ENERGY DISSIPATORS AND HYDRAULIC JUMP

Water Science and Technology Library

VOLUME 8

Series Editor:
V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board:
J. Bear, Haifa. Israel
Chen Mengxiong, Beijing, P.R. China
V. Cotecchia, Bari.Italy
J. C. van Dam, Delft, The Netherlands
R. A. Feddes, Wageningen, The Netherlands
R. Fernandez-Rubio, Granada, Spain
J.J.Fried,Strasbourg,France
R. LetoIle, Paris, France
H. J. Liebscher, Koblenz, Germany
V. V. N. Murty, Bangkok, Thailand
J. Nemec, Geneva, Switzerland
J. C. Rodda, Geneva, Switzerland
I. Rodriguez Iturbe, Caracas. Venezuela
D. Vischer, Zurich, Switzerland

The titles published in this series are listed at the end ofthis volume.

ENERGY DISSIPATORS
AND
HYDRAULIC JUMP

by
WILLI H. HAGER
Laboratory 0/ Hydraulics,
Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) ,
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ,
Zurich , Switzerland

Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hager. WillI H.
Energy dissipators and hydraul t c jump ! Wi 11 t , H. Hager.
p.
cm. -- (Water sc ience and technology library ; v , 8)
Includes bibliographIcal references and indexes.
1. Still ing basins--Design and construction. 2. Hydraul t c jump .
I. Title . II. Series .
3 . Energy dissipation .

TC555 .H34 1992

627 ' . 88- - dc2 0

91-37753

ISBN 978-90-481-4106-7

ISBN 978-94-015-8048-9(eBook)

001 10.1007/978-94-015-8048-9

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved

1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1992.

Softcover reprint of thehardcover Ist edition 1992
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronicor mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any informationstorage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

To Susanna
Olivia, Mirjam and Caren

TABLE OF CONTENTS

xi

Pre fa ce
Part 1 : HYDRAULIC JUMP

I nt ro d u c t i o n

Cl assical Hydraul i c Jump

2.1
2 .2
2.3
2 .4
2.5
2 .6

Introduction
Sequent Depths, Efficienc y a n d Forms of Jump
Length Char acte r isti cs a n d Free Su rf ace Pro f i l e
Velocity Distr ibu t ion
Press ure and Dens ity Field
Ai r Entrainmen t

5
8
13
19

28
35

S lopi n g Jump

41

3 . 1 I n tr o d u c ti on
3 . 2 C-J u mp a n d D-Jump
3 . 3 B-Jump

41
43
44

Hydraulic Jump in Non-Rect angu la r Ch annel

53

4 . 1 In troduction
4. 2 Trapezoidal Channel
4 . 3 Circular Ch annel

53
53
62

Submerged Ju mps

67

5 .1 Introduction
5 . 2 Mean Flow Pattern
5 . 3 Dyn amic Pressu res

67
69
73

Re f e r e nc e s Part 1
No tati on Pa r t 1

77
97

VIII

Part 2: STILLING BASINS

6

Introduction

101

Steps and Sills

109

7 .1
7 .2
7 .3
7 .4

109
110
115
120

10

11

12

13

Introduction
Positive Step
Negative Step
Baffle Sill

Baffle Blocks

12 9

8 . 1 Introduction
8 .2 Flow Characteristics
8.3 Forces on Blocks

12 9
131
138

Effect of Roughness and Discharge

1 45

9 .1 Rough Channel Bottom

9 .2 Jet-Assisted Stilling Basin

145
14 6

Expanding Channel

151

10.1 Abrupt Channel Expansion

10 .2 Gradual Channel Expansion

151
1 61

Bucke t-Type Energy Dissipa tor

175

11 .1
11.2
11.3
11 .4

175
17 7
1 80
1 82

Introduction
Slotted Bucket-Type Dissipator
Scour
Counter-Current Bucket-Type Dissipator

Various Aspects of Stilling Basins

1 85

12.1
12.2
12 .3
12 .4

185
185
191
206

Introduction
Dynamic Pressure Characteristics
Scour and Scour Control
Wave Action in Tailwater

Types of Stilling Basins

213

13 . 1
13 .2
13 .3
13 .4
13 .5
13. 6

213
213
217
223
224
225

Introduction
SAF Stilling Basin
USBR Stilling Basins
USCE Stilling Basin
Bha vani Stilling Basin
VNIIG Stilling Basins

IX
14

Experiences wi t h Stilling Basins

229

1 4. 1 P rototype Examp les

1 4 .2 Ge neral Des ign Guidelines

229
233

Referen ces Pa r t 2
No ta ti o n Pa rt 2
Subjec t Ind ex
Aut ho r I n d ex

23 9
2 67
271
2 81

PREFACE
Stilling basins utili z ing a hydraulic jump for energy dissipation are
wi d e l y used in hydraulic engineering . Da Vinci was the first to describe
the hydraulic jump, and Bidone conducted classical experiments about 170
years ago . Stilling basins we r e developed in the thirties with signifi cant design improvements being made during the last sixty years . Although
we l l - a c c e p t e d guidelines for a successful design are presently available,
the information for the design of such dissipators is not yet compiled in
book form .
This book provides state-of-the-art information on hydraulic jumps
and associat ed stilling basins . A large numbe r of papers on the to pics
are reviewed. Th e present trends of the art of designing a stilli ng basin
are discussed and ideas for future research are outlined. Design criteria
and recommendat ions are frequently given . However, this should not be
considered as a r eady-to -use guideline since the design of an effective
stilling basin is much more comple x than following general design steps .
The book is divided into two parts. Part 1 on hydraulic jumps is comprised of chapters 2 to 5.

Part 2 consisting of chapters 6 to 14 deals

with various hydraulic structures used to dissipate energy. The lists of

notation and references are provided in each part separately although the
same notation is u sed throughout.
I wo u l d like to acknowledge the contributions of various persons:
Professor D. Vischer, Director of VAW , encouraged me to prepar e this book
and

provid ed

necessary facilities for this purpose . Dr . K .

Sc h r a m

assisted me greatly in the preparation of the manuscript and Prof . M.H.

Chaud hry reviewed it during his sabbatical leave at VAW .
During my stay at the EPF L in Lausanne 1983-1988, I was involved wi t h
the investigation of stilling basins . The assistance of Prof. R . Sinniger
and the collaboration with my former PhD stud ents Dr . N.V. Bretz and Dr .
R.

Bremen are acknowledged . Discussions with Profs. R.

Wanoschek, N.

Rajaratnam and J.A. McCorquodale generated my interest in energy dissipation .

Willi H. Hager

XI