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A primary settler (or primary clarifier) may be introduced to remove part of the
suspended solids present in the influent and this reduces the organic load to the activated
sludge system.
The biological reactor or aeration tank is filled with a mixture of activated sludge and
influent, known as mixed liquor. It is necessary to maintain certain mixed liquor
suspended solid (MLSS) in the aerated tank maintain good removal efficiency.
The aeration equipment transfers the oxygen necessary for the oxidation of organic
material into the reactor, while simultaneously introducing enough turbulence to keep the
sludge flocs in suspension.
The liquid leaves the system as treated effluent, whereas some part of the sludge is
recirculated to the aeration tank called as return sludge and rest of sludge is taken for
anaerobic digestion.
Figu
ure 4.3.1. Acctivated slu
udge processs
(a) Equations
E
ussed for desig
gn of aeratiion tank
VX
QW Xr
1 QY S0 S
kd
C
X
VX
(b) Mass
M
balance around clarifier
XQ Qr Q QW X e QW Qr X r
For Xe =0
X Q Qr Qr QW Xr
Qr
QX Q W X r
Xr X
Recycle
R
ratio =
Qr
Q
Problem 4.3.1: An activated-sludge system is to be used for secondary treatment of 15,000 m3/d
of municipal wastewater. After primary clarification, the BOD is 170 mg/L, and it is desired to
have not more than 25 mg/L of soluble BOD in the effluent. A completely mixed reactor is to be
used, and pilot-plant analysis has established the following values: hydraulic detention time
( C )=10 d yield coefficient (Y)=0.5 kg/kg, kd=0.05 d-1. Assuming an MLSS concentration of
4500 mg/L and an underflow concentration of 12,000 mg/L from the secondary clarifier,
determine (1) the volume of the reactor, (2) the mass and volume of solids that must be wasted
each day, and (3) the recycle ratio.
Solution: Given that Q=10,000 m3/d,
C =10 d
Using
1 QY S0 S
kd
C
VX
0.1 d
0.05 d
-1
V=1611 m3
Using C
VX
=10
QW Xr
QW
724.95 kg/d
60.41 m3 /d
3
12 kg/m
For Xe =0
Qr
8903.34 m3 /d
3
3
Xr X
12 kg/m 4.5 kg/m
Recycle ratio
Qr 8903.34
0.59
Q 15,000
DESIGN OF LAGOONS
Process design considerations for flow-through lagoons [6]
BOD removal
Effluent characteristics
Temperature effect
Oxygen requirement
Solids separation
Applying
A
mass balance on lagoon giv
ven in abovee figure
BOD
B in = BOD
Dout + BODcoonsumed
Q 0 QS V kS
QS
S
1
1
S0 1 k V Q 1 k
Where,
W
S/S0=fraction
=
of soluble BOD
B
remainning, k=reaaction rate coefficient (d-1),
=hydrau
ulic detention time (d-1), V= reactor volume (m3)), and Q= floow rate (m3//d).
Iff several reactors are arrranged in serries, the effluuent of one ppond becom
mes the influeent to
the next. A substrate balance wriitten across a series of n reactors resuults in follow
wing equatioon:
Sn
1
n
S0
1 k n
A wide rang
ge of values for k is av
vailable in tthe literaturre. Althoughh many variiables
relating to
t both the reeactor and wastewater
w
afffect the valuue of k, wateer temperatuure affects it most
significan
ntly. k valuee at any temp
perature can be find out bby followingg equation:
k T k 20 T-200
Where,
W
k20 = reaction ratte constant at
a 20C (rannges from 0..2 to1.0) andd =temperrature
coefficien
nt ranges fro
om 1.03 to 1.12.
Problem
m 4.3.2: Wastewater flow
w from a smaall communiity averages 3400 m3/d during the w
winter
and 6600
0 m3/d durin
ng the summ
mer. The aveerage temperrature of thee coldest moonth is 10C
C, and
the averaage temperaature of the warmest
w
mo
onth is 30C
C. The averaage BOD5 iss 200 mg/L with
70% being soluble. The reaction coefficient k is 0.23 d-1 at 20C, and the value of temperature
coefficient is 1.06. Prepare a preliminary design for a facultative pond treatment system for the
community to remove 90% of the soluble BOD.
a) Find volume of facultative lagoon to remove 90% of the soluble of BOD.
b) Find the dimensions of three square lagoons in series with depth 1.5 m.
Solution:
(a) Estimation of rate constants at given temperature
Summer:
k25 0.231.06
Winter:
3020
10 20
0.411 d-1
0.128 d-1
Summer:
S
1
S0
1 k V
20
1
200
1 0.411 V
6600
V=144525.5 m3
Winter:
20
1
200
1 0.128 V
3400
V=239062 m3
(c) Estimation of dimensions of three square lagoons in series
Q, S0
Vi
Q,S1
Vi
Sn
1
n
S0
Vi
1 k
n Q
Summer :
200
0.411 Vi
1
20
3 6600
Vi 55607.13 m 3
Winter:
200 0.128 Vi
1
20
3 3400
Vi 91980.8 m 3
Q,S2
Vi
3
Q,S3
REFERENCES
[1]
http://dnr.wi.gov/org/es/science/opcert/doc/Activated_Sludge_intro.pdf
[2]
http://www.ragsdaleandassociates.com/WastewaterSystemOperatorsManual/Chapter%20
8%20-%20Activated%20Sludge.pdf
[3]
http://www.wastewaterhandbook.com/documents/11_introduction.pdf
[4]
http://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/wwtp-activated-sludge-process.htm
[5]
[6]
Tchobanoglous, G., burton, F. L., stensel, H.D. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and
Reuse-Metcalf&Eddy, Inc., Tata McGraw-Hill, 2003.