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CHAPTER14:
KINEMATICSOFAPARTICLE WORKAND
ENERGY
DrMohamedAICHOUNI
http://faculty.uoh.edu.sa/m.aichouni/me201dynamics/
The s e L e c tur e no te s ar e pr e pa r e d f r o m : R. C. H i b b e le r , E ngine e r i n g Me chanics Dynamics , 12th E d.
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U 1 2 =
r2
r1
F . dr =
s2
s1
F cos ds
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s2
U1 2 = Fc cos ds
s1
U1 2 = Fc cos ( s2 s1 )
or
y2
y1
Wdy = W ( y2 y1 )
U122 = Wy
Work done is equal to the magnitude of the particles weight times its
vertical displacement.
If W is downward and y is upward, work is negative
If the particle is displaced downward (-y), the work of the weight is positive.
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s2
s2
s1
s1
U1 2 = Fs ds = ks ds
1
1 2
= kks22 ks
k1
2
2
1
1
U1 2 = ks22 ks12
2
2
This equation represents the trapezoidal area under the line Fs=ks
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Example 14.1
The 10-kg block rest on a smooth incline. If the spring is
originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the total work done
by all forces acting on the block when a horizontal force
P = 400 N pushes the block up the plane s = 2 m.
= 692.8 J
Spring Force Fs.
The spring is stretched to its final position s2 = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 m. The work is
negative since force and displacement are in opposite directions.
The work of Fs is thus:
1
1
U s = (30 N / M )(2.5m) 2 (30 N / M )(0.5m) 2 = 90 J
2
2
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s1
Ft ds =
v1
s1
Ft ds =
1
1
mv 22 mv 12
2
2
s2
s2
v2
mv dv
F principle
For
i i l off work
k and
d energy for
f the
th particle,
ti l
U 1 2
1
mv
2
2
2
1
mv 12
2
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T1 + U12 = T2
The equation states that the systems initial energy plus the work done by all
the external and internal forces acting on the particles of the system is equal to
the systems final kinetic energy.
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1 2
1
mv + Ps k N s = mv2
2
2
Sliding motion will generate heat, a form of energy which
seems not to be accounted for in the work-energy equation
Example 14.3
For a short time the crane lifts the 2.50-Mg
beam with a force of F = (28 + 3s2) kN.
kN
Determine the speed of the beam when it
has risen s = 3 m. How much time does it
take to attain this height starting from rest.
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Example 14.3
Work (Free-Body Diagram).
The towing force F does positive work, which must be determined by
integration since this force is a variable. The weight is constant and
will do negative work since the displacement is upwards.
Principle of Work and Energy.
T1 U 1 2 = T2
0+
0 ( 28 + 3 s
)(10 3 ) ds ( 2 . 50 )(10 3 )( 9 . 81 ) s =
1
( 2 . 50 )(10 3 ) v 2
2
Example 14.3
Kinematics.
Since we were able to express the velocity as a function of displacement
using v = ds/dt
t=
ds
dt
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P=
dU
dt
Power is a scalar, where in the formulation v represents the velocity of the point
which is acted upon by the force F.
SI unit for power is watt (W). It is defined as:
1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N.m/s
power output
power input
If energy applied to the machine occurs during the same time interval at which
it is removed, then the efficiency may also be expressed in terms of the ratio of
output energy to input energy:
=
The efficiency of any machine is always less than 1.
10
energy output
energy input
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Example 14.7
The motor M of the hoist operates with
an efficiency of = 0.85. Determine the
power that must be supplied to the
motor to lift the 375-N crate C at the
instant point P on the cable has an
acceleration of 1.2m/s2, and a velocity
of 0.6 m/s
Since
= ma y ; 2T + 375 = m ac =
2 sC + sP = l
375
ac
9.81
2aC = aP
aC = 1.2 / 2 = 0.6m / s 2
11
T = 199.0 N
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Example 14.7
The power output required to draw the cable in at a rate of 0.6 m/s is
1
power input = ( power output )
1
(119.4) = 140.5W
0.85
Potential Energy.
It is
i th
the measure off the
th amountt off workk a conservative
ti force
f
will
ill do
d when
h it
moves from a given position to the datum.
12
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Vg = Wy
1
Ve = + ks 2
2
Ve is always positive since
since, in the
deformed position, the force of the
spring has the capacity for always doing
positive work on the particle when the
spring is returned to its unstretched
position.
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V = Vg + Ve
(U12 )cons. = V1 V2
As a result, the principle of work and energy can be written as
T1 + V1 + (U1 2 ) noncons. = T2 + V2
(U1-2)noncons represents the work of the non-conservative forces acting on the
particles.
If only conservative forces are applied to the body, this term is zero and we
have :
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
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Conservative of Energy
System of Particles.
If a system of particles is subjected only to conservative forces, then an equation
can be written :
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
The sum of the particles initial kinetic and potential energies is
equal
q
to the sum of the particles
p
final kinetic and potential
p
energies ; That is:
T + V = const
15
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Example 14.9
The gantry structure is used to test the response of an airplane during a
clash. The plane of mass 8-Mg is hoisted back until = 60, and then
pull-back cable AC is released when the plane is at rest. Determine the
speed of the plane just before clashing into the ground
ground, = 15.
15 Also,
Also
what is the maximum tension developed in the supporting cable during
the motion?
Example 14.9
Potential Energy.
For convenience, the datum has been established at the top of the gantry.
16
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Example 14.9
Conservation of Energy.
TA + VA = TB + VB
0 8000(9.81)(20 cos 60o ) =
1
(8000)vB2 8000(9.81)(20 cos15o )
2
vB = 13.5m / s
Example 14.9
Equation of Motion.
Using data tabulated on the free-body diagram when the plane is at B,
+
Fn = man ;
(13.5) 2
T 8000(9.81) N cos15 = (8000)
20
T = 149kN
o
17
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18