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This morning
Overview of ACI 318M-11
Design of Prestressed Concrete
(Chapter 18)
Strength Evaluation of Existing
Structures (Chapter 20)
This afternoon
Analysis and design of
Flexure
Shear
Torsion
Axial load
Tomorrow morning
Design of slender columns
Design of wall structures
High-strength concrete
Legal standing
Serves as the legal structural concrete
building code in the U.S. because it is
adopted by the general building code (IBC).
Scope
ACI 318M consists of 22 chapters and 6
appendices that cover all aspects of building
design
Chapters
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Scope, Contract Documents, Inspection,
Approval of Special Systems
Chapters
3. MATERIALS
Cementitious Materials, Water, Aggregates,
Admixtures, Reinforcing Materials
4. DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Freezing and Thawing, Sulfates, Permeability,
Corrosion
6. FORMWORK, EMBEDMENTS,
AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
7. DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
Hooks and Bends, Surface Condition, Tolerances,
Spacing, Concrete Cover, Columns, Flexural Members,
Shrinkage and Temperature Steel, Structural Integrity
12. DEVELOPMENT
AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT
14. WALLS
15. FOOTINGS
16. PRECAST
CONCRETE
Appendices
A. STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS*
B. ALTERNATIVE
PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLEXURAL AND
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
C. ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH
REDUCTION FACTORS
D. ANCHORING TO CONCRETE*
Approach to design
Qd = design loads
Sn = nominal strength
Sd = design strength
M = safety margin
= design strength = Sn
= load factors
Qd
= design loads
Loads Qd
specified in ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures
Loads
Dead loads (D)*
Live loads (L)*
Roof live loads (Lr)*
Wind loads (W)
full load
Earthquake loads (E)
full load
Rain loads (R)*
Snow loads (S)*
* Service-level loads
Loads
Impact include in L
Self-straining effects (temperature, creep,
shrinkage, differential settlement, and
shrinkage compensating concrete) (T)
Fluid loads (F)
Lateral soil pressure (H)
Factored Load = U = Qd
T-beam
b
hf
dt
As
bw
Mn Mu
Axial load
Pn Pu
Shear
Vn Vu
Torsion
Tn Tu
Analysis by subframes
1. The live load applied only to the floor or roof
under consideration, and the far ends of
columns built integrally with the structure
considered fixed
(a)
(b)
(c)
More on columns
Beams, two
or more spans
M factor w u l n
Beams, two
spans only
Slabs,
spans 3 m
Beams, col stiffnesses
8 beam stiffnesses
ln
Max +ve
Max ve left
Composite
Max ve right
Post-Tensioning
57
Prestressing steels
Classes of members
U uncracked calculated tensile stress in
precompressed tensile zone at service
loads = ft 0.62 fc
T transition between uncracked and
cracked 0.62 fc < ft 1.0 fc
C cracked ft > 1.0 fc
fc in MPa
Bending moments
Mo = self-weight moment
Md = superimposed dead load moment
Ml = live load moment
Flexural strength
Aps
T = Apsfps
ps
Stress-block parameter 1
1 0.85 for 17 MPa fc 28 MPa
For fc between 28 and 56 MPa, 1
decreases by 0.05 for each 7 MPa
increase in fc
f
d
f ps f pu 1 p p pu
f c d p
1
f y / f c and f y / f c
f pu d
. , d 015
. dp
p
shall be taken 017
f c d p
but not greater than fpy or greater than fpe + 420 MPa
fpe = stress in Aps at Pe =
Pe
Aps
but not greater than fpy or greater than fpe + 210 MPa
Loss of prestress
(a) Prestessing steel seating at transfer
(b) Elastic shortening of concrete
(c) Creep of concrete
(d) Shrinkage of concrete
(e) Relaxation of prestressing steel
(f) Friction loss due to intended or
unintended curvature of post-tensioning
tendons
Two-way slabs:
Positive moment regions:
Bonded reinforcement not required where tensile
stress ft 0.17 fc
Nc
0.5fy
Nc = resultant tensile force acting on portion of
concrete cross section in tension under effective
prestress and service loads
Distribute As uniformly over precompressed
tension zone as close as possible to extreme
tensile fiber
Otherwise, use As =
Two-way slabs:
Negative moment areas at column supports:
As = 0.00075Acf
Acf = larger gross cross-sectional area of slabbeam strips in two orthogonal equivalent
frames intersecting at the columns
Distribute As between lines 1.5h on outside
opposite edges of the column support
Code includes spacing and length requirements
Two-way slabs
Use Equivalent Frame Design Method
(Section 13.7)
development length
= transfer length
fse fpe
Pe
Aps
= 0.85
Core testing
0.75fc
Steel
Reinforcing and prestressing steel may be
evaluated based on representative material
Load intensity
Total test load = larger of
(a) 1.15D + 1.5L + 0.4(Lr or S or R)
(b) 1.15D + 0.9L + 1.5(Lr or S or R)
(c) 1.3D
In (b), load factor for L may be reduced to 0.45,
except for garages, places of assembly, and
where L > 4.8 kN/m2
L may be reduced as permitted by general
building code
Loading criteria
Obtain initial measurements (deflection,
rotation, strain, slip, crack widths) not more
than 1 hour before application of the first
load increment
Take readings where maximum response is
expected
Use at least four load increments
Ensure uniform load is uniform no arching
Acceptance criteria
No signs of failure no crushing or spalling
of concrete
No cracks indicating a shear failure is
imminent
In regions without transverse reinforcement,
evaluate any inclined cracks with horizontal
projection > depth of member
Evaluate cracks along the line of
reinforcement in regions of anchorage and
lap splices
Acceptance criteria
Measured deflections
2t
At maximum load: 1
20 ,000h
24 hours after load removed:
1
4
Acceptance criteria
If deflection criteria not met, may repeat the
test (at least 72 hours after first test)
Satisfactory if:
2
5
Case study
1905 building
Chicago, Illinois
USA
Cinder concrete
floors
Load capacity OK for use
as an office building?
Safety shoring
Deflection
measurement
devices
Load through
window
Load stage 14
Findings
Floor could carry uniform load of
2.4 kN/m2
Building satisfactory for both apartments (1.9
kN/m2) and offices (2.4 kN/m2)
Summary
Overview
Prestressed concrete
Strength evaluation of existing structures
118