UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEMB221 - MECHANICS AND MATERIALS LABS

(FORMAL REPORT)
EXP. TITLE

TESTING (UNIVERSAL TESTER)

: TENSILE
..

GROUP MEMBERS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

ME094819
SHARANIA UDHAYA KUMAR
ID:
NAME: .
ID:
NAME: .
ME088673
ANDREW VINOD
ID: NAME: .
ME095464
AMIRUL FIKRY BIN ANUAR
ID:
NAME: .
ME095553
NAJMI AZIM BIN NORDIN

SECTION

:
8

INSTRUCTOR

PN. SITI ZUBAIDAH

: ..

Performed Date
3 NOVEMBER 2013

GROUP :
6

Due Date*
16 November 2015

*Late submission penalty: Late 1 day: 10%,

than 3 days: 50%

Submitted Date
16 November 2015

Late 2 days: 20%,

Content

Late 3 days: 30%,

More

1 Summary/Abstract
2 Statement of purpose/Introduction/Objective
3 Theory
4 Equipment/Description of Experimental Apparatus
5 Procedure
6 Data and Observation
7 Analysis and Results
8 Discussions
9 Conclusions
10 References
11 Appendices

Summary/Abstract
This experimentation is actually used to determine the mechanical behavior of fabric under static, axial
tensile or stretch loading. In this test, we are dealings with the WP300 testing twist that is capable to
perform some tests like densification and tensile. During testing of a material sampling, the stress variant
curve ball is a graphical representation of the relationship between stress, derived from measurement the
load applied on the sample distribution, and stock, derived from measuring the deformation of the sample,
i.e. elongation, compression, or distortion. The nature of the curve varies from material to material. The
following diagrams illustrate the stressstrain behavior of typical materials in price of the applied science
stress and engineering strain where the stress and strain are calculated based on the original dimension of
the sample and not the instantaneous values.

These experiments are actually used to determine the mechanical behavior of stuff under static, axial
tensile or stretch loading. In this test, we are transaction with the WP300 examination device that is
capable to perform some tests like compression and tensile. During testing of a material sample
distribution, the air air curve ball is a graphical agency of the relationship between tension, derived from
measuring the load applied on the sample, and mental tenor, derived from measuring the deformation of
the sample, i.e. elongation, compression, or optical aberration. The nature of the curve varies from
material to material. The following diagrams illustrate the focus strain behavior of typical materials in
terms of the engineering stress and engineering strain where the stress and strain are calculated based on
the original attribute of the sample and not the instantaneous values.
At the end of this test, we will find out that the brass has much higher material stiffness compare to the
aluminum and can categorize brass as a brittle material and aluminum as a ductile material.

Statement of Purpose/Introduction/Objective
1.
2.
3.
4.

Identify and explain the common terms connected to tensile testing

Recognize the principles of tensile testing by using WP300 tester
Elaborate the terms stress and strain also the properties of both in tensile loading
Define the stress-strain relationships for several materials and the approximate values for yield

strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity.

5. Perform the necessary calculations related to tensile tests and diagnose the expected tensile stress
results.
6. Determine the features of the testing specimens
7. Draw the stress vs. strain graph

Theory
A) Fundamental Principles of the Tensile Test
The tensile test is the best acknowledged test in material testing. It defines tensile strength, one of
the most essential properties of material. It is also potential to conclude elongation at fracture as a
toughness measurement of the material. In tensile test, a mono-axial stress is produced in a material

sample. This stress is brought via external loading of the sample in a longitudinal direction via a tensile
force.
In tensile loading, the tensile load is denoted as P. Tensile loads are calculated in pounds, kg or
Newton. Tensile strength is originated on the load a specimen endures per unit of cross-sectional area.
= F/ A
where, = stress
F = axial force applied
A = cross-section area
The elongation of fracture refers to the change in length of the sample compared with its original
length, Lo. The length of the sample after break is L u.
Then,
A = [(Lu - Lo) / Lo] x 100%
We can determine Lu by measuring the gauge length after the experiment.

Test Force
Failure of the sample
Maximum Test Force

Elongation of Samples
b) Fundamental principle of stress-strain diagram
The stress-strain diagram shows the different performance of the individual materials particularly
clearly. Each material has a typical pattern of stress and strain. Important material data can be read from
the stress-strain diagram. In addition to eventual tensile strength, the limit proportionality, beneath this
limit, the material obeys to Hookes Law with the modulus of elasticity, E: strain, is proportional to
stress,
E = /
When this stress is exceeded, deformation is no longer proportional to the load .

Hardened Steel

Stress

Tempered Steel
Soft Steel
Aluminum Alloy

Strain
Graph above shows the stress-strain diagram for 4 different materials .
Hardened steel that ruptures virtually without plastic deformation but has a very high tensile strength. The
tempered steel is tougher but still has a high strength. The annealed soft steel has high elongation
capability but low tensile strength it would state creeping before experience plastic deformation.
Aluminum alloys curve rises less steeply in the elastic region because of its low modulus of elasticity.
Strain, = (Lu - Lo) / Lo
Poissons ratio defined as:
v = -Ex / Ez
where Ex= the strain perpendicular to the tensile axis
Ez = the longitudinal strain
Generally, v will increase during the run, starting about 0.3 in the elastic region and about 0.5 after the
material begin to deform plastically.

Equipments and Materials

1. Universal testing machine.

2. Vernier caliper.

1. Dial gauge.

2. Tensile sample.

41.1
6 mm

15 mm

Material A

47 mm

6 mm
Material B

Procedures

15

1. The hand wheel on the master cylinder was untwisted until the load frame moved to its
lowest position.
2. The gripping head was tighten by screwing the short bolt at the bottom and long bolt at
3.
4.
5.
6.

the top with pressure pad.

Tensile sample of material A was insert in the gripping heads.
The sample was screwed into lower gripping head.
The sample was also screwed into upper gripping head by rotating the gripping head.
The nut on the upper gripping head was tighten until gripping head is seated without a

slack.
7. Dial gauge was placed on the upper load frame.
8. The dial gauge was adjusted so the rotating scale to zero.
9. The hand wheel was rotated slowly and constantly.
10. For every 0.1 mm extension, the force value was recorded for the first 1 mm exstension.
11. After passing the mark 1 mm, the force value was recorded for every 0.2 mm extension.
12. The sample was monitored when constriction begins.
13. The hand wheel were rotated until the sample fractured.
14. The sample was removed from gripping head.
15. The machine was set up just as the begin of the experiment.
16. Material A was replaced by material B and the experiment was repeated until sample
fractured.

DATA, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Table 1
MATERIAL A

MATERIAL B

ELONGATION(mm)

FORCE(kN)

ELONGATION(mm)

FORCE(kN)

10
20
30
40
50
60

1.5
4
7.25
9.75
11
12

10
20
30
40
50
60

1.5
3.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
9.25

70
80
90
100
120
140
-

12.5
13
13
13.2
13.5
14
-

70
80
90
100
120
140
160
170

Table 2

Material A
Strain(m/m) Stress(kPa)
0.24
2.91
0.49
7.81
0.73
14.1
0.98
18.9
1.22
21.4
1.46
23.3
1.71
24.3
1.95
25.2
2.2
25.2
2.44
25.6
2.93
26.2
3.41
27.2
-

Material B
Strain(m/m) Stress(kPa)
0.21
0.28
0.43
0.66
0.64
1.13
0.85
1.41
1.06
1.7
1.28
1.74
1.49
1.77
1.7
1.79
1.91
1.75
2.13
1.75
2.55
1.71
2.98
1.71
3.4
1.69

9.4
9.5
9.3
9.3
9.1
9.1
9.0
5.0

3.62

0.94

Force vs Extension
10

9.49.59.39.3
9 9.25

9.1

7.5

6
Force(kN)

9.1

6
5

3.5

1.5

0
0

20

40

60

80

100 120 140 160 180

Extension(mm)

Graph 1

Material A
Material B

Modulus of Elasticity

Stress(kPa)

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Material A
Polynomial (Material A)
Material B
Polynomial (Material B)

0.2 0.6 1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3 3.4 3.8

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4
Strain(m/m)

Graph 2

DISCUSSION

The test results were consistent for each of the materials. An interesting observation can be made
from graph 1, where material A is subjected to much higher force compared to material B before
point of fracture. If we take a close look at the data, we can interpret that both the materials
elongate in rather a near linear manner. Both the materials displayed very little elongation
through the proportional area of the graph. Once both the material reaches a certain level of
elongation, the changes become very slight or in other words, near constant. This is actually due
to the materials properties itself. The materials have reached the maximum extent of elongation
and have sustained the maximum amount of axial loading. As we can see form graph 1, the graph
takes a slight dip after remaining constant for a certain amount of applied force.Then, at yield
strength, the elongation (strain) on each became visible. The specimens formed regions on the
specimen where the diameter was noticeably smaller, and then fractured at those thinner points.

This is said to be the point of necking or fracture. Thesesamples may have fractured partially
across the cross section before complete failure, or a void could have caused a sudden release of
stress. From the tensile strength data in Table 2, it is clear that material A was the stronger
material. The introduction of dislocations reduces their motion, and hardens the material. As for
the yield strength of both materials, the value could be obtained directly from graph 1 if
necessary. In this particular experiment, yield strength (offset of 0.2%) is used. The offset is the
horizontal distance between the modulus line and any line running parallel to it. This means is
that a certain percentage of the set equals a certain percentage of the fundamental extension
units. The yield strength of both the materials can be obtained by plotting a line on the force
versus elongation curve.

Force vs Extension
10
9
8
7
6
Force(kN)

Material A

Material B

4
3
2
1
0
0

20

40

60

80

100 120 140 160 180

Extension(mm)

From the above graph, the green linear line represents the modulus line and the orange linear line is the
yield strength (0.2%) of both material A and material B. From the graph, it can be proposed that the yield
strength of material A is around 12kN and the yield strength of material B is around 7.6kN. These data
cannot be entirely true and may differ from the theoretical values as inaccurate data collection during the
experiment or even parallax error can contribute to the inaccuracy of the results obtained.

CONCLUSION

Our testing of material A and material B,to sudden fracture under tensile stress had varyingly accurate
results. Of course the experimental data may vary with the theoretical data for material A and material B,
but this may have been the result of inaccurate data or flaws in the sample or some other cause, but the
error is not accounted for by normal variance in data .

REFERENCE
a) Book

Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, JR. Mechanics of materials.3rd Edition .21

Neythal Road, Singapore 2262. McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp 124

Larry Horath. Fundamentals of Material Science for Technologists. 1st edition.

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Prentice Hall. Pp 54