TAMWA - Jonos Guide To GBV Reporting - Booklet

JOURNALISTS GUIDE
TO
Developed by the Tanzania Media Women Association (TAMWA)

In Collaboration with the Tanzania Gender Networking Programme (TGNP),
the Tanzania Women Lawyers Association (TAWLA), the Zanzibar Women Lawyers Association (ZAFELA) and
Crisis Resolving Center (CRC) of TAMWA.
CONTENTS

Page
1. INTRODUCTION .......
1.1 Objectives
2.

GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) AND RELATED CONCEPTS ...

2.1 Types of GBV
2.2 Related Concepts
2.3 Areas of GBV
2.4 Main Actors in Responding to GBV
3.

THE LINK BETWEEN GENDER AND VIOLENCE .

3.1 Existing Inequalities
3.2 Attitudes About GBV
3.3 Why Do Women Tolerate Violence
3.4 Potential causes /Contributing Factors
18
4. GBV AS A VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS .......

4.1 The Legal Status of Campaigns Against Violence

4.2 Policies & laws To Note In Reporting GBV
22
5. CONSEQUENCES OF GBV.....

5.1 Who Are the Perpetrators/Survivors of GBV

5.2 Consequences of GBV
26
6.

EFFORTS AGAINST GBV ...

6.1 The Role of Men in Combating Violence Against Women
6.2 The Criminal Justice System
6.3 The Health Sector
6.4 The Cost of GBV to Development
28
7.

REPORTING GBV..
7.1 The Role of The Media
7.2 A Gender Perspective
7.3 Preparation for GBV Assignments
7.4 Key GBV Guiding Principles
34
8. DISCUSSION POINTS AND BEST PRACTICES ...
39
9.

48
ANNEXES ...
9.1 Contacts
9.2 TDHS Findings on the Prevalence of GBV
9.3 SAfAIDS Factsheet on GBV
9.4 Fact Checks
9.5 References
JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING
ii
1. INTRODUCTION
Media has always been a powerful vehicle for social change as it plays a crucial role in
building images and changing peoples attitudes. Well informed journalists can play a vital
role in creating awareness through strategic reportage against all forms of Gender Based
Violence (GBV) thus breaking gender stereotypes and promoting non-violent relationships.
The media also has to take prime position to make leadership take action and kick-start
the political will to do what is achievable in terms of eradicating gender inequalities. To do
that the media has to understand the issues that surround gender inequalities, of which
Gender Based Violence (GBV) is an issue, and how to report them. This is because
in most cases GBV is an issue that a child is not supposed to talk about, a woman is
ashamed to talk about and man can, sometimes, boast about. Media participation is thus
the vehicle in bringing this issue to the attention of the leadership for action.
Fortunately Tanzania is changing and the child, woman and man, who make up the
Tanzania society, are becoming increasingly aware that it is not right for one member of
the family to abuse the other. And not only in the family, but in every sphere of our society
abuse is becoming more and more unacceptable. This awareness has been brought
about by the big part played by the media in informing about GBV. But to ensure the total
elimination of GBV in our societies, more needs to be done. Hence, the need to train
media personnel on reporting GBV is crucial.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
Most Journalism Colleges offer both theory and practice as part of the course. On
completion of their courses most journalists come out with skills on writing or producing
stories with a guideline of the 5Ws and the H and that a story has to be an inverted pyramid.
However, the fact is, these are guidelines. The environments that the journalists work in
need skills to understand these environments and reflect them.
In the case of GBV, while reporting has increased in Tanzania, stories that are written still
lack methods of protecting survivors (these may be nonexistent) causing the survivors to
suffer double victimization (at the hands of the perpetrator and society (hospital, police
station, etc). Some stories are written with little ethical considerations such as protecting
the identity of the survivors and shaming the act instead creating elements of promoting
the perpetrator and blaming the survivor. This tendency does not only have a face of
gender insensitivity but also shows a lack of proper writing guidelines for stories of
such nature.
Training through a gender framework equips journalists to ask the right questions, to get
behind the news and the opportunity of going beyond the 5Ws and the H. The training
also helps journalists, producers and editors to see gaps, such as who is not speaking and
what has been overlooked, when writing or filing a story. Filling these gaps will contribute
to making visible and changing gender inequalities in the society.
This manual is intended to serve as a training tool and a reference for reporting on
GBV. The media without doubt plays an important role in the creation and dissemination
of information. As an agenda setter the media can bring the issue of GBV to peoples
attention. As a Watchdog, the media can ensure that stories on GBV are reported with
the required sensitivity, tone and inclusion in fairness to all concerned.
As a gatekeeper between the citizens and the government, especially for those affected
by GBV, the media can bring GBV to the policy decision makers of the country and thus
influence the formulation of laws to outlaw GBV.
The objectives of this manual are to assist journalists to:
1. Develop an understanding of GBV and the issues around it
2. Develop an understanding of the role of the media in reporting GBV and equip them
with the skills and techniques for reporting GBV.
3. Intensify awareness of GBV issues and response mechanisms through the media.
2. GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) AND RELATED CONCEPTS

As reported in the Gender Based Violence Policy and Management Guidelines (MOHSW
2011), gender-based violence (GBV) is a serious problem that limits the ability of men,
women, and children to enjoy their basic human rights and fundamental freedoms. Despite
its prevalence in most countries, GBV is often not properly addressed. GBV is rooted
in gender inequality and gender norms, often serving to reinforce gender inequality at
different levels. Womens subordinate social, economic, and legal status often makes it
difficult for them to get help once violence occurs.

2.1 TYPES OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV)
Gender Based Violence (GBV) in Tanzania and globally takes many forms or types, all
of which have a negative impact on individuals and the society, especially women and
children. In reporting GBV it is worthwhile knowing and understanding the different types
of GBV to be able to address them accordingly:
1. EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE:
Abuse/Humiliation: Non verbal abuse that is insulting, degrading, demeaning;
compelling the survivor to engage in humiliating acts, whether in public or private;
denying basic expenses for family survival.
Confinement: Isolating a person from friends/family, restricting movements,
deprivation of liberty or obstructing/restriction of the rights to free movement.
2. HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES:
Child Neglect: Withholding food from, and or neglecting children especially female
ones because they are considered to be of less value in a society

Denial of education to girls and women: Removing girls from school, prohibiting
or obstructing access of girls and women to basic technical, professional or scientific
knowledge.
Early marriage: Marriage under the age of legal consentmost commonly for girls.
Sexual intercourse in such relationships constitutes statutory rape under Tanzania
laws, as the girls are not legally competent to agree to such unions. Early marriages
are associated with negative health consequences to the mother and the child that
include among others, complicated labour, disabilities, and maternal and neonatal
deaths.
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): Comprises all procedures that involve partial or
total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury inflicted to the female
genital organs for non-medical reasons.
Forced marriage: An arranged marriage usually against a womans, a girls, or a

boys wishes and exposure to violent and/or abusive consequences if she/he refuses
to comply.
Widow cleansing: A practice in which a widow has sex with a brother-in-law or

other relative or a village cleanser. This is done before she is taken in marriage by
the brother-in-law or other relatives.
3. PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
Physical assault: Beating, punching, kicking, biting, battery, burning, maiming or
killing, with or without weapons often in combination with other forms of sexual and
gender based violence

Sex Work and Trafficking, Slavery: Selling and/or trading in human beings for forced
sexual activities, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery,
servitude or removal of organs
4. SEXUAL GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

This refers to any act, attempt, or threat of a sexual nature that results, or is likely to
result, in physical, psychological, and emotional harm.

Attempted rape or attempted forced sodomy/anal rape: Attempted forced/coerced

intercourse without penetration
Child sexual abuse, defilement and incest: The involvement of a child in sexual
activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent
to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent, or
that violate the laws or social taboos of society. Child sexual abuse is evidenced by
an activity between a child and an adult or another child who by age or development
is in a relationship of responsibility, trust, or powerthe activity being intended to
gratify or satisfy the needs of the other person. This may include but is not limited to
the inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity, the
exploitative use of child in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices, and the
exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.
Forced sodomy/anal rape: Forced/coerced anal intercourse, usually male to male

or male to female.
Rape: The invasion of any part of the body of the survivor by the perpetrator with a
sexual organ or of the anal or genital opening of the survivor with any object or any
other part of the body by force, coercion, taking advantage of a coercive environment,
or against a person incapable of giving genuine consent (1998 Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court).
Marital rape: Marital rape is any unwanted sexual acts by a spouse committed without
consent and/or against a persons will, obtained by force or threat of force, intimidation,
or when a person is unable to consent. These sexual acts include intercourse, anal or
oral sex, forced sexual behavior with spouse/partner, and other sexual activities that
are considered by the survivors as degrading, humiliating, painful, and unwanted.
Sexual abuse: Actual or threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature, including

inappropriate touching by force or under unequal or coercive conditions.
Sexual exploitation: Any abuse for sexual purposes of another person in a vulnerable
situation. This includes situations where there is unequal power differential; breach of
relationships based on trust; or monetary, social, or political profiting from the sexual
exploitation of another person. Sexual exploitation is one of the purposes of trafficking
in persons. The definition of sexual exploitation also includes a coercive, manipulative,
or otherwise exploitative pattern, practice, or scheme of conduct, which may include
sexual contact that can be reasonably construed as being for the purposes of sexual
arousal or gratification.
Sexual harassment: Any unwelcome, usually repeated, and unreciprocated sexual

advance; unsolicited sexual attention; demand for sexual access or favors; sexual
innuendo or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature; and display of
pornographic material when it interferes with work is made a condition of employment
or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment.
Sexual Violence as a weapon of war and torture: Sexual violence as a form of

torture is defines as any act or threat of a sexual nature by which severe mental and
physical pain or suffering is caused to obtain information, confession of punishment
from survivors or third person, intimidate her or a third person or to destroy, in whole
or part, a national, ethnical or religious group, crimes against humanity of a sexual
nature including rape, sexual slavery, forced abortion or sterilization or any other
forms to prevent birth, forced pregnancy, forced child rearing, among others.
5. SOCIO ECONOMIC VIOLENCE

Generally includes deprivation of resources needed for physical and psychological
well- being, including health care, nutrition, education, means of livelihood:

Discrimination/denial of opportunities, services: This entails denial of basic

services such as education, health assistance, property rights or remunerated
employment including property grabbing and the associated psychological stress.
Obstructive legislative practice: Prevention of the exercise and enjoyment of civil,

social, economic, cultural and political rights of women and children.
While there are many forms of GBV, in summary, this is what it is all about:
GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
WHAT?

Action restricting a persons will or freedom.

Negative impact on physical or psychological health.
Negative impact on the identity of a person.
Exploits distinction between male and female, among males
and among females
AGAINST WHOM? Everyone, but it mainly affects girls, women and children.
HOW?
Violence may be:

Physical

Sexual

Psychological

Economic

Socio-cultural

WHO DOES IT?
Everyone can. Common perpetrators may include:

Family members

Community members

Those acting on behalf of cultural, religious, state or intra-
state institutions, or free to act because of state disregard.
2.2 RELATED CONCEPTS/GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO GBV

In understanding GBV, one has to include other terms/concepts that go in hand or are
part of GBV. These include:
Abuse: Misuse of power through which the perpetrator gains control or advantage of
the abused, using and causing physical or psychological harm or inflicting or inciting fear
of that harm. Abuse prevents persons from making free decisions and forces them to
behave against their will.
Adolescent: The transitional stage of development between childhood and full adulthood,
representing the period of time during which a person is biologically an adult but emotionally
has not achieved full maturity. The time is identified with dramatic changes in the body
associated with onset of puberty, along with developments in a persons psychology. In
the onset of adolescence, children pursuing an academic career usually complete primary
school and enter secondary schools.
Child: According to the Tanzanian law of the child act No.21 of 2009; section 4(1), a child
is any person whose age is below 18 years of age.
Child abuse: An umbrella term that includes deliberate and intentional words or overt
actions that cause harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Child abuse can
take three broad forms: physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.
Coercion: Forcing, or attempting to force, another person to engage in behavior
against her/his will by using threats, verbal insistence, manipulation, deception, cultural
expectations, or economic power.
Confidentiality: Means that information is kept private between consenting individuals.
Information can only be shared with others who need to know in order to provide assistance
and intervention with the consent of the survivor.
Consent: Making an informed choice freely and voluntarily to do something. There is no
consent when agreement is obtained through the use of threats, force, or other forms of
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or misrepresentation. Threatening to withhold or
promising to provide a benefit in order to obtain the agreement of a person constitutes an
abuse of power. Any agreement obtained in such a way, or from a person who is below
the legal (statutory) age of consent, or is defined as a child under applicable laws, is not
considered to be consensual.
Dispossessed: Deprived of homes, possessions, and security. www.merriam-webster.

com;
Divorce: This is the legal breakup of a marriage. Like every major life change, divorce is
stressful. It affects finances, living arrangements, household jobs and more. If the family
includes children, they may be deeply affected.
Domestic violence: A pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate
relationship such as marriage, dating, family, friends, or cohabitation. Domestic violence
has many forms, including physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining,
slapping, throwing objects) or threats thereof; sexual abuse; emotional abuse; controlling
or domineering; intimidation; stalking; passive/covert abuse (e.g., neglect); and economic
deprivation, alcohol consumption, and mental illness can be co-morbid with abuse and
present additional challenges when present alongside patterns of abuse.
Drop-in center: A place for information, safety, referral, first aid, and other immediate
needs of GBV survivors who need a safe and confidential place for a limited time.
Empowerment of Women: A process of giving women power and status by providing
them resources in particular or disadvantaged situations, so that they can strengthen their
capacities in order to fully participate in the community and to articulate their interests.
Empowerment requires the full participation of all affected women in the formulation,
implementation and evaluation of decisions that determine the well-being of societies.
Family: Family is a fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two
parents and their children (www.thefreedictionary.com/family2012).
Femicide: The killing or murder of women that occurs because the survivor is a woman.
Forms of femicide, include:
Intimate femicide the killing of a woman by her partner.
Racist femicide the killing of women by men because of their race/colour.
Homophobic femicide the killing of lesbians by heterosexual men.
Sexual murder where the rape of a woman or women is followed by murder.
Witch killing the killing of women who are accused of being witches. The nature
of witch killing is such that only women can be accused of it.
Feminism: Feminism is the belief in women rights: belief in the need to secure rights
and opportunities for women equal to those of men, or a commitment to securing these
(Bing Dictionary, 2010).
Fit institution: An approved residential or approved school, retention home, or a home

for socially deprived children and street children. This includes a person or institution that
has care and control of children.
Fit person: A person of full age who is of high moral character and of sound mind; who
is not a relative of the child; and who is capable of looking after a child and has been
approved by social welfare as being able to provide a caring home for a child.
Forced widow inheritance: A type of marriage in which a widow marries a kinsman of
her late husband, often his brother. It can have various forms and functions in different
cultures, serving in relative proportions as a social protection for, and control over, the
widow and her children. The custom is sometimes justified on the basis that it ensures
that the wealth does not leave the patrilineal family. It is also sometimes justified as a
protection for the widow and her children.
Forced prostitution: Forced/coerced sex trade in exchange for material resources,
services, and assistance, usually targeting highly vulnerable women or girls unable to
meet basic human needs for themselves and/or their children.
Gender: The term used to denote the social characteristics assigned to men and women.
People are born female or male (sex); they learn how to be girls and boys and then become
women and men (gender). Gender is constructed on the basis of different factors, such
as age; religion; and national, ethnic, and social origin. Gender differs both within and
between cultures and defines identities, status, roles, responsibilities, and power relations
among the members of any culture or society. Gender is learned through socialization.
It is not static or innate but evolves to respond to changes in the social, political, and
cultural environment. Gender refers to what it means to be a boy or a girl, woman or man,
in a particular society or culture. Society teaches expected attitudes, behaviors, roles,
responsibilities, constraints, opportunities, and privileges of men and women in any context.
Gender-based violence: An umbrella term for any act, omission, or conduct that is
perpetuated against a persons will and that is based on socially ascribed differences
(gender) between males and females. In this context, GBV includes but is not limited to
sexual violence, physical violence and harmful traditional practices, and economic and
social violence. The term refers to violence that targets individuals or groups on the basis
of their being female or male.
Gender Equality: Gender equality refers to the premise that women and men should
equally benefit from resources, services and chances within their societies. Gender
equality does not mean sameness of women and men, but that women and men must
have equal rights, chances and opportunities in all areas of the economy and society if
real sustainable economic and social development is to be achieved.
Because of existing inequalities between women and men, the same treatment of women
and men is not sufficient in order to achieve gender equality. Gender equality also includes
change in institutions and social relations, which often maintain gender inequalities.
Empowerment of women is one strategy to achieve gender equality.
Gender Equity: Gender equity is the process of being fair to women and men. To ensure
fairness, strategies and measures must often be available to compensate for women
historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men from otherwise operating
on a level field. Equity leads to equality (Answers.com 2011).
Gender Mainstreaming: Gender mainstreaming is the integration of a gender
perspective into every stage of organizational, programme and policy processes design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation with a view to promoting equality between
women and men.
It implies the strengthening of political will at the local, national, regional and global levels.
This is a way to make gender equality a concrete reality in the lives of women and men
creating space for everyone within the organizations as well as in other spheres of public
and private life. (BMZ 2002).
Gender Oppression: Gender oppression is defined as oppression associated with the
gender norms, relations, and stratification of a given society. Modern norms of gender in
western societies consist of the dichotomous, mutually exclusive categories of masculinity
and femininity. Gender oppression is the patriarchal power and domination to maintain
the unjust systems which benefit a few, women being the most oppressed (Blackwell
Encyclopedia, 2007).
Gender Relations: Gender relations are the structures of relations and interactions
between women and men. They are determined by the social, cultural and economic
organization of a society as well as by dominant religious, legal and moral conceptions.
Gender relations can be different in character (hierarchical, harmonious etc.). Women
and men play different roles at a household, community and societal level.
Gender relations affect access to power and resources, to political influence or status
within society. In many societies, men and women have unequal power, and men, as a
group, enjoy social and institutional power to command women bodies, intellect, labour
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and fruits of their goods. But since gender relations are a social construct, they can be
changed. Ostergaard (2010).
Gender Roles: Gender roles are determined by the social, cultural and economic
organization of a society as well as by dominant religious, moral and legal conceptions.
Whereas biological sex is determined by genetic and anatomical characteristics and might
also change, gender is an acquired identity that is learned, changes over time, and varies
widely within and across cultures. Gender roles are also influenced by social and family
status, ethnic and religious belonging (Community Dictionary, 2012).
GBV Response: The reaction and support of stakeholders in initiating strategies and
activities towards GBV survivors.
Human rights: Basic rights and freedoms that all people are entitled to regardless of
nationality, sex, national or ethnic origin, race, religion, language, or other status.
Incidence of violence: An act or a series of harmful acts by a perpetrator or a group of
perpetrators against a person or a group of individuals. It may involve multiple types of
and repeated acts of violence over a period of time, with variable durations. It can take
minutes, hours, days, or a lifetime. It may occur at home (domestic) or elsewhere.
Intimate partner violence: A pattern of abusive behavior by one or both partners in an
intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, friends, or cohabitation. Intimate
partner violence has many forms, including physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting,
battery, shoving, restraining, slapping, throwing objects) or threats thereof; sexual abuse;
emotional abuse; controlling or domineering; intimidation; stalking; passive/covert abuse
(e.g., neglect); and economic deprivation.
Multisectoral stakeholders: Organizations whose roles overlap with that of the MOHSW
in GBV-related work, such as the community, relevant government ministries (Ministry of
Community Development, Gender, and Children; Ministry of Justice and Constitutional
Affairs; Ministry of Home Affairs, Prime Ministers Office Regional Administration and
Local Government), human rights organizations, civil society organizations, and faithbased organizations.
Notion of masculinity: This is linked to dominance, honor and aggression rigid gender
roles, poverty, low socioeconomic status, unemployment ,associating with peers who
condone violence, isolation of women and family, marital conflict, male control of wealth
and decision-making in the family, witnessing marital violence as a child, absent or
rejecting father, being abused.
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Patriarchy: This is the manifestation and institutionalization of male dominance against

women and children in families and the extension of this dominance against women in
society. Patriarchy is the place where men have the power in all relevant institutions of
society (legal, economic, religious, family, culture, etc) and it institutionalizes their privileges
in these same institutions. The heterosexual family is the oldest model of patriarchy and
is the place that expresses the worst forms of resistance.
Perpetrator: A person, group, or institution that directly or indirectly inflicts, supports, and
condones violence or other abuse against a person or a group of persons. Perpetrators
are in a position of real or perceived power, decision making, and/or authority and can
thus exert control over their survivors.
Power: In the context of GBV, power is directly related to choice; the more power one
has, the more choices available. Conversely, with less power, fewer choices are available,
with potentially increased vulnerability to abuse. Gender-based violence involves the
abuse of power when unequal power relationships are exploited or abused. For example,
using any kind of pressure to obtain sexual favors from a weaker person in exchange
for benefits or promises constitutes an abuse of power. Gender differentials contribute
to mens overall socioeconomic standing. Men are, overall, in more powerful positions
than women, and they often control money as well as access to goods, services, and
favors. Men often have more physical strength and are bigger than women; more often
use weapons; and control access or security. Power is also age-related, and, often, the
young and elderly have the least power.
Safe house: A place of temporary refuge, suitable for hiding or keeping safe GBV survivors,
witnesses, or other persons perceived as being in danger; a place where a trusted adult,
family, or a community or charity organization provides a safe haven for GBV survivors.
Sexism: The ideology of male supremacy. Sexism allows men to believe that they
are needed for the existence of women, to protect women and to give them identity.
Cultural sexism leads to exclusionary practices (that keep women from participating in
development), i.e. giving preference to boys for education.
Sexual coercion: Act of forcing or attempting to force another individual through violence,
threats, verbal insistence, deception, cultural expectations, or economic circumstances
to engage in sexual behaviors against her/his will. It includes a wide range of behaviors
from violent forcible rape to more contested areas that require young women to marry
and sexually service men not of their choosing.
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Stereotype: A widely held but oversimplified belief, image or idea about a person, race,
group, sex or thing. Where gender is concerned, stereotypes are used to distinguish
between Good and Bad women and girls, with the good being those who conform to
society ascribed gender roles of a girl as feminine or a woman as submissive, for example.
Bad women are therefore those who attempt to break away from these and other socially
ascribed roles of how a girl or woman should behave.
Survivor: Someone, a child or an adult male or female, who has been physically, sexually,
and/or psychologically violated because of his/her gender.
Violence: Control and oppression that can include emotional, social, or economic force,
coercion, or pressure, as well as physical harm. It can be overt, in the form of physical
assault or threatening someone with a weapon; it can also be covert, in the form of
intimidation, threats, persecution, deception, or other forms of psychological or social
pressure. The person targeted by this kind of violence is compelled to behave as expected
or to act against her will out of fear.
Violence against women: Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely
to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering for women, including
threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in
public or in private life.
Women/children abandonment: A married/single woman is left alone to take care of the
household and the children when husbands/partners have gone away without providing
for the families.
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2.3 AREAS OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

Gender based violence remains hidden because it is often considered a private matter.
However, due to activists and the media, the issue is increasingly coming under public
scrutiny.
What needs to be understood is that GBV does not only occur in the house, it is also
perpetuated in other areas of society. Journalists need to look at all the areas of GBV to
get a balanced story. These areas include:
1. THE FAMILY: One of the primary sites of power is within the family and household
and thus one of the primary sites of GBV. Because violence within the family and
household takes place in the home, it is often seen as a private issue and it becomes
difficult to gather information about it. However, in recent years there has been a
move toward bringing domestic violence into the public arena. This has resulted
in an increase in reports on domestic violence such as reported in the Tanzania
Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS, 2010. Chapter16-17).
2. THE COMMUNITY/SOCIETY: By justifying the behaviours of male abusers aimed at
establishing control over women, the community or society becomes a site of GBV. A
Community or society is a group living together and may be sharing common social,
cultural, religious or ethnic belonging. As a group, the community can perpetuate
existing family structures and power inequalities in families as well as support harmful
traditional practices such as battering and corporal punishment. Workplaces, as
part of a society, can also be a site of GBV. Either in government service or private
business, women are vulnerable to GBV in the form of sexual aggression (harassment,
intimidation) and commercialized violence (trafficking for sexual exploitation).
3. THE STATE: Often, the state or state functionaries such as the police help to
perpetuate gender-based violence. Through enactment of discriminatory laws and
policies or through the discriminatory application of the law, the state legitimizes power
inequalities in the family, community/society and perpetuates GBV. On an unofficial
level, the state is also responsible for tolerance of GBV (in the family and community)
because policies on dealing with GBV or of handling those affected by GBV are yet
to be fully implemented nationwide. In times of civil strife, security forces, the police
and the military are known to use rape as a weapon of subjugation and an indirect
way of targeting the men of a particular society. In many instances the assumption
seems to be that since the principal actors are men, they are the ones who are mainly
affected. However, it is the states recognized role to sanction certain norms that
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protect the individual life and dignity and maintain collective peace. It is the States
obligation to develop and implement measures that redress GBV.
4. INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES: The growing accessibility
of information communication technologies, such as the internet, have witnessed
a rise in a new but growing site of gender based violence in the form of cyber
stalking (cyber bullying). Cyber stalking can be defined as threatening behavior
or unwanted advances directed at another using the Internet and other forms of
online and computer communications. This is done through chat rooms, message
boards, discussion forums, and e-mail. Many cyber stalking situations do evolve
into off-line stalking, and a person (woman/girl) may experience abusive and
excessive phone calls, vandalism, threatening or obscene mail, trespassing, and
physical assault.
2.4 MAIN ACTORS IN RESPONDING TO GBV
1. THE FAMILY: Just as the family is the primary area of GBV, it is also one of the main
actors in responding to GBV. This is because at family level, action can be taken
against perpetrator in terms of reprimand and reporting. It is the family that needs
to encourage both the perpetrator and the survivor to seek help. The family needs
to understand what GBV is all about and understand what needs to follow when
incidences of GBV occur within a household.
2. THE COMMUNITY: As part of a bigger family, the community has to take responsibility
in responding to GBV and take the lead in designing ways to support survivors. All
members of the community should be aware of how and where to report incidents
of sexual and gender-based violence. If the survivor does not report the incident,
adequate support cannot be provided. Within the community, efforts should be made
to have knowledge and understanding of gender relations and sexual and genderbased violence. It is important that all community members: men, women and children
from all ethnic and religious groups are involved in this so as to understand how such
violence hurts the entire community. Within the community social support networks
should be built which will offer support, safe shelter and counseling to survivors and
perpetrators. Communities can also provide drop-in centers, womens centers,
community or youth centers, or other locations where survivors feel comfortable
enough to report the incident. Services should be provided at a location where
confidentiality and the dignity of the survivor can be maintained.
15
3. THE HEALTH SYSTEM: The health sector can serve as the entry point for survivors
and awareness creation on GBV. It is important to identify and develop appropriate
resources for women survivors of GBV and their physical, emotional and/or mental
health problems. Substance abuse and psychiatric symptoms may begin or increase
when women become trapped in abusive relationships. Efforts should be made to
assure that health providers within the institution or the community are trained and
sensitive to the wide variety of issues faced by women survivors of GBV before
making referrals to them.
Health care providers should be knowledgeable about reporting requirements in their
states, legal protections and options available to survivors of GBV in their state, and
what patients may encounter when they call the police or have further contact with
the criminal justice system. Specialized local and state advocacy centers or help
lines can provide this information.
4. THE MEDIA: Negative and stereotype images of women in the media, and the ways
in which the media reports on gender based violence (as a lesser crime or violation)
contributes to the acceptance of gender-based violence as being something normal.
The dominant myth is that the media is neutral and objective. This is not so. Each
journalist brings to the newsroom his/ her views opinion, beliefs and attitudes. Thus the
media is not a passive transmitter of information to society but a source of information
that comes with value judgments. Because the media informs societys understanding
of issues, it has a critical role to play in processes of transformation. The media can
play its role by launching public information campaigns about gender-based violence
by including in their stories topics on how and where to seek assistance if sexually
attacked; the importance of reporting the incident and seeking assistance as soon as
possible; the national laws that prohibit sexual and gender-based violence; and the
penalties associated with acts of sexual violence. The use of pamphlets, newsletters
and posters; entertainment, such as songs and drama; presentations at community
meetings, religious services, or other gatherings can all be used to convey messages
about and against GBV.
5. THE LEGAL SYSTEM: For a systematic multi-actor support of women survivors of
violence and of court employees would be ideal. Training of the police force should
include the enhanced establishment of gender desks. Cooperation among the legal
support services and the police can lead to more coordinated and more effective
collaboration, such as through the establishment of a special registry forms and
the systematic build-up of a national database on the issue. In order to implement
legislations, it is important to raise awareness of GBV among judges, prosecutors and
probation authorities to understand the specific dynamics of violence. It is important
to protect survivors during the court proceeding so as to avoid confrontations with the
16
perpetrator. It is also important to consider the fact that the survivor is suffering from
trauma when interrogating the survivor and evaluating statements. Furthermore, as
an actor against GBV, a priority for the courts should include fast tracking of cases
and as well as the interpretation and application of SOSPA and other laws applicable
to women and children.
6. DECISION MAKERS: At all levels of society, there are those who make decisions,
be it individuals or a groups. Likewise, be it a member of parliament or parliaments;
a minister or the cabinet; the chief of police, army or the forces. All these have a
part in responding to GBV. This is through intervention, by ensuring that the policies,
budgets and laws that protect human rights are in place and implemented and that
all national, traditional and customary laws that are discriminatory or have loopholes
against women and thus a source of GBV are abolished.
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3. THE LINK BETWEEN GENDER AND VIOLENCE

3.1 EXISTING INEQUALITIES
The primary factor that gives rise to GBV is the power inequality between men and women.
The majority of perpetrators of GBV are men. However, male violence against women
varies in degree and intensity according to specific circumstances. Many men do choose
to reject dominant stereotypes of violent, controlling masculinity.
Some types of violence are perpetrated by women as a way to ensure their own survival
and security within a social, economic and political context that is shaped and dominated
by men. For example, in some societies, older women may display violent behavior towards
their daughter-in-laws. Race and Class may also interact to cause violence against women,
when these are the factors increasing womens vulnerability. Upper-class women who
are socially and materially dependent on their husbands may use violence against their
domestic workers to protect and assert their position as wives.
Gender based violence is not exclusively a womans concern. It is both a cause and
consequence of gender perceptions. The use of the term gender-based violence provides
a new context in which to examine and understand the phenomenon of violence against
women. It shifts the focus from women as survivors to gender and the unequal power
relationships between men and women created and maintained by gender stereotypes
as the basic underlying cause of violence against women.
Gender-based violence both reveals and reinforces inequities between men and women
and compromises the dignity, health, security and autonomy of its survivors. GBV by
intention or effect perpetuates male power and control. It is sustained by a culture of silence
and denial of the serious consequences of abuse. Adding to the harm on individuals, these
consequences also exact a socio economic duty and place a heavy and unnecessary
governmental burden in services.
3.2 ATTITUDES ABOUT GBV
Although we may be aware or are aware of GBV and its related problems in the society,
the issue still poses difficult questions. This is because we are the product of our cultures,
moulded by our traditions and beliefs and governed by laws of the country. But how does
one differentiate between what is just cultural or a belief and that which is acceptable
and lawful behaviour?
18
As helpful examples, the following MYTHS on the left are accepted in our society but,
as shown under FACTS, the statements are stereotypes which are unacceptable in
our societies.
MYTH
FACT
Domestic violence is a private matter that

nobody should interfere with.
Privacy should not be condoned when

violence is being perpetrated.
A man has the right to beat his wife if she

is out with another man.
No one has the right to beat anyone.
A woman must endure the violence to

maintain family cohesion.
No one must endure any violence whether

in the family or community.
A young girl dressed in a provocative

manner seeks to be raped.
There is no reason or excuse for rape.
Men are unable to control their sexual

behavior. They are violent in nature.
Men can control their sexual behavior, this

is an excuse for GBV.
Forcing someone to have sex in a marriage

does not amount to rape.
Rape is invasion of any part of the body

by force. The act of sex in marriage should
be consensual.
Some underage girls alleging sexual

abuse lie.
This is an assumption. There are places

to verify this.
Survivors of sexual violence will deny the

abuse suffered after being interviewed.
Family ties and failure of courts to fast

track cases contributes to this. More
sensitization will encourage survivors not
to back down.
The mothers of sexually abused daughters

are responsible for abuse because they do
not supervise their children adequately.
This is not true. This is a stereotype which

the media need to change.
Alcoholism and excessive use of drugs are

the cause of violent behavior.
There is no reason for violent behavior

against anyone. Alcohol and Drug abusers
need help/counseling.
Domestic violence affects only poor Domestic Violence affects everyone

families
LOOK FOR MORE MYTHS TO ADDRESS
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As a journalist your beliefs and culture or societys attitude should not interfere with
the way you write a story. Instead, the story should tell the story and guide to ways of
combating the issue in society.
3.3 WHY DO WOMEN TOLERATE VIOLENCE?
Studies on gender show that in most traditions women are taught to accept and tolerate
all forms of violence. The culture of silence prevailing in the family, community and
country prevents people from intervening and talking about it. Here are some factors for
womens tolerance:
- Culture
- Ignorance/Lack of awareness on existing laws
- Family attachment (especially children)
- Fear of public opinions
- Fear of insecurity
- Social and economic dependency
- Psychological complex (inferior)
- Fear of divorce/separation
- Fear of public shame
- Fear of concubinage
- Stereotypes or myths
- Fear to reveal what is considered to be family secrets/Home secret
- Submission
3.4 POTENTIAL CAUSES/CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
The core characteristic of gender-based violence is that it mostly happens against women
because of their gender. Gender-based violence includes power imbalances where, most
often, men are the perpetrators and women the survivors. Some of the factors that are
the causes or contributing factors to GBV include:
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20
Gender Inequality,
Power imbalances between men and women
Male attitudes of disrespect towards women
Lack of respect for the human rights of women and girls
Unquestioned assumptions about appropriate male and female behavior
Desire for power and control on behalf of men
Political motives, including using rape as a weapon of war, for power/control, to instill
fear.
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Traditional tensions, feuds

Collapse of traditional society and family and community support systems
Cultural and traditional practices, religious beliefs
Alcohol/drug abuse
Boredom and feeling of men of being redundant
Loss of male power/role in family and community; seeking to regain and/or
assert power
Legal/justice system/laws silently condone violence against women and girls,
Insufficient laws against GBV
Impunity for perpetrators.
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4. GBV AS A VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Gender Based Violence is an act that degrades a human being but it should also be
very clear that is a violation of human rights. It is therefore important to understand the
relationship between human rights and GBV. All acts of GBV constitute a violation of
fundamental human rights. Journalists should have a clear understanding of the link
between GBV and Human Rights that any act of GBV is a violation of human rights.
Human rights are universal, inalienable, indivisible, interconnected and interdependent:
S Everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms, without distinction of any kind, such
as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, nationality or origin,
birth or other status.
S Prevention of and response to gender-based violence is directly linked to the protection
of human rights.
S Acts of gender-based violence violate a number of human rights principles enshrined
in international human rights instruments. These include, amongst others:
- The right to life, liberty and security of person
- The right to highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- The right to freedom of torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
or punishment
- The right to freedom of opinion and expression, to education, to social security
and to personal development.
4.1 THE LEGAL STATUS OF CAMPAIGNS AGAINST GBV
There are a number of legal provisions, charters and efforts at national and international
levels that combatGBV. These include the:
(a) The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania
The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, as amended in 1977 and
subsequently amended in 2001, recognizes the universal rights of every human being.
Article 13:6(e) stipulates that no person shall be subjected to torture or inhuman
or degrading punishment or treatment. Article 14 states that every person has the
right to live and to the protection of his life by the society in accordance with the
law. Article 16(1) states that every person is entitled to respect and protection of
his person, the privacy of his own person, his family and of his matrimonial life and
respect and protection of his residence and private communication.
22
(b) The Tanzania Penal Code [CAP 16 R.E 2006]

Section 130 of the Act states that, any person who has unlawful carnal knowledge of
a woman or girl, without her consent or with her consent, if the consent is obtained
by force or by means of threats, or intimidation of any kind or by fear of bodily harm,
or by means of false representations as to the nature of the act, or in the case of a
married women, by personating her husband, is guilty of rape. Section 131 provides
for the punishment of this offense which is life imprisonment with or without corporal
punishment.

(c) Law of Marriage Act Revised Edition 2002

The existing Law of Marriage Act Revised Edition, 2002, does not specify actions to
be taken related to GBV. The minimum legal age of marriage allowed in the law is
18 years old for males and 15 years old for females; however, the law enables the
court, at its discretion, to allow marriage where the parties are below ages 18 or 15,
respectively, provided each party has reached age 14. The law in this regard allows
early marriage for girls. Furthermore, the Zanzibar Education Act of 1982 does not
provide for the punishment of a parent who marries off a girl by force instead it only
punishes the girl by expelling her from school. Early marriage is associated with
gender-based violence.
(d) Sexual Offences Special Provisions Act of 1998 (SOSPA)

The Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania enacted the Sexual Offences
Special Provision Act 1998, which is part of the Penal Code. Section 130 of the
Penal Code was reviewed and expanded to include a broader definition of rape.
Chapter 2 of the Penal Code classifies a variety of forms of GBV, including intimate
partner violence, defilement, rape, sodomy, human trafficking, sexual assault, sexual
harassment, socio-economic denial, psychological/emotional abuse, and physical
violence. The legislation has improved protection of women and children against
sexual violence and harmful traditional practices; however, its implementation is still
hampered by social pressure to settle out of court. Perpetrators are likely to face stiff
penalties of up to 30 years or life imprisonment. However, lack of public awareness
and lack of GBV policies and guidelines has impacted Tanzanias ability to respond
to GBV inspite of this law. The law has a noticeable gap in that when it was enacted,
SOSPA was silent on domestic violence and did not recognize marital rape unless the
husband and wife were separated. SOSPA further qualifies rape if a girl is below age
18; but if the survivor is married and experiences forced sex from her husband, this
is not considered rape. In the case of Zanzibar there is penal act no 6 of 2004 which
deals with abusive cases. However, the law is monolithic in nature which does not
allow for other evidence to be used in the court in case of lack of forensic sources.
This has made perpetrators of GBV go unpunished.
23
(e) The Law of the Child Act 2009

Tanzania ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991. It was not
domesticated into municipal laws until 2009, when Tanzanias Parliament passed
a bill known as the Law of the Child Act 2009. This landmark legislation effectively
domesticated the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child, providing the legal
framework to protect and realize the rights of the countrys children. It contains a
broad range of protections that reflect the most serious challenges facing children
in Tanzania today, including issues such as non-discrimination, the right to a name
and nationality, the rights and duties of parents, the right to opinion, and the right
to protection from torture and degrading treatment. The law lays out the system for
ensuring justice for children when they come in contact with the legal system as
offenders, witnesses, or survivors; and defines processes to ensure protection for
children without families, including international adoption. However, this new law still
has some shortcomings. For example, it does not address discrimination regarding
the legal age of marriage, which remains age 15 for girls and age 18 for boys (and
both boys and girls can marry at age 14 with the courts permission); and it does not
abolish corporal punishment. In spite of the gaps, the new law makes a difference
for children in Tanzania.
(f)Zanzibar Child Act No. 6 of 2011. Articles 3 to 16 of this Act speak of the interests and
protection of the child. The articles also stipulate the responsibilities of parents, relative
or care-giver to the child and the right of the child to live free from any discrimination.
(g) The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW), signed and ratified by Tanzania in 1995:
Article 1 provides the definition of discrimination which elaborates on the rights of
women. Article 2 provides for policy measures relating to discrimination against
women. Article 166 provides for all matters relating to marriage
(h) Protocol to the African Charter on Human Rights and Peoples Rights on the
Rights of Women in Africa The MAPUTO PROTOCOL.
This provides for the right to life, integrity and security of persons (Article 4), elimination
of all harmful practices (Article 5) and equal marriage rights (Article 6)
(i) The United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UNDHR), 1948.
This promotes respect for these rights and freedoms of the people of member
countries with articles 1 to 8 pointing to the rights, freedom and dignity of people and
not being subjects of inhuman treatment.
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4.2 POLICIES TO NOTE WHEN REPORTING GBV

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National Development Vision 2025

National Health Policy (2007)
National HIV/AIDS Policy (2001)
National Gender and Women Development Policy (2000)
National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (MKUKUTA II, 2010). MKUKUTA
II identifies among its goals sexual abuse and domestic violence: improved personal
and material security, reduced crime, and elimination of sexual abuse and domestic
violence.
National Plan of Action for the Prevention and Eradication of Violence against Women
and Children (2001-2015).
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5. CONSEQUENCES OF GB
5.1 WHO ARE THE PERPETRATORS/SURVIVORS OF GBV?
For any incident of GBV, there is a survivor and a perpetrator. Therefore, all our actions
in prevention and response need to address both the Survivor and the Perpetrator. Many
studies have shown that women are mostly the victims of GBV and men perpetrators,
due to the patriarchal system which gives too much power to men. Who are survivors
and perpetrators?
Survivors mostly include:
t Children, especially Unaccompanied Minors, fostered children
t Women because they are usually second class, culturally considered inferior
t Unaccompanied females, without male protection
t Single women, female headed households
t Mentally and/or physically disabled females and males
t Economically disempowered people
t Junior staff males and females, students, less privileged community members
t Minority groups; e.g., ethnic, religious, including women from historically marginalized
groups
t Asylum seekers, internally displaced persons
Perpetrators have general characteristics such as:
t Person with real or perceived power
t Persons in decision making positions
t Persons in authority
Categories or groups of people who can be potential perpetrators:
t Intimate partners (husbands, boyfriends)
t Influential community members (teachers, leaders, politicians)
t Security forces, soldiers, peacekeepers
t Humanitarian aid workers (international, national, refugee staff)
t Strangers (people unknown to you)
t Relatives (brothers, uncles, parents, aunts, sisters, etc.)
t Anyone who is in a position of power.
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5.2 CONSEQUENCES OF GBV

It is essential to identify and understand the consequences of the various types of
gender-based violence in order to develop stories the right approach or angle to stories.
The consequences of GBV can be grouped into four main areas: health, psycho-social,
safety/security and legal/justice.
Summary of Some Main Consequences of and Gender-Based Violence
HEALTH
EMOTIONAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL/SOCIAL
Injury, disability, death STIs and AIDS

Reproductive health disorders
Problem pregnancy, difficult labour
Miscarriage
Unwanted pregnancy
Unsafe abortions
Depression, a chronic illness
Shock
Infection, chronic infections Excessive
bleeding
Anger, fear, resentment, self-hate

Shame, insecurity, loss of ability to
function in family and society
Depression
Sleep and/or eating disorders
Mental illness
Social isolation
Suicide
Blaming the victim
Isolating/rejecting the victim
Strain on community resources and
supports
LEGAL/PROTECTION
SECURITY/COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT
Strain on already overburdened police

and court systems.
Inadequate laws governing various
forms of sexual and gender-based
violence may translate into lack of
judicial remedies for survivor; no penal
sanctions for perpetrator.
Inappropriate judicial responses that
further traumatize the survivor, such
as early and forced marriage to the
perpetrator.
Poor reporting of incidents as a result
of lack of confidence in a dysfunctional
judicial system.
Increased incidence of repeat offences
against the same survivor or other
women or girls in the community.
Survivor feels insecure, threatened,

afraid
Climate of fear and insecurity, either
among the entire community or only
among women
Community could feel inadequate
or powerless for not preventing the
violence through forming watch/
security groups
Community resorts to vigilante justice
to protect itself against suspected
perpetrators
Social workers and survivors are
ostracized
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6. EFFORTS AGAINST GBV

6.1 THE ROLE OF MEN IN COMBATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
The success of the fight against GBV will be fulfilled if the society as a whole-including
men, address issues of combating violence against women. Mens cooperation and
participation is crucial and, as much as there are men who violate womens human rights,
there are many more who are committed to achieving a just and equitable society and
who recognise that development cannot take place without the full participation of both
women and men. After all, gender is not just about women but about women and men
and challenging the social roles assigned to both.
The concentration should be on the broader development in the thinking of men and
violence and the changes in the perspectives on mens violence. Different existing
initiatives should be laid to attention for instance programs of men and violence, developing
mens knowledge, masculinity, addressing reasons for violence is directly related to
changing masculinity and mens violent behavior.
The media should realise that there are things in adhoc which fight GBV among men.
Therefore they should not be ignored for example men working on changing laws, working
with police officers and men in the military, giving courses for family counseling workers,
working with social economic issues and men in prison, all related to the extensive work
on ending gender based violence women.
Men can also play a number of roles in the fight against GBV. These include:
Fatherhood: Fathers, just like mothers, play a critical role in their childrens development.
They are instrumental in shaping a childs views and values around many issues. Fathers
can therefore play a positive role by counteracting negative stereotypes about women and
addressing unequal power relations in the way they relate to women, and more especially
their wives and partners.
Educators: As teachers, men are able to convey positive messages and images about
women. Such images can challenge stereotypes that may promote violence against
women. On another level, promoting good gender relations through teaching and educating
can enhance respect between boys and girls from an early age, and promote equality
between them.
Role Models: Role models, as a tool, are one of the best ways of raising awareness
and transferring positive messages. The media can and has played an important role in
28
creating role models for the youth. The portrayal of violent images as normal and macho
results in many young men being held hostage to images that steer them in the wrong
direction where violence against women is condoned. On the other hand, the portrayal
of men who are not motivated by muscle size and who fulfill perceived women roles are
seen as weak and unworthy of attention. The influential aspect of such images should
never be under-estimated as they may have lifelong implications for young men who
ascribe to them.
Besides the media, male role models may also be visible in various sectors of life.
Politicians, professionals and sports stars are but a few examples. In their interaction with
the public through the media and other public forums, these men have the opportunities
to promote gender equality and denounce gender-based violence.
The Judiciary: The legal system is often blamed for the secondary victimization of
women who turn to it for redress. In making rulings in cases of violence against women,
the judiciary may subscribe to and reinforce negative images of women, either as passive
survivors or as active seducers who encouraged the violence. Currently in Tanzania, the
judiciary is male dominated, however, where judges or magistrates make progressive
decisions that uphold womens rights as an integral part of human rights, they send out
a message that violence against women is unacceptable.
Trainers: With the acknowledgement that men are instrumental in the fight to end violence
against women, a role has been identified for them as gender trainers. As trainers they
bring with them a critical understanding of the manner in which men understand and think
about gender issues. They are able to use this insight to work with other men on an equal
level, and are able to challenge misconceptions about the fact that men are inherently bad.
6.2 THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Because gender-based violence is sustained by silence, womens voices must be heard.
Gender activists put every effort into enabling women to speak out against gender-based
violence, and to get help when they are victims of it. They also advocate for legislative
reform and enforcement of laws for the promotion and the protection of womens rights
to their welfare and informed consent, including promotion of womens awareness of
laws, regulations and policies that affect their rights and responsibilities in family as well
as calling women to take legal measures on matters concerning their rights.
A reasonable, effective and representative criminal justice system is one that compliments
the fundamental rights of all women and men. It is gender-responsive and works to identify
29
and address gender inequalities that have permeated the system, to prevent gender
based crimes, to protect and assist victims/survivors and witnesses, and to encourage
womens active participation at all levels of the criminal justice system. It should be done
to protect all persons equally, reflecting regional and international standards and norms
for human rights protections.
The judiciary could play a central role in changing societal attitudes towards violence
against women by clearly and consistently denouncing all forms of violence against
women, especially where it occurs within the home. While is it yet to fully happen, progress
is being made. What is needed, as with other spheres of society, is the need for gender
awareness training and sensitization throughout the criminal justice system the police,
the prosecutors or state attorneys as well as the judges and magistrates. Where training
does or should take place, it should include:

The gendered definitions of crime;

Upholding the distinction between the public and private spheres disadvantages;
Gender relations within society and how this affects women and men differently;
Debunking myths and stereotypes about womens role in society;
Change of attitude towards women;
Using the law to promote and protect womens rights;
More general human rights themes and skills for working with persons with disabilities.
As journalists cover stories, shortcomings or progress of the Criminal Justice System

should feature because they are central to the overall change and elimination of GBV
in Tanzania.
6.3 THE HEALTH SECTOR
In recognition of the presence and in some areas the prevalence, of GBV, the Ministry of
Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW), has developed the Gender Based Violence Policy
and Management Guidelines which provide standards for the provision of high-quality
and comprehensive medical services and procedures to GBV survivors, and to encourage
providers to identify and quickly mobilize the required resources, materials and essential
medication for GBV, at health facilities.
The guidelines provide a framework to guide comprehensive management of GBV
survivors, encompassing medical management, referral for psychosocial care and support,
with linkages to social and legal protection systems. Furthermore, the role of the MOHSW
is to develop, supervise and coordinate the implementation of GBV policy guidelines, laws
30
regulations and guidelines for GBV services in Tanzania. The institutional framework for
the prevention to GBV under MOHSW is organized under three levels:
1. CENTRAL LEVEL: Where the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) has the lead role of in
implementing GBV prevention and response efforts.
2. THE REGIONAL/CITY COUNCILS: Which oversee implementation and GBV
response under the Regional Health Management Teams (RHMTs) and Regional
Referral Hospital Management Teams (RRHMTs).
3. DISTRCT/MUNICIPAL COUNCIL: Responsible and accountable for the delivery of
comprehensive healthcare services, including GBV services at health facilities within
its area, to the communities served. The health facilities in the district council could
include hospitals, health centres, dispensaries and clinics under council, private,
voluntary or parastatal ownership.
The MOHSW has also put in place:
Capacity building and training skills through a training manual for health providers to
help them understand the problem and to enable them to give counseling to survivors
and advice on court proceedings
Educational guidelines for communities, District and Regional leaders to combat GBV
In collaboration with Social Welfare, the establishment of a Child Protection Unit
in health centres with professionals such as police officers, clinical officers and
counselors to assist children survivors of GBV.
Establishment of One-Stop centre for women in health centres to provide health,
counseling and legal support to GBV survivors
In covering stories, journalists should ensure they know the role of MOHSW in responding
and combating GBV.
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6.4 THE COST OF GBV TO DEVELOPMENT:

Development and GBV are related in-so-far that without addressing the latter, the former
cannot happen. When the media addresses GBV it brings to the attention of policy makers
who put in motion steps, both within the society and at the legal level. It is therefore
important for journalists to understand.
Since 1992 there has been, in Tanzania, positive advancement in the recognition of
gender based violence as a constraint of womens and national development. And,
the 2000 Gender policy advanced the governments previous position on GBV and its
impact on the development and well-being of women, families, communities and the
nations. While policy positions are commendable and are significant tools in promoting
womens and consequently the nations development, there are real gaps between policy
programmes and implementation. Furthermore, key social and economic areas where
GBV is recognized as a constraint have not been given adequate consideration in policy,
programmes and budgets.
These policies will be able to offset the social costs of gender-based violence (GBV),
which encompasses sexual, physical and psychological abuse. These social costs are
highly significant, as is the relationship between economic problems and increases in
GBV. Ultimately, the state has to incur costs in preventing and addressing violence against
women. Implementing mechanisms to prevent violence against women rather than dealing
with the after-effects of the violence may cost the government less in the long run.
7. REPORTINGGENDER BASED VIOLENC
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FACT CHECK: The Cost of GBV

The costs of violence against women are extremely high. They include the direct costs of
services to treat and support abused women and their children and to bring perpetrators
to justice.
The indirect costs include lost employment and productivity, and the costs in human pain
and suffering.
Women subjected to violence are more likely to suffer physical, mental and reproductive
health problems.
Physical injuries include broken bones and chronic health conditions. Reproductive health
consequences include gynecological disorder sexually transmitted infections, unwanted
pregnancies and problems with childbirth.
Domestic violence and rape account for 5 per cent of the total disease burden for women
aged 15 to 44 in developing countries and 19 per cent in developed countries.
Violence places women at higher risk of poor physical and reproductive health outcomes,
and abused women also show poorer mental health and social functioning.
Violence before and during pregnancy has serious health consequences for both mother
and child.
Violence leads to high-risk pregnancies and pregnancy related problems, including
miscarriage, pre-term labour and low birth weight.
Women who have experienced violence are at higher risk of contracting HIV, with the
consequent costs to the family and the state in terms of care and treatment. Fear of violence
also prevents women from accessing HIV/AIDS information and receiving treatment and
counselling.
Depression is one of the most common consequences of sexual and physical violence
against women.
Women subjected to violence are more likely to abuse alcohol and drugs and to report
sexual dysfunction, suicide attempts, post-traumatic stress and central nervous system
disorders.
Witnessing chronic domestic violence can lead to a lifelong pattern of violence in personal
relationships.
Violence against women may prevent women from fully participating economically, socially
and politically. Girls who are targeted for violence are less likely to complete their education.
Source: U.N. Secretary Generals Campaign to End Violence Against Women.
33
7. REPORTING GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

7.1 THE ROLE OF MEDIA
Since the Beijing World Conference on women in 1995, the issue of gender based
violence has gained greater visibility and the media has come a long way in terms
of its reporting.
In Tanzania gender based violence is more visible in the press and has featured on
the front page of major newspapers as well as on the Radio and Television. By making
gender based violence more visible through the media, society is forced to acknowledge
it as a problem and to place pressure on policy makers to legislate against it and, where
legislation already exists, to enforce such legislation. Sensitive reporting on gender based
violence can also help survivors (as opposed to victims) and others by providing them
with the information they need to protect themselves or others or seek help and justice.
There is also an important role for features, analysis pieces and blogs that can provide
greater analysis and understanding of the psychologies of gender based violence in a way
that will improve reader understanding of both the actions and reactions of the survivor
and the perpetrator.
The media is therefore key to understanding and bringing action against gender based
violence. Thus it is important for journalists to bear in mind their role in this transforming
process and the need to ensure:
ACCURACY:
The information should conform to reality and is not in any way misleading or false.
It should not be distorted to justify a conclusion.
Information is based on facts. Only accurate facts must be broadcast or printed. The
rule is CHECK and CHECK AGAIN.
Things to bear in mind; WHO, WHERE, WHEN, WHAT, WHY & HOW.
IMPARTIALITY:
One of the measures of good reporting is impartiality which is related to the issues
of accuracy.
A news story that includes different points of view is always going to be a stronger
and more balanced one.
One of the elements of impartiality is the separation of fact and comment. This is
regarded as fundamental principles of professional journalism.
34
FAIRNESS:
The information reports or reflects equitably the relevant facts and the significant
points of view. It deals fairly and ethically with the persons, institutions, issues and
events without bias or harmfully inaccurate.
Application of fairness in a story will achieve honesty, objectivity and balance.
FACTS & SOURCES:
The principle of transparency is important in reporting. Information sources are
generally public. Journalists must therefore, when reporting on facts, identify their
sources except for minors or survivors who need to be protected.
Events with a single eyewitness or controversial issues are reported with attribution.
Events with two or more independent eyewitnesses may be reported as fact.
Sensitive information of public interest is sometimes only available through confidential
sources. These must be respected.
BALANCE:
Journalists will have their own views and opinions. However, they must not yield to
bias or prejudice. Balance is created through providing a diversity of sources in a
story and by ensuring that the journalists own biases and interest do not influence
what facts are included or excluded; and who is interviewed and who is not.
It will often be difficult for media to establish balance within a particular story. One
must therefore make sure that the different positions on the same issue are reported.
Journalists should make every effort to find someone that represents a point of view
of the other side and if unable to do so, must state that simply and directly.
RESPONSIBILITY:
Journalists have various ethical obligations, both to the society as a whole and to
various individuals with whom they have professional contact. Equally journalists
must use honest and legal methods to gather the news.
Good journalists exercise responsibility in the way they report damaging allegations
against individuals or social groups. They give those affected the chance to respond,
creating a balance and non-inflammatory report. They are aware of the potential
impact of their reports.
Journalists are honest. They do not accept bribes or other inducements in exchange
for writing something favorable about an issue.
7.2 A GENDER PERSPECTIVE
The media has a decisive role to play in reducing the level of GBV by covering stories that
uphold prevention, consequently ensuring that people who experience violence receive
35
effective care and support. In most cases the media is part of the problem rather than of
solution. Yet the media potentially has an enormous role to play in changing perception,
attitudes and mindsets where gender violence is the case. The media reportage should
be for effect and change for national development. For well balanced stories, journalists
need to understand why gender is being brought forth for a proper and effective way in
covering GBV issues for effect and change.
A gender-specific story can be characterized as those stories on the media agenda which
deal with the power relations between men and women, gender equality or inequality
between women and men or vice versa, the human rights of women in relation to men or
vice versa, and stories which deal with access to resources and voice by women and men.
Adding a gender perspective toa story refers to the fact that there is no issue covered
by the media which does not in some way effect men and women, boys and girls in a
society. That means that any story, the issue, its impact and analysis, should have all
the voices of the society.
The media, as one of the most important socializing influences in peoples lives, should
put every effort into breaking the silence and ensuring that the voices of women are heard.
At the same time, it should work to change the paradigm of masculinity that allows for the
resolution of conflict through violence. The stories should engage and trigger the interest
of men - policy makers, parents and young boys, in discourse about the dynamics and
consequences of violence. Stories should have a gender perspective and therefore:
-
-
-
-
-
36
Distinguishes between the terms sex (biological distinctions) and gender the
different roles, attributes and conduct that society deems socially appropriate for
men and women;
Refers to relative status and position of men and women, and womens greater
disadvantage in most societies;
Recognizes that womens less valued roles marginalize them from ownership and
control over material (land, income) and non-material resources (political participation,
time);
Considers the interaction between gender and the other social categories such as
class, race and ethnicity;
Holds that gender inequities are socially conditioned, they can be changed at an
individual and societal level in the direction of justice, equity, and partnership between
men and women.
A Gender perspective on violence against women achieves change by:

- Acknowledging GBV
- Addressing the similarities and differences in the violence experienced by women
and men in relation to vulnerabilities, violations and consequences;
- Addressing the differential impacts of policies on men and women
7.3 PREPARATION FOR GBV ASSIGNMENTS
Before embarking on an assignment, a journalist needs to make preparations in terms of
angle of the story, feature or programme. In this s/he should bear in mind:
a) Sources that will be used for the assignment which may include: Survivors,
perpetrators,relatives, government officials, stakeholders, NGOs, CBOs, etc.
b) Know what interviewing techniques will be used for the assignment: will there be a
need to ask for privacy while interviewing (outside or inside).
c) Know the writing techniques you will use: story or feature
d) Know the product that you will produce: radio or television, news story or package
e) Use of social network for outlet of story as well as pictures/photographs
f) Follow ups - the story should not be the end but should bring results
g) Language - the terms to use, tone, will there be a need for an interpreter
h) Legal and ethical considerations: issues on privacy,handling of sources especially
survivors, fairness, accuracy, objectivity, opinion and facts, impartiality, etc.
7.4 KEY GBV GUIDING PRINCIPLES
In reporting GBV the media needs to ensure that:
The safety and security of the survivor is of primary importance
The wishes, rights and dignity or the survivor is respected at all times
All information of the survivor and her/his family must be kept confidential and will
only be shared with those who need to know, with the explicit consent of the survivor.

Those with whom the information might be shared include:

- The police
- Medical personnel
- Officers of agencies with protection mandate or otherwise involved in
addressing needs of survivors
- Agencies working with GBV
- Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children
37
Media practices are for public interest and national, regional and global development.
Media offers a forum for the voiceless, depicts problems in the society while calling for
attention andsolution for desired change. In order for the media to report and cover for
effect issues on GBV, journalists should remind themselves and share experiences on
different stories while also checking on the following approaches:

38
Tell from the survivors experience

Assess the issue from legal, religious and cultural perspective
Give voice to the affected
Address the issues
Give facts and statistics
The impact of such practices to the family, nation, region and globally
Show the extent of the problem and how it can be solved
8. DISCUSSION POINTS AND BEST PRACTICES

Reporting of GBV requires the ability to move away from stereotypes that are in society.
These stereotypes are influenced by culture, society and religion and sometimes the
circumstances one is in. Journalists have to understand that with each form of GBV there
are stereotypes that are at play that could in one way or the other influence the way a
journalist writes a story. Journalists have to move away from these stereotypes and instead
bear in mind the best practices in writing stories. This chapter looks at the different form
of GBV and puts forth discussion points as a lead to best practices in writing GBV stories.
8.1 Tanzania has yet to recognise Domestic Violence as a crime. Consequently, there
are no reliable statistics on the extent of domestic violence. Where domestic violence
is recognized usually only takes into account physical abuse which can be proven.
If there is no physical evidence of abuse, it is highly unlikely that the police or the
counts will believe the complainant.

The media has come a long way in its reporting on domestic and other types of
gender-based violence. While stereotypes are no longer as prevalent, some media
still bear reports suggesting that the woman is to blame. The violence is also belittled
through the use of phrases such as domestic dispute and lovers quarrel, even where
it ends in murder.
DISCUSSION POINTS
Women (and men) often dont report domestic violence or will withdraw charges. What
are some of the factors that affect their decision-making?
Can there be rape in marriage?
What are some of the linkages between domestic violence, HIV and AIDS and sexual
and reproductive rights?
What are some of the ways the media can provide more sensitive and in-depth coverage
of domestic violence that can actually help people and lead to a better understanding
of the issue?
BEST PRACTICE
Consider the different types of domestic violence
Assess the issue from a legal, religious and cultural perspective to give the whole picture
Give voice to affected women and avoids stereotypes
Speak some of the issues that prevent women from seeking justice.
Highlight the political will, or lack thereof, to address the issue.
39
8.2. Due to their poor treatment by the legal system, many women do not report when they
have undergone Sexual Gender Based Violence - raped. As a result the majority
of perpetrators get off scot-free. Where women do report cases of rape, the accused
may still go free for the following reasons:
A woman is often not believed when she says she did not consent, especially if
she knows the rapist.
Insufficient evidence due to the private nature of the crime and the fact that
women get rid of important evidence by washing after the rape.
As a single witness the womans evidence is treated with caution.
Where women are mentally disabled, they are considered incapable of giving
evidence and without their crucial evidence, the case is dropped and the
accused acquitted.
Previously media reporting of sexual violence created the impression that the woman
asked for it. The affected women were often entirely invisible in the report. Additionally,
prevalent in the media and in the law is the treatment of sexual violence as a crime
against the honour of the family or against decency, rather than against womens right
to bodily integrity. This can be seen in coverage of sexual violence where the focus and
sympathy is on the husband forced to watch his wife being raped, for example, rather
than on the rape survivor.
DISCUSSION POINTS
How well do you understand the causes of sexual violence?
What are some of the new forms of sexual violence that have emerged as a result of
information communication technologies?
BEST PRACTICE
Write/Tell story from the perspective of the survivors of sexual violence.
Recognise sexual violence as a tool for controlling/dominating women.
Provide first hand information on the immediate and long-term effects of sexual violence
on the survivors.
Explore areas where sexual violence occurs that are usually hidden (the military) and
the parallels between the handling of sexual violence in the military and in the civilian
world (impunity, non reporting, stigma).
Provide additional information that assists the reader in understanding sexual violence
and its impact on the survivor.
40
8.3 While Religious and Harmful Traditional Practices are steadily being reported
in Tanzania, there is still no legislation outlawing some of them. Previously, when
the media took an interest, it could be because a high profile woman is involved
or affected or women groups have actively lobbied journalists to cover the issue.
Depending on the manner in which the story has been sourced, it could either turn
out to be sensational or it could end up in the back pages of the newspaper, while
in radio or television the story could be near the end or at the end. In all the cases,
the manner in which the story is reported could condone these practices.
DISCUSSION POINTS
How do harmful traditional practices perpetuate male dominance and control?
Why do women in societies that engage in harmful traditional practices support these
practices?
Is there a role for men as fathers and brothers towards ending some of these practices?
How can the media play a role in changing these deeply held societal attitudes?
BEST PRACTICE - Writing a story or feature or doing a programme on harmful
traditional practices should take into consideration
How the practice is intended to perpetuate patriarchy.
Whether there is any legislation addressing the practice and whether it is being
implemented.
Statistics of the numbers of women and girls affected.
The views of the affected woman or girl.
The costs of the practice to personal and national development.
8.4 In the media, stereotypes are reflected in the location of articles on Femicide,
considered less newsworthy and placed towards the end of the newspaper or
programme. Other examples of media stereotypes of women that are murdered
because they are women include:

Vocabulary: this is evident in the type of descriptions and forms of vocabulary used to
describe events and circumstances behind femicide cases. Killings that occur within
the home are sometimes described as domestic disputes, which trivialize the issue.
The fact that it has lead to the death of a woman does not appear to be a serious
consideration for the writer.
Sensationalism - sensation sells and the media will publish a report, which is
newsworthy, even if it perpetuates stereotypes. Intimate femicide does not only fulfill
the criterion of negativity, it also increases its news value by the fact that it fulfils the
general expectation of sensationalism which is enhanced by the presentation and
reporting of such stories in an entertaining way.
41
DISCUSSION POINTS
How well do you understand the causes of sexual violence
Discuss why femicide is a gender issue
Why is it a problem that femicide is often reported as homicide or murder
What are some stereotypes in society at large that perpetuate femicide?
How is femicide dealt with in society, in families within your own cultural context? Is it
considered a crime, a human rights violation? How are perpetrators dealt with?
Does the punishment fit the crime?
BEST PRACTICE
What are the different ways in which femicide is treated by society and by the law?
How can you, as a media practitioner, assist in giving society a more in depth
understanding of this flagrant violation of human rights?
8.5 Media reports on Sexual Harassment often create the impression that women are
responsible for the incident. This is reflected in the adherence to stereotypes that
blame womens way of dressing or behaviour for the unwanted conduct. In short,
she is the one to blame for being sexually harassed. These stereotypes are used to
justify unacceptable male behavior. As a result, most women do not report sexual
harassment for fear of losing their job or being victimised or alienated by their
colleagues. Ultimately it is about power and control over women and keeping them
out of public places and thus they cannot contribute to the national development and
provide a womans perspective on national issues.
42
In Tanzania sexual harassment in workplace exists and it is being handled by

the disciplinary committees which are being formulated in work places. In public
institutions there are disciplinary committees called TUGHE (Tanzania Union of
Government and Heath Employees) which, unfortunately, mainly deal with workers
discipline.
DISCUSSION POINTS
Why is sexual harassment an important gender issue?
What are some of the forms of sexual harassment you or someone you know has
experienced in the workplace or in the public?
Why dont women report sexual harassment?
How do the media contribute to trivializing sexual harassment?
BEST PRACTICE
Show how sexual harassment is a tool to exclude women from public spaces.
Demonstrate the extent of the harassment and its effects on women who are victim to
such harassment.
Show the extent to which even young men and boys have already been socialized to
disregard the rights of women.
Highlight the work that is being done to study the problem and the stereotypes about
women that ensure that will ensure they get support when they report it at work places
and assistance when they go to the police.
8.6 The media often ignores the vulnerable position of women who find themselves
in Sex Work & Trafficking. Where violence is perpetrated against sex workers,
the impression is created that it is part of their job. Media stereotypes also fuel
unsubstantiated claims that sex workers are responsible for the spread of HIV. As
with the media, the law subscribes to negative stereotypes about sex workers and
uses these to punish them. The law also fails to take into account the reasons why
women become sex workers and places more emphasis on upholding societys moral
standards.

In cases of trafficking, the law punishes sex workers while the traffickers are able
to escape the hand of the law. Here again the obvious gender bias is evident. As a
result, sex workers are unable to claim the protection of the law and have to continue
living and working in poor conditions where their health and safety are endangered.
43
DISCUSSION POINTS
How well do you understand sex work/trafficking?
What does the law in your country say about sex work? Are both sex worker s and their
clients liable to prosecution?
Given that poverty is a major factor in sex work, are there any programmes in place to
help sex workers avoid HIV infection?
What are some of the current factors in your country/region and internationally that
facilitate the proliferation of sex work and trafficking of women and girls?
Are there immigration or other laws in place in your country to prevent the trafficking of
women and girls and are these being enforced?
BEST PRACTICE
Your own prejudices about sex work and beware of stereotypes informed by these
prejudices;
Why women and men may have chosen or been forced into sex work;
How stereotypes about sex workers help perpetuate the abuse of their human rights.
8.7 Media coverage on armed conflict tends to focus on the powers involved in the war,
with very little attention being paid to Sexual violence in crises/conflict. Stories
about women may only see the light of day if they are sensationalist, in that they
are shocking and may reflect badly on the government currently being vilified by the
Western powers.

44
As with the media, the law plays an important part in making women invisible during
periods of conflict. Internationally, armed conflict and its often catastrophic results
are addressed through international criminal tribunals. These tribunals place much
emphasis on punishing the villains of the war for their bad deeds. On the other hand
it ignores the plight of war victims such as women who had to endure rape and
physical violence. As a result, the transgression of international law relating to conflict
is placed above the violation of the human rights of women and children.
DISCUSSION POINTS
What difference would it make if women were involved in the design of refugee camps
and in peace negotiations?
Up until UNSCR 1820 was unanimously adopted in 2008, sexual gender based violence
against women during armed conflict was hardly discussed or considered an issue.
Why and what brought about change in 2008?
What are some of the long-term consequences of sexual gender based violence in
conflict that societies will have to deal with?
BEST PRACTICE
War is not just about the visible warring parties mainly men with armies and the other
men who negotiate peace between them. There are other actors involved such as
civilian victims of war, mainly women, children and the elderly.
Women and children are targeted for violence by all warring parties because they are
women, are vulnerable, and as a show of force against the enemy.
Women have to be involved in peacekeeping, conflict resolution and in the design of
refugee camps because they constitute half or more of the population of most countries
and are able to approach these processes with a womens perspective based on
womens lived realities.
8.8 The medias choice of language when reporting on Child Abuse may fuel perceptions
that the child contributed to the abuse in some way. It may also divert attention away
from the seriousness of the abuse through the use of words such as defile, which
places emphasis on the status of the child as a virgin but negates the fact that the
child was in fact raped. Where an adult is exerting power and control over a child
using physical violence, the word assault is inappropriate as the action is actually
child abuse.

As with women who suffer violence, the legal system also subscribes to stereotypes
in situations of child abuse. It is common for the law to disbelieve the child because
children are said to tell tales, that a girl who has been abused provoked this through
suggestive body language and that the child is lying and is only voicing sexual
fantasies. There may also be perceptions that the child allowed the abuse to happen
or did not protest when it took place.
45
DISCUSSION POINTS
What are the common issues between violence against women and child abuse?
Why do children fail to report abuse to a parent, a neighbour or a teacher?
Often, neighbours or relatives may be suspicious that a child is being abused in a family
but fail to take action. Why?
How can the media report on child abuse in such a way that they assist communities to
not only understand child abuse and why it happens but to also take action by reporting
cases?
BEST PRACTICE - In writing about child abuse keep in mind that:
Child abuse incorporates a whole range of human rights abuses other than just physical
and sexual; The nexus between child abuse and gender based violence.
Children often have a relationship of trust with the abuser that makes it very difficult for
them to report or to recognise that they are being abused.
Reporting on child abuse must be handled very sensitively for the benefit of the child.
8.9 In the courts unequal power relations between women and men is often not taken into
consideration in the linkage between HIV and AIDS and gender based violence.

In cases such as rape and incest, women and girl children are made vulnerable to
HIV and AIDS because the perpetrator does not wear a condom, there is no time for
negotiationand his HIV status is unknown. Due to ignorance or the lack of access
to facilities for testing, it may take a long time before the rape survivor knows her
status and by then it may be too late. Furthermore, many HIV positive women who
conceive after being raped face health complications and some face pressure to
undergo abortion.
Gaps in Tanzania Laws, particularly the Law of Marriage Act 1971, which does not
recognize rape in marriage, mean that many married women end up being raped in
marriage while the husbands remain unpunished as there is no law to punish them.
Rape in marriage is one area of contracting HIV/AIDS.
46
The media sometimes portrays HIV positive woman as being of poor moral
standards or engaging in inappropriate behavior. Where she is a survivor of
gender based violence, she may even be accused of placing her assailant at
risk.
DISCUSSION POINTS
What are some of the linkages between HIV and AIDS and other forms of gender
based violence?
How can media coverage of HIV/AIDS help to facilitate an understanding of this issue?
The language we use may help perpetuate stereotypes about women and HIV. Discuss
the use of the terms prevention of mother-to-child- transmission of HIV (PMTCT) and
prevention of parent-to-child transmission HIV (PPTCT) and their appropriateness in
reporting on HIV and AIDS.
BEST PRACTICE - In reporting on gender, gender based violence and HIV, you may
want to consider: the unequal power relations between women and men; social and
cultural and economic factors; the effect on women and men across the different age
groups; action being taken by government, NGOs and individual and groups of women
affected by gender based violence and HIV.
47
9. ANNEXES
9.1 SOME CONTACTS WHEN WRITING STORIES ON GBV
MAINLAND:
P. O Box 8981, Sinza Mori, Dar es Salaam
Tel: +255 22 2772681, Email: tamwa@tamwa.org
Website: www.tamwa.org
The Tanzania Media Women Association
(TAMWA)
ZANZIBAR:
P. O. Box 8981, Zanzibar
Tel: + 255 24 22 32263
Fax: + 255 24 22 32263
Email: tamwa@tamwa.org
Crisis Resolving Centre (CRC)

P.O.Box 5461, Sinza Mori,
Dar es Salaam
Tel: +255 22 2772681, Email: crctz@tamwa.org
Tanzania Gender Networking Programme

(TGNP)
P. O. Box 8921, Mabibo, Dar es Salaam
Tel:+255 22 2443205/2443450/2443286
Email: info@tgnp.org, Website: www.tgnp.org
Tanzania Women Lawyers Association (TAWLA)

P. O. Box 9460, Amana, Ilala, Dar es Salaam
Tel: +255 22 2862865,
Email: tawla.information@gmail.com
Website: www.tawla.or.tz
Zanzibar Female Lawyers Association

(ZAFELA)
P. O. Box 815
Jangombe Mpendae Road, Zanzibar
Tel: +255 24 232331
Email: zafelamember@yahoo.com
SAVE THE CHILDREN

P. O. Box 1267
Tel: +255 24 2234153/+255 778 885 000
Fax +255 24 2234154
2nd Floor, Tiger House, Majestic Cinema/Vuga
Street, Zanzibar, Tanzania
Childrens Dignity Forum (CDF)

P. O. Box 65413, 2nd Floor, Plot No 161/162
Mama Ngoma Hse, Mwenge, Dar es Salaam
Tel: + 255 22 2775010/+255 713 691375
Email: cdftanzania@gmail.com
Website:www.cdftz.org
Women in Law and Development in Africa

(WiLDAF)
Mikocheni A Area
Off Chwaku Street,
Block F, Plot No. 635,
P. O. Box 76216,
Dar es Salaam.
Tel: 255 022 2701995
Fax: 255 022-2773037
Email: Info@wildaftanzania.org
MenEngage Tanzania
EngenderHealth/CHAMPION Project
P. O. Box 105410, Plot 277 Chatto St,
Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam
Tel: +255 22 2774941/2/3
Website: www.menengage.org
48
ZANZIBAR LEGAL SERVICE CENTRE (ZLSC)

P. O Box 3360, ZANZIBAR
Tel: +255 242233784, Fax: + 255242234495
Email: info@zlsc.or.tz
Website: www.zlsc.or.tz
SUB OFFICE: ChakeChake,Pemba
P. O. Box 18 ChakeChake, Pemba
Tel : +255 24 2452936
Fax : +255 24 2452916
LEGAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS CENTRE (LHRC)

P. O Box 75254
Justice Lugakingira Hse
Kijitonyama, Dar es Salaam
Tel: +255 22 2773035/48
Fax:+255 22 2773037
Website: http://www.humanrights.or.tz
MAINLAND
P. O. Box 9083
Dar es Salaam
Phone: +255-22-2120261
Fax: +255-22-2139951
Website: www.moh.go.tz
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
ZANZIBAR
P. O. Box 236
ZANIZBAR
Minister: minister@zanhealth.go.tz
Deputy Ministry: deputyminister@zanhealth.go.tz
Principal Secretary: ps@zanhealth.go.tz
Director General: dg@zanhealth.go.tz
HMIS Unit: hmis@zanhealth.go.tz
MAINLAND
These are under the Ministry of Home Affair in the
Inspector General of Police Force
Police Gender Desks
P. O Box 9141,
Ghana/Ohio Street, Dar es Salaam,
Tel: 2113461
Fax: 2136556
Email : phq@policeforce.go.tz
Website: www.police.go.tz
ZANZIBAR
Police Station, Mwera
P. O. Box 237
ZANZIBAR
49
Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs

MAINLAND
P. O Box 70069
Kivukoni Street
Dar es Salaam
Telephone: +255 22 211 8177
+255 22 2117099, 2111906, 2111895, 2113934
Email:km@sheria.go.tz
For the Permanent Secretary: fmbonde@sheria.
go.tz
Website: www.sheria.go.tz
Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs
ZANZIBAR
Address P. O. Box 260
Zanzibar
Telephone: +255 24 223 63 24
Fax: +255 24 223 63 25
E-mail: registrarznz@zanlik.com
Principal Secretary,
Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs,
P. O. Box 772, Zanzibar,
United Republic of Tanzania
Tel: +255 24 22 33454
Fax: +255 24 22 35428
Email: mojca@zanjustice.go.tz
http://www.zanjustice.go.tz
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Womens Legal Aid Centre (WLAC)

P. O.Box 79212
Block No. 40, Hse No. 184
Kisutu Street, Kinondoni Hananasif Area
Dar es Salaam
Tel: +255 222664051
Email: info@wlac.or.tz/wlac@wlac.or.tz
Website: www.wlac.or.tz
PROSECUTIONS
P.O.BOX 1327, ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA.
Phone: +255 24 2235567
Fax: +255 24 2235564
Email: dppznz@zanlink.com
DIRECTOR PERSONAL ADDRESS
Mr Ibrahim
P. O.Box 1327, ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA.
Phone: +255 24 2235567
Fax: +255 24 2235564
Email: dppznz@zanlink.com
HEAD OFFICE PEMBA
P. O.Box 215, CHAKE CHAKE PEMBA.
Phone: +255 24 2452339
Fax: +255 24 2235564
9.2 TDHS FINDINGS ON THE PREVALANCE OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

1. SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Table 16.3 Forced sexual initiation
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever had sexual intercourse who say that their first
experience of sexual intercourse was forced against their will, by age at first sexual intercourse
and whether the first sexual intercourse was at the time of first marriage or before.
Percentage whose first sexual
intercourse was forced
against their will
Number of women who have

ever had sex
15
15-19
20-24
25-29
First sexual
intercourse was at the
time of first marriage/
first cohabitation
Before first marriage/
first cohabitation
11.3
10.8
9.1
4.5
8.6
1,020
4,085
689
110
3,011
12.6
2,897
Total
10.4
6,085
Age at first
sexual intercourse
Note: Total includes 177 women missing age/timing of first sexual intercourse and 4 women
whose age at first intercourse was 30-49 includes women who have never been married.
Table 16.4 shows that 20 per cent of women in the TDHS sample report that they have
ever experienced sexual violence. The likelihood of experiencing physical violence
increases with the womans age, from 13 percent for women age 15-19 to 25 percent for
women age 25-29. Over one third of women who are divorced, separated, or widowed
have experienced sexual violence, compared with only 22 percent of women who are
currently married and 11 percent of never-married women.
Analysis across zones indicates that the highest prevalence is in Southern Highlands (29
percent). As is the case with physical violence, there is no direct relationship between the
prevalence of sexual violence with the womans education level or wealth status.
Source: TDHS 2010, chapter 16
51
2. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM)

Table 17.2 Prevalence of female circumcision and type of circumcision
Percentage of women circumcised and the percent distribution of circumcised women by type of
circumcision by background characteristics.
Type of Circumcision
Background
Characteristic
Percentage
Number of
Cut, no flesh
Cut, flesh
Sewn
Not determined
Missing
Total
Number of
of women
women
circumcised
removed
removed
closed
circumcised
women
15-19
7.1
2,172 0.8
89.5 0.8 9.0
0.0 100.0
154
20-24
11.0 1.909 1.6
89.8 2.4 4.9
1.2 100.0
210
25-29
11.7 1,668 0.9
89.2 0.7 9.0
0.2 100.0
195
30-34
19.1 1,422 3.9
89.4 0.9 5.5
0.4 100.0
272
35-39
21.6 1,290 2.3
89.9 0.0 7.8
0.0 100.0
279
40-44
22.2 938 2.3
93.4 0.0 4.3
0.0 100.0
208
45-49
21.5 740 2.4
96.6 0.0 1.0
0.0 100.0
159
Residents
Urban
7.8 2,892
4.8 90.6
0.0
4.1 06
100.0
226
Rural
17.3 7,247 107
90.9 0.8 6.4
0.2 100.0
1,250
Mainland/Zanzibar
Mainland
15.0 9,813 2.1
90.9 0.7 6.0
0.3 100.0
1,476
Urban
8.2
2,758 4.7
9.06 0.0 4.1
0.6 100.0
226
Rural
17.7 7,055 1.7
90.9 0.8 6.4
0.2 100.0
1,250
Zanzibar
0.2 326 *
* * *
* 100.0
1
Unguja
0.3 212 *
* * *
* 100.0
1
Pemba
0.0 115 *
* * *
* 100.0
0
Zone
Western
1.7
1,728 (6.1)
(88.4) (0.0) (5.5)
(0.0) 100.0
30
Northern
37.8 1,530 2.9
83.9 0.3 12.7
0.2 100.0
579
Central
58.8 812 0.9
98.0 0.0 1.1
0.0 100.0
477
Southern Highlands
5.3
1,370 (2.4)
(93.5) (2.0) (2.1)
(0.0) 100.0
72
Lake
8.9 1,8.9
1.8 91.2
3.3
2.2 105
100.0
162
Eastern
9.1
1,608 1.9
94.6 1.2 2.3
0.0 100.0
147
Southern 0.9 955 *
* * *
* 100.0
8
Region
Dodoma
63.8 495 0.5
99.5 0.0 0.0
0.0 100.0
316
Arusha
58.6 401 1.5
81.3 0.0 16.8
0.4 100.0
235
Kilimanjaro
21.7 411 1.8
93.7 1.3 3.2
0.0 100.0
89
Tanga
19.9 498 10.7 86.3 0.0 2.9
0.0 100.0
99
Morogoro
21.1 481 0.0
94.9 1.8 3.3
0.0 100.0
102
Pwani
5.7 261 *
* * *
* *
15
Dar es Salaam
3.5
866
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
Lindi
0.4 198 *
* * *
* *
1
Mtwara
0.0 407 *
* * *
* *
0
Ruvuma
2.1 350 *
* * *
* *
8
Iringa
13.3
490 (2.6)
(95.0) (0.0) (2.3)
(0.0) 100.0
65
Mbeya
0.9 623 *
* * *
* 100.0
6
Singida
51.0 317 1.7
95.0 0.0 3.3
0.0 100.0
162
Tabora
5.6
447 (2.5)
(90.9) (0.0) (6.6)
(0.0) 100.0
25
Rukwa
0.5 257 *
* * *
* *
1
Kigoma
0.5 462 *
* * *
* *
2
Shinyanga 0.3 819 *
* * *
* *
3
Kagera
0.8 590 *
* * *
* *
5
Mwanza
0.9 844 *
* * *
* *
7
Mara
39.9 376 2.0
94.2 3.6 0.2
0.0 100.0
150
Manyara
70.8 220 0.9
80.5 0.3 18.0
0.2 100.0
156
Unguja North 0.3 50 *
* * *
* 100.0
0
Unguja South 0.0 30 *
* * *
* 100.0
0
Town West 0.3 131 *
* * *
* 100.0
0
Pemba North 0.0 56 *
* * *
* 100.0
0
Pemba South 0.0 59 *
* * *
* 100.0
0
Education
No education 20.3 1,940 1.2
90.6 0.8 7.4
0.0 100.0
395
Primary incomplete
12.9 1,482 1.1
93.9 0.5 4.5
0.0 100.0
191
Primary complete
16.6 5,071 2.9
90.2 0.7 5.8
0.4 100.0
841
Secondary 3.1 1,646
1.8 92.2
1.1
3.8 14.0
100.0
50
Wealth Quintile
Lowest
24.5 1,681 1.3
90.0 0.8 7.9
0.0 100.0
412
Second
15.7 1,947 1.4
91.6 0.4 6.6
0.0 100.0
3.5
Middle
16.7 1,997 2.0
93.2 1.0 3.8
0.0 100.0
334
Fourth
13.0 2,112 1.0
92.2 0.9 5.0
0.9 100.0
274
Highest
6.3
2,403 8.3
84.3 0.0 6.5
0.9 100.0
151
Total
14.6 10,139 2.2
90.9 0.7 6.0
0.3 100.0
1,477
Note: Figure in parentheses are based on 25 - 49 un weighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and
has been suppressed.
Source: TDHS 2010, chapter 17
52
9.3 SAfAIDS FACTSHEET ON

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53
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Page 3
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Gender based violence is an

abuse of human rights and
failure to address it amounts
to complicity. The cost of not
addressing gender based
violence is significant both
socially and economically.

CM
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Effective change requires a

strong institutional framework
and national bodies that have
the power and the capacity to
take action.
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What must policy makers do to curb the GBV

epidemic in southern Africa?

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References

56
9.4 FACT CHECKS

HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
An estimated 130 million girls and women alive

today have undergone FGM;
2 million girls are at risk of mutilation each year;
The United Nations Population Fund estimates
that the annual number of honour killing
victims worldwide may be as high as 5000
women;
Female infanticide, prenatal sex selection and
systematic neglect of girls are widespread in
South and East Asia, North Africa and Middle
East.
The most common form of violence

experienced by women globally is physical
violence inflicted by an intimate partner.
On average, at least one in three women
is beaten, coerced into sex or otherwise
abused by an intimate partner in the course
of her lifetime
Women aged 15-44 are more at risk from rape
and domestic violence than from cancer, motor
accidents, war and malaria, according to World
Bank data.
Several global surveys suggest that half of all
women who die from homicide are killed by
their current or former husbands or partners.
In Australia, Canada, Israel, South Africa and
the United States, 40%- 70% of female murder
victims were killed by their partners, according
to the World Health Organization (WHO).
In Colombia, one woman is reportedly killed by
her partner or former partner every six days.
Amnesty International reports that in South
Africa, about one woman is killed by her
husband or boyfriend every six hours.
Source: U.N. Secretary Generals Campaign to

End Violence Against Women (2006).
Source: U.N. Secretary Generals Campaign to End Violence

Against Women.* UNFPA. Violence Against Women Factsheet:
State of the World Population.
SEXUAL GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
FEMICIDE
Many women are subjected to sexual violence

by an intimate partner. A WHO study in 11
countries found that the percentage of women
who had been subjected to sexual violence by
an intimate partner ranged between 6 per cent
in Japan and 59 per cent in Ethiopia.
Women are also subjected to violence in police
custody.
Violence against women while in police
custody or in prisons includes sexual violence;
inappropriate surveillance; strip searches
conducted by or in the presence of men; and
demands for sexual acts in exchange for
privileges, goods or basic necessities.
Several global surveys suggest that half of

all women who die from homicide are
killed by their current or former husbands or
partners.
Female infanticide, prenatal sex selection and
systematic neglect of girls are widespread in
South and East Asia, North Africa, and the
Middle East.
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
Women experience sexual harassment
throughout their lives. Between 40% and
50% of women in the European Union
57
Depression is one of the most common

consequences of sexual and physical violence
against women. Women subjected to violence
are more likely to abuse alcohol and drugs and
to report sexual dysfunction, suicide attempts,
posttraumatic stress and central nervous
system disorders.
Source: U.N. Secretary Generals Campaign toEnd Violence
Against Women (2006).
SEX WORK AND TRAFFICKING

Between 500,000 to 2 million people, the

majority of them women and children, are
trafficked annually into situations including
prostitution, forced labour, slavery or servitude,
according to estimates.
Trafficking in African women and children for
forced prostitution or labour is exacerbated by
war, poverty, and nonexistent birth registration
systems.
According to a 2006 UN global report
on trafficking, 127 countries have been
documented as countries of origin, and 137
as countries of destination. The main countries
of origin are reported to be in Central and
South-Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth
of Independent States (CIS).
(CIS) and Asia, followed by West Africa,
Latin America and the Caribbean. The most
commonly reported countries of destination
are in Western Europe, Asia and Northern
America [37]. By 2006, 93 countries had
prohibited trafficking as a matter of law.
Source: U.N. Secretary Generals Campaign to End Violence

Against Women.UNICEF, Trafficking in Human Beings, especially
Women and Children in Africa. Innocent Research Centre
2005UNIFEM, Facts and figures on violence against women.
HIV AND AIDS AND GBV

Women who are beaten by their partners are
48% more likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS.
58
reported some form of sexual harassment in

the workplace. In Malawi, 50% of schoolgirls
surveyed reported sexual harassment at
school.
Source: U.N. Secretary Generals Campaign toEnd

Violence Against Women.
SEXUAL GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN

ARMED CONFLICT
Violence against women during or after
armed conflicts has been reported in ever y
international or non-international war-zone.
Between 250,000 and 500,000 women were
raped during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda;
between 20,000 and 50,000 women were
raped during the conflict in Bosnia in the early
1990s.
In South Kivu in Eastern Democratic Republic
of the Congo alone there were 27,000
reported rapes in 2006.
In Liberia levels of sexual violence in camps
for internally displaced persons were so high
that almost 80 percent of women and girls had
been subject to attack.
The brutality of these rapes is so severe,
the intention to inflict permanent harm is so
manifest, that the destruction of the vagina
is being treated as an officially recorded war
injury in Congo.
Displaced women and girls living in refugee
camps have reported rapes, beatings and
abductions that occur when they leave the
camps for necessities such as firewood and
water.
Source:U.N. Secretary Generals Campaign to End Violence
Against Women.UNIFEM October 2008 debate on SCR 1325:
Issues and messages. UNIFEM Facts and Figures on Violence
Against Women.
CHILD ABUSE
WHO estimates that the prevalence of forced
sexual intercourse and other forms of violence
involving touch, among boys and girls under
A study conducted in Tanzania in 2001 found

that HIV-positive women were over 2.5 times
more likely to have experienced violence at
the hands of their current partner than other
women
A clinic in Zambia reported that 60 percent
of eligible women opt out of treatment due to
fears of violence and abandonment resulting
from disclosing their HIV-positive status. Such
women have been driven from their homes,
left destitute, ostracized by their families and
community.
A 2002 UNIFEM-sponsored report on
the impact of armed conflict on women
underscores how the chaotic and brutal
circumstances of armed conflict aggravate all
the factors that fuel the AIDS crisis.
Tragically and most cruelly, in many conflicts,
the planned and purposeful infection of women
with HIV has been a tool of war, often pitting
one ethnic group against another, as occurred
during the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
Source: U.N. Secretary Generals Campaign to
End Violence Against Women.UNIFEM Facts
and Figures on Violence Against Women
18, is 73 million (7 per cent) and 150 million (14

per cent) respectively.
In 16 developing countries reviewed by a Global
School-Based Health Survey from WHO and the
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
the percentage of school-aged children that
reported having been verbally or physically
bullied at school in the previous 30 days
ranged from 20 per cent in some countries to
as high as 65 per cent in others;
Each year, as many as 275 million children
worldwide are estimated to witness domestic
violence. This exposure has both short and
long-term negative impacts on childrens
development.
ILOs latest available estimates show that in
2000 5.7 million children were in forced or
bonded labour, 1.8 million in prostitution and
pornography, and an estimated 1.2 million
children were victims of trafficking. Many more
children of legal working age face violence
in their workplaces from employers or coworkers.
Between 100 million and 140 million women
and girls worldwide have undergone female
genital mutilation/cutting, according to WHO.
WHO figures show that almost 53,000 children
aged 0-17 years died in 2002 as a result of
homicide.
Boys face a greater risk of physical violence than
girls; girls face a greater risk of sexual violence,
neglect and forced prostitution.
In a major multi-country study, up to 21 per
cent of women in some countries reported
having been sexually abused before the age
of 15.
Children in low- and middle-income countries
are more than twice as likely to die as a result of
homicide than children in high-income countries,
according to WHO. Boys aged 15-17 years
and children aged 0-4 years are at greatest
risk.
Certain groups of children are particularly
vulnerable, including children with disabilities,
children belonging to minority groups, living on
the streets, in conflict with the law, and those
who are refugees or displaced from their homes.
Source: U.N. Secretary Generals Study on Violence Against Children

http://www.violencestudy.org
59
9.5 REFERENCES
Inter Press Service (IPS, 2009) Reporting Gender Based Violence: A Handbook for
Journalists. IPS Africa. Johannesburg.
Reporting GBV TAMWA Journalists Manual
UNHCR, Responding to Sexual and GBV
The United Republic of Tanzania: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW, 2011)
National Management Guidelines for the Health Sector Response to and Prevention of
Gender Based Violence. Dar es Salaam.
The United Republic of Tanzania: National Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2011) Tanzania
Demographic and Health Survey, 2010. Dar es Salaam.
Prevention of Domestic Violence and Trafficking of Human Beings, Training Manual,
Winrock International, Kyiev; Ukraine, 2001
UNIFEM Gender fact Sheet No 5
UNIFEM Briefing Kit: Trafficking in Persons, A Gender Rights Perpective, October 2002
60
NOTES:
61
NOTES:
62
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P. O. Box 8981, Sinza - Mori, Sinza, Dar es Salaam, Tel: 255 22 2772681, Fax: 255 22 2772681,
E-mail: tamwa@tamwa.org, Website: www.tamwa.org

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JOURNALISTS GUIDE

Developed by the Tanzania Media Women Association (TAMWA)

GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) AND RELATED CONCEPTS ...

THE LINK BETWEEN GENDER AND VIOLENCE .

4. GBV AS A VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS .......

EFFORTS AGAINST GBV ...

8. DISCUSSION POINTS AND BEST PRACTICES ...

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

2. GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) AND RELATED CONCEPTS

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

Forced marriage: An arranged marriage usually against a womans, a girls, or a

Widow cleansing: A practice in which a widow has sex with a brother-in-law or

4. SEXUAL GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

Attempted rape or attempted forced sodomy/anal rape: Attempted forced/coerced

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

Forced sodomy/anal rape: Forced/coerced anal intercourse, usually male to male

Sexual abuse: Actual or threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature, including

Sexual harassment: Any unwelcome, usually repeated, and unreciprocated sexual

Sexual Violence as a weapon of war and torture: Sexual violence as a form of

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

5. SOCIO ECONOMIC VIOLENCE

Discrimination/denial of opportunities, services: This entails denial of basic

Obstructive legislative practice: Prevention of the exercise and enjoyment of civil,

Action restricting a persons will or freedom.

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

2.2 RELATED CONCEPTS/GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO GBV

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

Dispossessed: Deprived of homes, possessions, and security. www.merriam-webster.

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

Fit institution: An approved residential or approved school, retention home, or a home

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

Patriarchy: This is the manifestation and institutionalization of male dominance against

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

2.3 AREAS OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

3. THE LINK BETWEEN GENDER AND VIOLENCE

JOURNALISTS GUIDE TO GBV REPORTING

Domestic violence is a private matter that

Privacy should not be condoned when

A man has the right to beat his wife if she

No one has the right to beat anyone.

A woman must endure the violence to

No one must endure any violence whether

A young girl dressed in a provocative

There is no reason or excuse for rape.

Men are unable to control their sexual

Men can control their sexual behavior, this

Forcing someone to have sex in a marriage

Rape is invasion of any part of the body

Some underage girls alleging sexual

This is an assumption. There are places

Survivors of sexual violence will deny the

Family ties and failure of courts to fast

The mothers of sexually abused daughters

This is not true. This is a stereotype which

Alcoholism and excessive use of drugs are

There is no reason for violent behavior