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fact lumped clement representations of the power systcm. These test circuits must produce the correct waveforms for thc (short-circuit) current as well as for the
voltage that strikes thc circuit breakcr immediately after
the breaker has interrupted the test current. The waveforms of current and voltage to which the test object is
subjected are laid down i n ANSI and lnternatioiial Electrotechnical Commission (KC) standards. These standardized waveforms represent 9OX of the possible fault
conditions in the real system.
Digital Testing
The functionality of high-voltage circuit breakers is tcsted in high-power laboratories, Due to the ncccssary
power and the physical size of the equipment, testing is
rather expensive and timc consuming. In order to obtain
as much information as possible about the degradation
and operating limits of the circuit breaker from the costintensive tests, a project started with the following partners: KEMA High-Power Laboratory, The Netherlands;
Delft University of Technology, T h e Nethcrlancls;
Siemcris RG, Germany; RWE Encrgie, Germany; and
Laborelec cv, Helgium. This project is sponsored by the
Directoratc GeIieral XII of the ELiropcan Commission in
Standards, Measurements, and Testing Prograiii under
contract number SMt'4-CT96-212 1. The project is aimcd
at developing digital testing of high-voltage circuit breakers, i.e., a software product for testing of ;Imodel of such
a device, once its characteristic fingerprints are ohtaincd
from rcfinecl ineasurements during standard tests. Digital testing offers a wide range of new possibilities for
users, manufacturers, standardizing bodies, and test laboratories for fine tuning circuit hreakcr abilities in relation with standards and real power systems. Some
developments arc:
Evaluation of the relevance of future standards
with respect to real power systems
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At the final stage of the realization of digital testing, measured arc model parameters will be used as input for the
arc model. Of course, this arc model behaves a a nonlinear element in the electrical circuit ancl must therefore
be analyzed with a dedicated cnmputer program. The
analysis of arc-circuit interaction iiivolving nonlinear clcments in relation to stiff differential equations makes it
necessary to perform the calculations with a variable
step size and adjustable accuracy of the computed currents, voltages, and canductaiices. Because they have
fixed step-size solvers, EMTP ancl comparable programs
are less suitable for this purpose and thercfore a new
approach, the integration of differential algebraic cquations (DAE) by means of the backward differentiation formulas @DO method, has been chnsen in cleveloping a
new softwarc package lor electrical transients computation. This new transient program, XTrans, has been
developed at the Delft University of Technology especially lor arc-circuit interaction studies. The program runs
on a PC with the MS-Windows operating system and
works fully graphical, as shown in Figure 4. The program
is in use at several high-power and high-voltage laboratories in the world.
The program makes use of libraries that contain information about the behavior of element models. The program structure is depicted in Figure 5. This structure has
been realized with object-oriented programming. The
compiled code of t h e element models is placed i n
dynamic link libraries @Us).The models are, thereforc,
separate from the main program, which makes it easy to
create new models and use them in the main program.
A full working demonstration version of thc XTrans
program can he downloaded from the homepage of the
electrical power systems group at the Delft University of
Technology, http://eps.et.tuclelft.nl.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to the Ih-ectornte Gencral X1I of the Eurcpenn Cominissiori i n Stiuidartls, Measurements, aiitl l'esting Program
for sponsoring. The effort nf the other partners involvcrl in the project
is greatly appreciated.
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Biographies
Pictcr H. Scliavemaker ohtaiiietl his MSc in electrical engineering from
tlw Delft Univcrsity of Technulqy i n 1994. Alter gratluntion, he perIorinccl rcscnrch OIL puwer system state estimation with the Power Systems 1.aboratory. In 1995, lic started as an application engineer
programming Stilistatlon Control Systems with ABU in the Netherlands.
Since 1996, he hns bccn with thc Power Systems I.ahoratnry, where he
is currently assistant prnfessor. He is working 011 PhD rcscai-cli 011 cligital testing of high-voltage circuit tireakers within the framework of a
Luropenn project. His rnniii rcscarcli interests include power system
transients antl power system calculations. He is a member 01 KEE. He
can be readied by E-mail, P.H.Schavcinakc~its.tudelft,r~l.
Lou van der Sluis obtained his MSc i I i electrical engineering
from the Delft Ilniversity of Technology in 1974. Hc julrrcd thc KEMA
High-Powcr Labriratory in 1977 as a test enginccr and was irivolvcd
in the development of ;t data acquisition system fur thc Higti-Puwer
Laboratory, cornputer calculations of test circuits. ancl the analysis
of test data by digita1 cornputer. In 1990, l i e became a part-lime professor, and, sincc 1992, tic has beeri employed as n full-time professor at t h e llelft Unlvcrsity 01 Tccti~iulugyin the Pnwer Systems
Department. He is a senior member of IKEE arid corivc~icrof WG
CC-03 of Cigrb and Circd to study the transient recovery voltages
in metliutn and high voltage networks. IIe can he reached by Bmail,
L.vanderSluisQi ts.tiidellt.nl.
R e d P.P, Smeets ohtninetl his MSc in physics trorl1 tlie Eiridhrwen
University of Technology in 1981. Hc ohtairwtl the PtiD degree in 1987
for research work on vaciiiiin arcs at tlic sninc university. From 1983tc
1995, tic was a staIf rriember of the Riiergy Systems Ulvision of thc Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Einrlhoven Unlvcrsity. During tlie ycar
1991, hc spcrit a sddiatical leave at 'I'oshilm Corporation's Heavy Apparatus EIigiricerinR Laboratory i n Japan. 111 1995, 11c joined KEMA for
R8rD 01 thc High-Power Lilboi-atory. I IC:is n memticr of Cigrd WG 13.04,
the Current Zero Club, Cigr6, and the IEEE, I le can he reached hy 1;
niail, r.~~.~~.smeetsQkemn.ril.
Viktor Kcrt6az otitained his MSc in electrlcal engincerlng irotn
Butlapcst University nf TechndoLy iii 19G6, Phi) in 1976, and nSc in
1989. Hc jclirlccl the High-Puwer Laboratory of the Electrical Power
Research Institute, Uutlapcst, as a rcscarcher arid t a t erigirieer i n 1966.
He ihecainc a professor of mathematics at the Budapest Ilniversity ol
'I'ctchiiology I n I979 arid has hcld thc chair of full professor since 1989.
He has had n scicntiflc contact with KEMR in the iield of circuit breaker
measuring prolilenis antl the analysis of arc pticnnmcna slncc 1978. He
contributed as a memlw tn Cigrt W(; 13.01 (arc niotlclirig). He can tle
reached by Lmail, kertes7.vQelender.liu.