial component
of the sum of two uncorrelated Gaussian random variables. Rayleigh fading is viewed as a
reasonable model for tropospheric and ionospheric signal propagation as well as the effect of
heavily built-up urban environments on radio signals. When there is no dominant propagation along
a line of sight between the transmitter and receiver, Rayleigh fading is the most applicable.
Rayleigh fading is a reasonable model when there are many objects in the environment that scatter
the radio signal before it arrives at the receiver, if there is sufficiently much scatter, the channel
impulse response will be well modelled as a Gaussian process irrespective of the distribution of the
individual components. If there is no dominant component to the scatter, then such a process will
have zero mean and phase evenly distributed between 0 and 2 radians. The envelope of the
channel response will therefore be Rayleigh distributed.

AWGN channel :
Additive White Gaussian Noise channel model as the name indicate Gaussian noise get directly
added with the signal and information signal get converted into the noise in this model scattering
and fading of the information is not considered. Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a channel
model in which the only impairment to communication is a linear addition of wide band or white
noise with a constant spectral density (expressed as watts per hertz of bandwidth) and a Gaussian
distribution of amplitude.
The model does not account for fading frequency selectivity, interference, nonlinearity or
dispersion. However, it produces simple and tractable mathematical models which are useful for
gaining insight into the underlying behavior of a system before these other phenomena are
considered. Wideband Gaussian noise comes from many natural sources, such as the thermal
vibrations of atoms in conductors (referred to as thermal noise or Johnson-Nyquist noise), shot
noise, black body radiation from the earth and other warm objects, and from celestial sources such
as the Sun.
The AWGN channel is a good model for many satellite and deep space communication links. It is not
a good model for most terrestrial links because of multipath, terrain blocking, interference, etc.
However, for terrestrial path modeling, AWGN is commonly used to simulate background noise of
the channel under study, in addition to multipath, terrain blocking, interference, ground clutter and
self interference that modern radio systems encounter in terrestrial operation.

Coding Formulation:
Pseudo-Random Sequences
A pseudorandom ( PN) sequence is a code sequence of 1s and 0s whose autocorrelation has
properties similar to those of white noise. Some of the popular PN sequences are Maximal length
shift register sequences (m-sequences), gold sequences etc. Here we discuss about Gold
Sequence.

Fig: PN sequence generator

Gold Sequences
A Gold code, also known as gold sequence, is a type of binary sequence, used in telecommunication (CDMA) and
satellite navigation (GPS). Gold codes are named after Robert Gold. Gold codes have bounded small crosscorrelations within a set, which is useful when multiple devices are broadcasting in the same frequency range. A
set of Gold code sequences consists of 2n-1sequences each one with a period of 2n-1. A set of Gold codes can be
generated with the following steps. Pick two maximum length sequences of the same length 2n1 such that their
absolute cross-correlation is less than or equal to 2(n+2)/2 ,where n is the size of the LFSR used to generate the
maximum length sequence. The set of the 2n-1 exclusive-ors of the two sequences in their various phases (i.e.
translated into all relative positions) is a set of Gold codes. The highest absolute cross-correlation in this set of
codes is 2(n+2)/2+1 for even n and 2(n+1)/2+1 for odd n. The exclusive or of two Gold codes from the same set is
another Gold code in some phase. Within a set of Gold codes about half of the codes are balanced the number of
ones and zeroes differs by only one.
Gold sequences have been proposed by Gold in 1967 and 1968. These are constructed by EXOR-ing two msequences of the same length with each other. Thus, for a Gold sequence of length m = 21-1, one uses two LFSR,
each of length 21-1. If the LSFRs are chosen appropriately, Gold sequences have better cross-correlation properties
than maximum length LSFR sequences. The Gold Sequence Generator block uses two PN Sequence Generator
blocks to generate the preferred pair of sequences, and then XORs these sequences to produce the output sequence.

Fig: Gold sequence generator

Gold (and Kasami) showed that for certain well-chosen m-sequences, the cross correlation only
takes on three possible values, namely -1, -t or t-2. Two such sequences are called preferred
sequences. Here t depends solely (only) on the length of the LFSR used. In fact, for a LFSR with l
memory element.
if l is odd, t = 2(l+1)/2 + 1, and
if l is even, t = 2(l+2)/2 + 1
Here t is the cross correlation.

The randomly generated data in system can be transmitted with the help of proposed transmitter
model. At first, the data generator generates the data randomly, that generated data is mapping
circuit. Mapping circuit which is consisting of QPSK modulator converts this serially random data
into two parallel data streams even and odd samples. This individually by using Gold sequence
codes. The spread data is given to the over sampler circuit which converts unipolar data into
bipolar one, then this oversampled data is convolved using with help of filter coefficients of T filter.
Then these two individual data streams summed up and passed through Band pass filter (BPF) which
is then transmitted to channel.

TRANSMITTER
The system consists of three well defined parts: transmitter, channel and receiver. Following there is going to
be analyzed in detail all elements of the transmitter, from a description supported by the help of a diagram of
the elements to a detailed analysis of each of elements. The first step is to generate a series of bits with a bit
generator which simulates the information transmitted by the user.
[]{0,1}
These series of bits are passed through an encoder that adds some redundancy to protect against intersymbolic interference and channel noise.
c[]=([])
Then the encoded bits are passed through a modulator BPSK, QPSK or 16-QAM to obtain a sequence of
symbols. Following it is supposed that a BPSK modulation is used.
c[]=(c[])
These symbols are repeated and multiplied by the chip associated with each user.

At the same time this process is done, a parallel process is done to obtain the pilot symbols using different
chip sequence.

These two widened sequences are added.

Once the symbols to transmit have been proceeded Nc zeros are added between the symbols, having the
following expression:

_Here are convolution is carried by a pulse in order to change the chip pulse shape.

Where the pulse has a form (SRRC)

The frequency signal is upped in order to use the assigned broadband while protecting the signal in front of
low frequency noise.

The following steps are in case that an analog system should be implemented. Then, it would be need to
convert the digital signal to analog as detailed in Figure 9: "Standard structure for D/A conversion".

Fig: DS-CDMA Transmitter

RECEIVER:
The next step is the reception at the receiver. A reciprocal process to the transmitter is perfume in
order to recover the transmitted signals for each user. The received signal shifts the signal followed
by a low pass filter to remove noise outside the band. The baseband signal is filtered by the
matched filter receiver, powered by a synchronizer that provides the ideal moment to recover the
signal. The last step is to recover the signal consists of a decimator to symbol frequency, followed
by an estimate of the channel, passed through a detector and demodulator.
The first step is to pass the received signal to baseband, where n[] is a complex signal.

A signal is then filtered to eliminate interference and noise that are outside the signal band, hence
minimizing noise.

Thus, the received signal is the sum of all users plus noise band associated with each user.

Where each user component breaks down the symbols that have been passed that have zeros
between the displaced pulses.

The signal is convolved with the reflected pulse in order to recover, thus obtaining.

A key step is obtaining a good synchronization to correlate with a signal pattern. Then, a downsampler is done obtaining the coefficients chip with its associated value:

So, the values associated with each user are pilot sequence and information () by a factor
il marked by the channel, plus an associated noise.

This expression can be represented by a formulation as follows:

To minimize the impact of channel signal, the pilot signal is used to estimate the channel in a chip obtaining
s. Then using this matrix, equalization is done to information data.

The last step is to get the bits through a quantification of x.

Fig: DS-CDMA receiver

OUTPUT
M Sequence with RayLeigh Fading

M Sequence without Rayleigh Fading

Gold Spreading Code with Rayleigh Fading :

Gold Spreading Code without Rayleigh Fading:

Base Code :
%**************************** Parameters*****************************
sr =
ml =
br =
nd =
ebn0

input('Input Symbol rate: '); %symbol rate

input('No. of modulation levels: '); %number of modulation levels
sr * ml; %bit rate
input('Input no. of symbols: '); %number of symbol
= input('Enter Eb/No value: '); %Eb/No

%********************** Spreading code **********************

user = input('number of users: ');
seq = input('Choose Spreading code - 1.:M-sequence 2:Gold ');
stage = 3; %number of stages
regval1 = [1 1 1]; %initial value of register for 1st
regval2 = [1 1 1]; %initial value of register for 2nd

%******************** Generation of the spreading code*************

switch seq
case 1 %M-sequence
code = mseq(stage,ptap1,regval1,user);
case 2 %Gold sequence
m1 = mseq(stage,ptap1,regval2);
m2 = mseq(stage,ptap2,regval2);
code = goldseq(m1,m2,user);
end
code = code * 2 - 1;
clen = length(code);
%************************** Fading cases**************************
rfade = input('Rayleigh fading 0:no 1:yes');
itau = [0,8]; %delay time
dlvl1 = [0.0,40.0]; %attenuation level
n0 = [6,7]; %number of waves to generate fading
th1 = [0.0,0.0]; %initial Phase of delayed wave
itnd1 = [3001,4004]; %set fading counter
now1 = 2; %number of directwave + delayed wave
tstp = 1 / sr / IPOINT / clen; %time resolution
fd = 160; %doppler frequency [Hz]
flat = 1; %flat Rayleigh environment
itndel = nd * IPOINT * clen * 30; %number of fading counter to skip
%**************************** Mathematical formulation**************
nloop = input('Enter no. of iterations'); %simulation number of times
for no=1:10,
ebn0=no;
noe = 0;
nod = 0;
for ii=1:nloop
%****************************** Transmitter********************************
data = rand(user,nd*ml) > 0.5;
[ich, qch] = qpskmod(data,user,nd,ml); %QPSK modulation
[ich1,qch1] = spread(ich,qch,code); %spreading
[ich2,qch2] = compoversamp2(ich1,qch1,IPOINT); %over sampling
[ich3,qch3] = compconv2(ich2,qch2,xh); %filter
if user ==
ich4 =
qch4 =
else
ich4 =
qch4 =
end

1 %transmission
ich3;
qch3;
sum(ich3);
sum(qch3);

%***************************** Fading channel******************************

if rfade == 0
ich5 = ich4;
qch5 = qch4;
else
[ich5,qch5] = sefade(ich4,qch4,itau,dlvl1,th1,n0,itnd1, ... %fading channel
now1,length(ich4),tstp,fd,flat);

itnd1 = itnd1 + itndel;

end
%******************************** Receiver*********************************
spow = sum(rot90(ich3.^2 + qch3.^2)) / nd; %attenuation Calculation
attn = sqrt(0.5 * spow * sr / br * 10^(-ebn0/10));
[ich6,qch6] = comb2(ich5,qch5,attn); %Add White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)
[ich7,qch7] = compconv2(ich6,qch6,xh2); %filter
sampl = irfn * IPOINT + 1;
ich8 = ich7(:,sampl:IPOINT:IPOINT*nd*clen+sampl-1);
qch8 = qch7(:,sampl:IPOINT:IPOINT*nd*clen+sampl-1);
[ich9 qch9] = despread(ich8,qch8,code); %despreading
demodata = qpskdemod(ich9,qch9,user,nd,ml); %QPSK demodulation
%************************** Bit Error Rate (BER)***************************
noe2 = sum(sum(abs(data-demodata)));
nod2 = user * nd * ml;
noe = noe + noe2;
nod = nod + nod2;
ber = noe / nod;
beri(no)=ber;
end
%bitrate
fprintf('bitrate is %d',br);
%transmission
figure(2),plot(ich4),grid;
xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude');title('Transmission In-phase component');
figure(3),plot(qch4),grid;
xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude');title('Transmission Quadrature component');
%received signal
figure(4),plot(ich7),grid;
xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude');title('Received In-phase component');
figure(5),plot(qch7),grid;
xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude');title('Received Quadrature component');
%Data i/p & o/p
figure(7),plot(data),grid;
xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude');title('Data transmitted');
figure(8),plot(demodata),grid;
xlabel('Time');ylabel('Amplitude');title('Data received');

figure(9);
semilogy(beri,'*');
hold on
for i=1:10,
tmp=10^(i/10);
tmp=sqrt(tmp);
ber(i)=0.5*erfc(tmp);
end

semilogy(ber),grid;
xlabel('Eb/No[dB]');ylabel('BER');title('BER vs SNR for DS-CDMA');