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CHAPTER 1
Mass
SI unit
: Kilogram (kg)
Lever balance
Animal :
Amoeba
Paramecium
Plasmodium
Weight
SI unit
:
Newton (N)
Spring balance
Multicellular organisms:
Plant :
Spirogyra
Sea weed
Grass
Animal :
Eagle
Squirrel
Ant
Cell organisation
Cell Tissue Organ System Organism
Measuring tools
Length :
Measuring tape
Metre rule
Calipers
Graph paper
Measuring cylinder
Burette
Pipette
Nervous system:
CHAPTER 2
Reproductive system:
Cell membrane
Controls the entry and exit
of materials from the
cell
Cytoplasm
Stores dissolved materials
Chloroplast
Produces chlorophyll
Vacuole
Contains water and
solute
Cell wall
Maintains the shape
of the cell
Respiratory system:
Unicellular organism
Plant :
Chlamydomonas
Yeast
Euglena
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 5
What is matter?
Particles vibrate
in their position
Particles move
gliding among
each other
Contents of air:
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Inert gases
Microorganisms
Water vapour
Dust
Gas :
CHAPTER 4
Basic resources of earth :
Water
Air
Soil
Living things
Minerals
Fossil fuels
Classification of matter:
Matter is classified into:
Oxygen
Metal
2.
Compound
Substance that is made up of two or more
types of elements.
Chemically combined
Separation method : electrolysis
3.
Carbon dioxide
Energy
Non - Metal
78%
21%
0.03%
0.9%
Element
:
:
:
:
Properties of oxygen:
slightly on water
Particles move
fast and randomly
Density:
Unit : g/cm3
Density formula:
1.
Separation method :
o Distillation
o Filtration
Glucose
Glucose + oxygen
water
Mixture
Substance that consist of two or more
substance
Joined physically
Exhaled
Nitrogen 78%
Inert gases 0.9%
Oxygen 16%
Carbon dioxide 0.03%
Combustion:
Carbon + oxygen
Hydrocarbon + oxygen
Solar
Water
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Wave/tidal
CHAPTER 6
FORMS of energy:
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Heat energy
Light energy
Chemical energy
Sound energy
Electrical energy
Nuclear energy
Non-renewable:
fossil fuels
radioactive substances
CHAPTER 7
Potential energy:
Sound energy:
2.
Electrical energy:
Conduction
is the flow of heat through solid
Convection
is the flow of heat through fluids such as in
gases and in liquids
3.
Radiation
is the transfer of heat through vacuum
(Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)
Nuclear energy:
Land breeze:
SOURCES of Energy:
Fossil fuels
Biomass fuels
Wind
Water
Sun
Radioactive substances
Geothermal energy
At night
Sea is warmer than land
Cool air from land flows to the
sea as land breeze
Sea breeze:
During day
Land is warmer than the sea
Less dense hot air on land rises
Cool air from the sea flows towards
the land as sea breeze
1.
solid
2.
Liquid
Gas
Absorption of heat:
long sighted
Can see far objects clearly
Image formed behind retina
Causes:
- eyeball too
small/short
- lens too thin
correction Use convex lens
short sighted
can see near objects clearly
image formed infront of retina
causes:
- eye ball too big/long
- Lens too thick
correction use concave lens
Properties of sound:
is a form of energy
can be absorbed
FORM 2
CHAPTER 1
Stimuli Light
Sensory organs:
Skin:
sense of touch
Geotropism:
Stimuli gravity
Nose:
sense of smell
Hydrotropism:
stimuli water
Tongue:
Sense of taste
Thigmotropism:
Stimuli touch
Ear:
sense of hearing
Stimuli: sound
CHAPTER 2
Eye:
sense of sight
Stimuli: light
Classes of food:
Carbohydrate:
supply energy
Properties of light:
Protein:
Defects of vision:
Fat
fats:
water:
CHAPTER 3
Animal kingdom:
vitamins:
Inverertebrates:
No backbones
Vertebrates:
Have backbones
Minerals:
Mammals
Body covered with hair/fur
Breath through lungs
Give birth to young alive
Fibre:
helps in peristalsis
prevents constipation
Birds
Body covered with feathers
Breath through lungs
Lay eggs
Have wings
FOOD TESTS
Starch:
Reptiles
Body covered with dry scales
Lay eggs
Glucose:
Amphibians
Live on both land and water
Breath through lungs & moist
skin
Have moist skin
Lay eggs
Protein:
Fish
Live in water
Breath through gills
Body covered with slimy scales
Have fins
Lay eggs
Fats:
Warm
Blooded
Plant Kingdom
Flowering plant
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Mouth
Rectum
Oesophagus
Stomach
Large intestine
Duodenum
Small intestine
Monocotyledons
(Plants with only one cotyledon)
Leaves with parallel veins
Have fibrous roots
Eq: Paddy,oil palm, maize
Non-Flowering plant
Ferns
Mosses
Fungi
Algae
Anus
Dicotyledons
(Plants with two cotyledon)
Have net veined leaves
Have tap roots
Eq: beans, hibiscus, rubber trees
Breath
Through
lungs
glucose
amino acids
Conifer
Food web
CHAPTER 4
Species :
Photosynthesis
Community :
Carbon
dioxide
Water
sunlight
chlorophyll
glucose
Oxygen
Ecosystem :
Conservation
Habitat :
Preservation
Prey-predator
Symbiosis
a) Commensalism
3.
CHAPTER 5
Parasitism
Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah
dan satu pihak rugi
Composition of water
H 2O
Competition
Biological control
Evaporation
1.
2.
3.
Chlorination
Strengh kills microorganism
Cant remove insoluble particles &
dissolved substance
CHAPTER 6
Kinetic theory of gas
Solute
A substance that is dissolved)
Dilute solution
CHAPTER 7
FORCE
Cannot be seen
ACID
Taste sour
Corrosive
pH less than 7
Corrosive
pH more than 7
TYPE OF FORCE
Frictional force
o Occurs when two surface in contact
o Always opposes the motion of the
object
o Acts in the opposite direction to
movement
o Can slow down or stop moving object
PURIFICATION
1. Filtration
Distillation
Strengh removes insoluble and dissolve
substance/ removes microorganisms
Tasteless
4.
2.
3.
b) Solvent
c)
Boiling
Strengh kills microorganisms
Gravitational force
o Force that pull objects to the earth
o Causes all objects to have weight
Electrostatic force
Prop roots
E.q: Rose
Magnetic force
o Enables a magnet to attract magnetic
substances like iron, nickel and cobalt
WORK
Tendrils
Stilt roots
POWER
Clasping roots
Thorns (duri)
CHAPTER 8
Vertebrates have
1. Endoskeleton
CHAPTER 9
Invertebrates have
1. Exoskeleton
2. Hydrostatic skeleton
2.
CHAPTER 10
LEVER
is a simple machine
have 3 parts :
o F = Fulcrum
o E = Effort
o L = Load
CLASSES OF LEVER
Notice the middle part of the lever
L F E
1st class
L E
2nd class
3rd class
LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM