Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
= 1__
f(f-1(b))
or df-1|
dx |x=b
1
df |
dx|x=f-1(b)
**What says:
--when y=f(x) is differentiable at x=a, and we change x by a small amount dx, the
corresponding change in y is approximately dy=f(a) dx
--means that y changes @ f(a) times as fast as x when x=a and that x changes @ 1/f(a)
times as fast as y when y=b.
--It is reasonable that the derivative of f-1 at b= the reciprocal of the derivative of f at a.
**The derivative of f evaluated at a point and the derivative of the inverse evaluated at
the point at which f was originally was evaluated are derivatives:
Let f(x) = x -2. Find the value of df-1/dx at x = 6 = f(2)
Df/dx = 3x|x=2 = 12
Now: df-1/dx = 1
Df/dx|x=2
=1
12
Exs..
ln x = 1/t dt x>0
1
a) if x>1 then ln x is the area under the curve y = 1/t from t=1 to t=x
b) for 0<x<1, ln x gives the negative of the area under the curve from x to 1
c) for x0 function is not defined
ln 1 = 1/t dt = 0
1
d ln x = 1
dx
x
** derivative is always + so the natural logarithm is an increasing function
Therefore, it is 1:1 and invertible
** If u is a differentiable function of x whose values are +, so that ln u is defined then
apply the chain rule:
d ln u = 1 du
if u>0
dx
u dx
Ex. d ln 2x = 1 (2) = 1
dx
2x
x
Ex. d ln 4x = 1 (4) = 1
dx
4x
x
Properties of Logs for any #s a>0 and x>0, the natural log satisfies the following:
1. Product Rule:
ln ax = lna + lnx
2. Quotient Rule:
ln a/x = lna lnx
3. Reciprocal Rule: ln 1/x = -lnx
4. Power Rule:
lnxr = rlnx
Ex. ln 10 = ln(52) = ln 5 + ln2
Ex. ln2 ln3 =
Ex. ln1/5 =
Applying the properties
Ex. ln 6 + ln cos x =
Ex. ln (5x+2) =
(3x-1)
Ex. ln x+2
5
and
lim ln x = -
x0+
1 +C
|cos x|
= ln |sec x | + C
Or:
tan u du = -ln|cos u| + c = ln|sec u| + c
cot u du = ln|sin u| + c = -ln|csc u| + c
Ex.
Logarithmic Differentiation = Using the law of log to simplify the formulas before
differentiating: (think back to implicit differentiation)
Ex. find dy/dx of
y = (x+1)(x+3)1/2
x-1
x>1
steps:
HI!!!
ln e = 1
y = ex
e = ee
x-
so e = ln-1(1)
e-2 = 1/e
e = 2.718281828459045
e1/2=e
General Exponential Functions for any #s a>0 and x, the exponential function with
base a is ax = exlna
ex. 23
2
Laws of Exponents for ex
1.
2.
3.
4.
ex1ex2 = ex1+x2
e-x = 1/ex
ex1/ex2 = ex1-x2
(ex1)x2 = ex1x2 = (ex2)x1
x>3
y(2)=0
3xln 3
-- if a 1 so that ln a 0 then
ex.
Domain
[-/2,/2]
Range
[-1,1]
Cos x
[0,]
[-1,1]
Tan x
(-/2,/2)
Cot x
(0,)
(-,)
Sec x
[0,/2)U(/2,]
Csc x
[-/2,0)U(0,/2] (-,-1]U[1,)
(-,-1]U[1,)
or
y= arcsin x
Y= cos-1x
or
y= arccos x
Y = tan-1x
or
y = arctan x
Y = cot-1x
or
y = arccot x
Y= sec-1x
or
y = arcsec x
Y = csc-1x
or
y = arccsc x
#1. Arcsin x= the angle in the restricted domain: [-/2,/2] whose sine is x
a) Sin-1x domain: [-1,1] and range is [-/2,/2]
#3. Arctan x = the angle in the restricted domain (-/2, /2) whose tan is x
a) we use open intervals ( ) b/c cotangent and tangent have asymptotes
b) tan-1x domain: (-,) and range is: (-/2,/2)
c) graph of tan is symmetric about origin and odd
d) Values come from Q1 and Q4 Q4 values are the radians in Q1
Ex. tan-11
Ex. tan-1 (-3)
#5. Arcsec x = the angle in the restricted domain [0,/2)U(/2,] whose sec is x
a) there is no general agreement about how to define sec-1x for negative values of
x, so we agree to use Q2 because it makes cos-11/x = sec-1x. It also makes sec1
x an increasing function
b) sec-1x domain: |x| 1 and range: [0,/2)U(/2,]
c) Values come from Q1 and Q2
ex. sec-12
ex. sec-1(-2/3)
In situations when the inverses do not match radian values on the unit circle, we rely on
the Pythagorean Theorem to solve:
Ex. find the cos x, tanx, sec x, csc x, cot x, if x = sin-12/3
Not differentiable at -1 and 1 b/c tangents to the graph are vertical at these points
d/dx (sin-1u) =
du/dx
|u| < 1
2x =
2x
1- u
Ex. d/dx (sin-1x) =
1- (x)
1-x4
Derivative of y = tan-1u
d/dx (tan-1u) = 1 du/dx
1 + u
Ex. tan-1t
t-1/2
1 + (t)
d/dx (sec-1u) =
du
|u|u-1
dx
|u|>1
(20x)
4
4
|5x |(5x ) - 1
4
x25x8 -1
-1
-1
-1
du
1 - u
dx
du
1 + u
dx
du
|u|u-1
dx
du
u
= sin-1 a
a-u
#2.
#3.
du
1
a+ u =
du
uu-a =
u
a tan-1 a + C
1
|u |
-1
a sec | a | + C
+C