Name

Lab report
Teacher

Subject
Chemistry
Grade

Introduction
A soup is the sodium or potassium salt of a long-chain fatty
acid. The fatty acid usually contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
The source of the fatty acids either from animals fats or
vegetables which are esters of carboxylic acids. They have a
high molecular weight and contained alcohol and glycerol.
Chemically, these fats and oils called triglycerides.
Solid soaps usually consists of sodium salts of fatty acids,
whereas liquid soaps consists of the potassium salts of fatty
acids. A soup such as sodium stearate consists of a nonpolar
end (the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty) and a polar end (the
ionic carboxylate).

Theorical Framework
Organic chemistry

Is a chemistry sub discipline involving the scientific study of

the structure, properties, and reactions of organic
compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various
forms that contain carbon atoms. Study of structure includes
many physical and chemical methods to determine
the chemical composition and the chemical constitution of
organic compounds and materials. Study of properties
includes both physical properties and chemical properties, and
uses similar methods as well as methods to evaluate chemical
reactivity, with the aim to understand the behavior of the
organic matter in its pure form (when possible), but also in
solutions, mixtures, and fabricated forms. The study of organic
reactions includes probing their scope through use in
preparation of target compounds (e.g., natural
products, drugs, polymers, etc.) by chemical synthesis, as well
as the focused study of the reactivities of individual organic
molecules, both in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico)
study.
The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry
include hydrocarbons (compounds containing
only carbon and hydrogen), as well as myriad compositions
based always on carbon, but also containing other elements,
[1][3][4] especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
(these, included in many organic chemicals in biology) and
the radiostable elements of the halogens.
In the modern era, the range extends further into the periodic
table, with main group elements, including:

Group 1 and 2 organometallic compounds, i.e.,

involving alkali (e.g., lithium, sodium, and potassium)
or alkaline earth metals (e.g., magnesium)

Metalloids (e.g., boron and silicon) or other metals (e.g.,

aluminium and tin)

In addition, much modern research focuses on organic

chemistry involving further organometallics, including
the lanthanides, but especially thetransition metals; (e.g., zinc,
copper, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium and chromium)

Line-angle representation

Ball-and-stick representation

Space-filling representation
Three representations of an organic compound, 5Dihydroprogesterone (5-DHP), asteroid hormone. For
molecules showing color, the carbon atoms are in black,
hydrogens in gray, and oxygens in red. In the line angle
representation, carbon atoms are implied at every terminus of
a line and vertex of multiple lines, and hydrogen atoms are
implied to fill the remaining needed valences (up to 4).

Finally, organic compounds form the basis of all earthly

life and constitute a significant part of human endeavors in
chemistry. The bonding patterns open to carbon, with its
valence of fourformal single, double, and triple bonds, as
well as various structures with delocalized electronsmake
the array of organic compounds structurally diverse, and their
range of applications enormous. They either form the basis of,
or are important constituents of, many commercial products
including pharmaceuticals; petrochemicals and products made
from them (including lubricants, solvents, etc.); plastics;
fuels and explosives; etc. As indicated, the study of organic
chemistry overlaps with organometallic
chemistry and biochemistry, but also with medicinal
chemistry, polymer chemistry, as well as many aspects
of materials science.
Report
Title and date: Preparation and Properties of Soap; 11 August,
2015
Objective:
To prepare a soap
Know how to do it and know thats its important for use
or not.
Pre-lab Questions:
1-What is a soap?
Ans-Is a protocol specification for exchanging structured
information in the implementation of web services in
computer networks. It uses XML Information Set for its
message format, and relies on other application
layer protocols, most notably Hypertext Transfer

Protocol (HTTP) or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), for

message negotiation and transmission.
2- What does the term saponification mean?
Ans- Is a process that produces soap, usually from fats and
lye.
3- What does the term emulsion mean?
Ans- Is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally
immiscible (unmixable or unbendable). Emulsions are part of a
more general class of two-phase systems of matter called
colloids.
4- What does the term hydrophilic and hydrophobic means?
Ans- hydrophilic is a molecule or other molecular entity that is
attracted to, and tends to be dissolved by, water and
hydrophobic is having little or no affinity for water.

Materials:

616 grams of cooking oil

132 grams of potassium hydroxide
340 grams of water
Stove
Cooking pot
Thermometers
Cups
Beakers
Weight

Procedure:

1- Weigh the exact amounts of water, potassium hydroxide,

and oil.
2- Heat the oil to exactly 80C, the same temperature that
will be the mixture of the water and the potassium
hydroxide. It is necessary that both of the substance are
at the same temperature. When they are, carefully pour
the potassium hydroxide solution into the pot.
3- Mix gently using a glass stick clockwise. Wait for the
settle, and the pour in into the cups for it to solidify at
last.
4- Wash your hands before leaving.
Observations:
For me the most important observation that I can say is about
when we were calculating the weight of all the materials,
there we have to add the weight of material and the weight of
the lab materials and also the smell of the oil while boiling, it
was very strong. As the teacher say we can have an infection
also about doing the things that we didnt know.

Analysis:
The fats and oils most commonly used in soap preparation are
lard and tallow from animal sources, and coconut, palm and
olive oils from vegetable sources.
Tallow and lard are the fats separated from solid beef fat
(suet) and hog fat, by the process of rendering. Rendering

consists of boiling the animal fat in a pot with an equal volume

of water until a layer of melted fat collects on top. (when the
animal tissue is heated, the fat in the cells melts, expands,
ruptures the cell membrane- and then flows out. Since the fat
is immiscible with water, and has a lower density, it forms a
floating layer on the top of the
water in the pot.) the rendered fat is then drawn off, and
allowed to solidify by cooling.

Conclusions:
In conclusions we learn about how to make a soup with
cooking waste oil and we had good experience doing this work
in the lab and in the end unfortunately, my group fail to make
the soap because we had a fail but our friends group did will
and we watch them and it was successful.

Annexes