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This study addressed the application, strength and durability of self-compacting concrete (SCC) in a large-scale
construction site, comparing its performance with vibrated conventional concrete (CC) with similar characteristics, assessing its
economic feasibility.
The studies were undertaken in the Arena Pernambuco project and involved the concreting during May, June and July
2012, for data collection, accompanying the routine concrete control tests and performing specific strength and durability tests.
The SCC compressive strength was on average 4% higher than the CC one, and its formwork reinforced to withstand
greater lateral pressure of the fresh concrete. The durability indicators results were in favour of SCC, which cost was 13% higher
than CC.
1. Introduction
Although conventional concrete (CC) was
regularly used first, since the start of the 20th
century, self-compacting concrete (SCC) was
developed later and its first application occurred
around ninety years later. It is, therefore, necessary
to learn more about SCC and validate this relatively
new material in its different aspects in order to
make possible for designers and builders to specify
and apply SCC as an alternative to CC. Rich et al
[1] studied the acceptance of SCC among UK civil
construction entrepreneurs and concluded that the
research developed at that time is mainly focused
on specific scientific studies related to SCC.
However, for taking decisions in the planning
phase, the builders are more interested in finding
answers for simpler issues, for example, how, when
and where to use SCC. In other words, the SCC
should be regarded as a method and not just as a
material.
Accordingly, the purpose of this study herein
presented was to investigate SCC and CC on a real
jobsite, examining the actual behaviour of the two
C. Calado, A.Cames, T. Andrade, J. Ribeiro, B. Barkokbas /Beton autocompactant i obinuit pentru stadionul Pernambuco:
studiu comparativ al indicatorilor de durabilitate i fezabilitate economic
403
404
C. Calado, A.Cames, T. Andrade, J. Ribeiro, B. Barkokbas / Self compacting concrete and conventional concrete
in the arena Pernambuco comparative study of durability indicators and economic feasibility
2. Experimental procedure
The research studies were carried out on the
Arena Pernambuco jobsite during its construction,
along three different phases: (a) first phase of the
survey on the structural design, executive
methodology adopted, materials used and
application of a questionnaire to obtain information
about the partial progress of the work with
identification of the achievements, problems
encountered and corrective actions taken; (b)
second phase of the survey on the worksite to
accompany the executive stages with data
collection onsite and undertaking specific tests on
the survey, in May, June and July 2012 and (c)
assessment of the information gathered and results
C. Calado, A.Cames, T. Andrade, J. Ribeiro, B. Barkokbas /Beton autocompactant i obinuit pentru stadionul Pernambuco:
studiu comparativ al indicatorilor de durabilitate i fezabilitate economic
405
Fig. 3 Vertical section showing six floor levels and cable-stayed metal structure overhang.
Table 1
SCC and CC compositions applied in the survey
Compositions
SCC - 009
SCC - 017
SCC - 024
Type of cement
CP-II F 32
CP-IV 32 RS
CP-II F 32
Cement consumption
499
525
532
Sand
856
778
732
Crushed stone 19 mm
830
798
Crushed stone 12.5 mm
778
Water
199
236
215
Ratio (W/C)
0.40
0.45
0.40
(1)
(2)
Plasticizer
3.44
4.83
(3)
(4)
(3)
Super-plasticizer
4.94
5.78
4.13
Strength fck,28 (MPa)
40
40
40
Slump flow/Slump (mm)
> 700
> 700
> 700
Applications
Walls & pillars
Walls & pillars
Precast
Cements: CP-II F 32 equivalent to CEM II/A-L; CP-IV 32 RS equivalent to CEM IV/B 32.5
3
Unit: kg/m
(1)
(2)
Plasticizer: SIKAMENT PF 175; VIAMIX 261R
(3)
(4)
Super-plasticizer: VISCOCRET 5800; VIAFLUX 2200
CC - 012
CP-II F 32
451
815
917
180
0.40
(1)
3.12
(3)
1.98
40
140 20
Beams
CC - 019
CP-IV 32 RS
476
681
946
214
0.45
(2)
4.38
(4)
2.09
40
140 20
Foundations
406
C. Calado, A.Cames, T. Andrade, J. Ribeiro, B. Barkokbas / Self compacting concrete and conventional concrete
in the arena Pernambuco comparative study of durability indicators and economic feasibility
Fig. 4 Stands.
C. Calado, A.Cames, T. Andrade, J. Ribeiro, B. Barkokbas /Beton autocompactant i obinuit pentru stadionul Pernambuco:
studiu comparativ al indicatorilor de durabilitate i fezabilitate economic
407
No. of samples
Final temperature
Initial temperature
o
o
( C)
( C)
3
Composition: SCC 009 (Applied volume = 2763 m )
34.4
33.8
32.8
33.1
32.1
32.8
3
Composition: SCC 017 (Applied volume = 1084 m )
34.2
35.0
33.1
33.9
31.8
31.9
3
Composition: SCC 024 (Applied volume = 2198 m )
35.6
31.5
33.7
30.2
3
Composition: CC 012 (Applied volume = 6106 m )
33.9
37.3
32.4
32.7
31.4
31.6
3
Composition: CC 019 (Applied volume = 2526 m )
34.9
32.0
32.2
30.8
31.2
Slump-flow/slump (mm)
May
June
July
27
90
81
700
702
705
May
June
July
22
30
34
May
June
July
01
24
161
May
June
July
78
152
235
May
June
July
04
95
153
699
703
706
750
710
730
159
160
158
158
158
157
Table 3
No. Samples
May
June
July
27
90
81
May
June
July
22
30
34
May
June
July
01
24
161
May
June
July
78
152
235
May
June
July
04
95
153
Strength
Average ()
Strength
(MPa) 07 days
Standard deviation
(MPa) 28 days
3
Composition: SCC 009 (Applied volume = 2763 m )
44.14.57
48.53.49
39.995.07
49.54.98
38.15.14
51.04.53
40.74.13
3
Composition: SCC 017 (Applied volume = 1084 m )
50.13.05
45.44.17
39.406.12
49.15.89
36.65.22
37.85.28
50.34.15
3
Composition: SCC 024 (Applied volume = 2198 m )
42.24.32
37.33.82
41.604.36
49.73.84
40.13.73
50.74.63
41.94.41
3
Composition: CC 012 (Applied volume = 6106 m )
49.03.34
43.13.70
38.704.97
47.54.14
36.54.60
49.24.00
38.84.60
3
Composition: CC 019 (Applied volume = 2526 m )
52.42.58
40.55.49
34.204.89
46.12.95
32.15.21
48.24.31
35.34.11
Average ()
Standard deviation
49.964.69
49.804.60
50.504.56
48.604.01
47.504.01
408
C. Calado, A.Cames, T. Andrade, J. Ribeiro, B. Barkokbas / Self compacting concrete and conventional concrete
in the arena Pernambuco comparative study of durability indicators and economic feasibility
50
46
42
38
7 Days
28 Days
34
30
fcki (MPa)
Strength (MPa)
SCC-009
SCC-024
CC-019
SCC-017
CC-012
Composition
70
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
Type Specimen
Type Testimony
SCC-009
Composition
Fig. 7 Results of compressive strength at 33 days old.
Compositions presented in Table 1.
Vertical bars denote 0,95 confidence intervals
48
46
44
E ci (GPa)
CC-012
42
40
38
36
34
32
Ty pe Specimen
Ty pe Testimony
SCC-009
CC-012
Composition
Table 4
Results of the set of specific tests of the study on the jobsite
Test
Strength
fckj (MPa)
Elasticity modulus
Eci (Gpa)
Chloride ion diffusion
Average charge passed in
Coulombs (C)
Water absorption by capillarity
2
(g/cm )
Void ratio
Iv (%)
Composition
SCC-009
CC-012
SCC-009
CC-012
SCC-009
CC-012
SCC-009
CC-012
SCC-009
CC-012
Type of sample
Result
CP
TE
CP
TE
CP
TE
CP
TE
CP
TE
CP
TE
CP
TE
CP
TE
CP
TE
CP
TE
62,58 1,72
63,14 3,22
57,42 1,69
56,73 3,65
41,10 0,87
39,90 1,17
38,20 1,31
39,40 2,32
1665
2585
2040
2940
0,424
0.446
0.467
0.573
8.99
11.24
10.59
12.22
The values of the results above refer to the average of the results for each specimen of tested samples: five (5) specimens
for compressive strength and elasticity modulus tests; three (3) specimens for chloride ion diffusion, water absorption
capillarity tests and calculation of the void ratio.
2500
2000
1500
1000
(CP)
500
(TE)
0,7
14
0,6
12
0,5
10
Voids (%)
3000
3500
0,4
0,3
0,2
CC-012
(TE)
0
SCC-009
CC-012
S
SCC-009
(CP)
(TE)
0
SCC-009
(CP)
0,1
409
9
CC-012
C
F
Fig. 11 - Void ra
atio.
Table 5
Com
mparative cost off compositions SCC-009
S
and CC-012.
C
Materials
M
3
(kg/m )
Cement
C
Sand
Crushed
d stone 19 mm
Water
Pllasticizer
Supe
er-plasticizer
Total
Compositions
CC-012
Qua
antity
4
451
8
815
9
917
180
3.12
1.98
Figures 9, 10 and
d 11 show th
he results of the
chloroide ion diffusio
on, water absorption by
capillarity and
a void ratio
o tests, resp
pectively. All the
graphs were drawn bassed on the re
esults presen
nted
in Table 4 for samp
ples CP an
nd TE of the
composition
ns SCC-009 and CC-012
2.
Table
e 5 show
ws the com
mparative cost
c
between compositions
c
s SCC-009 and CC-012
based on the quan
ntitative of the materrials
deployed, applying
a
a weight
w
that to
ook into acco
ount
the variatio
on of quanttities and unit cost of the
materials ussed in the tw
wo compositio
ons analyzed
d.
An approximate
e increase was found of
13.45% in the unit cost of SCC in relation to CC,
C
taking into considerattion only th
he cost of the
materials ussed.
The
e cost of th
he SCC ma
ay decrease by
reducing th
he consump
ption of super-plasticizerr in
the SCC, fo
or example.
4. Conclus
sions
The results were
e obtained by
b applying the
adopted wo
orking methodology. Acccordingly, after
a
performing the study on
o the Aren
na Pernambuco
jobsite, so
ome conclussions can be offered as
follows:
1) The
e self-compa
acting concre
ete was app
plied
in the Arrena Pernam
mbuco due to two main
m
reasons: to
o make eassier, or even possible, the
concreting of structu
ural elemen
nts with high
h
ent density and to acce
elerate the time
t
reinforceme
needed for stadium con
nclusion.
2) The
e workability of fresh SCC
C for at leastt 90
minutes wa
as a big challlenge for builders and wa
as
S
SCC-009
Cost 1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Quantity
499
856
830
199
3.44
4.94
Cost
C
2
11
10.64
10
05.03
90.51
9
11
10.56
11
10.33
24
48.89
11
13.45
obtained by careful te
echnologicall control of
o
concrete. Th
hus, all th
he concrete
e placemen
nt
operations were performed without problem.
p
The
average of sllump-flow for SCC was 713 mm and
th
he average of
o slump for C
CC was 158 mm.
3) Anoth
her major challenge was
w
to use
typical
t
form
ms for CC and apply
y SCC with
reinforcemen
r
nt adaptation
ns. In fact itt was verified
that
t
the pressure of SC
CC on the fo
ormwork wa
as
higher
h
than to
t the CC.
4) The structural d
design did not have a
supplementa
s
ary analysiss regarding the partia
al
substitution
s
of the CC ffor SCC. So the analysis
was
w
restricte
ed to the ssystematic check
c
of the
compressive
c
e strength ressults and the
e asystematic
check
c
of the elasticity mo
odulus.
5) For hardened cconcrete, SCC
S
showed
average
a
compressive strengths 8.27%
8
highe
er
than
t
those of
o the CC at 7 days and 3.83% at 28
days
d
of age. SCC showed avera
age elasticitty
modulus
m
higher 4.38% th
han those of the CC at 33
days
d
of age.
6) Durab
bility indicato
ors of hardened concrete
showed
s
thatt the SCC ha
ad performe
ed better than
the
t
CC, botth for CP a
and TE spe
ecimens. The
average
a
resu
ults were: ch
hloride ion diffusion of CC
C
was
w
18% higher than S
SCC; water absorption
a
o
of
CC
C was 19%
% higher tha
an SCC and void ratio of
o
CC
C was 13%
% higher than
n SCC.
7) The increased
i
co
ost of SCC in relation to
CC
C obtained was 13.45%
% taking into account only
th
he materials cost. Consid
dering that SCC
S
allows a
re
eduction on the
t execution
n time, workm
manship and
d
410
C. Calado, A.Cames, T. Andrade, J. Ribeiro, B. Barkokbas / Self compacting concrete and conventional concrete
in the arena Pernambuco comparative study of durability indicators and economic feasibility
13.
14.
15.
16.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank TECOMAT laboratory from
Recife for all the tests performed and the builders of the Arena
Pernambuco.
17.
REFERENCES
18.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
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