1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

Award one mark for each of the following points in context of

whether or not statement was chosen to a maximum of three
marks.
1.

as Ascophyllum decreases, Chondrus increases / Chondrus

has low percentage where Ascophyllum has high
percentage/eq;

2.

no data to say how Fucus grows when not covered by water;

3.

Ascophyllum still present in low tidal regions;

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to

a maximum of two marks.
1.

temperature;

2.

light intensity;

3.

nature of rock / substratum/eq;

4.

slope/eq;

5.

aspect/eq;

6.

salinity/eq;

7.

ref to pollution;

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a

maximum of four marks.
1.

suitable named organism linked with habitat;

2.

reference to suitable technique for the organism;

3.

eg use of quadrat, transect;

4.

reference to systematic sampling;

5.

detail of method;

6.

stated measurement;

7.

reference to two abiotic measurements;

8.

reference to a safety procedure;

4
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2.

(a)

1.

fixed / constant area;

2.

reference to sampling;

3.

valid comparisons possible;

4.

easy so can be repeated;

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max 2

(b)

(c)

(d)

1.

sampling along changing conditions / environmental

gradient;

2.

systematic sampling /random sampling does not show

distribution / eq;

1.

more coverage by plants in 5 / converse;

2.

more organic matter in 5 / converse;

3.

more species in 5 / converse;

4.

different species present;

5.

credit figures (e.g. 3 times more plants, 2.4g more

matter, 17 more species);

1.

different communities at different distances;

2.

few species near beach;

3.

reference to pioneer species;

4.

organic matter (increase with distance from beach);

5.

consequence of increased organic matter (e.g. increased

water holding, mineral content);

6.

suited to more species further from beach;

7.

reference to competition;

8.

few dominant species;

9.

(might be) climax community / mature community;

max 3

max 5
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3.

(a)

(b)

biotic involve {other organisms / living / eq}, abiotic are {physical /

non-living / chemical / eq};
1.

named organism appropriate to habitat;

2.

specified abiotic factor and means of measuring abiotic factor /

named apparatus/eq;

3.

appropriate technique for measuring distribution of organism in

the habitat e.g. {belt / transect / systematic / stratified} sampling;

3
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4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

A description to include three from:

1.

suitable method eg quadrat / point quadrat / pitfall trap;

2/3.

detail e.g. percentage cover / counting / abundance scale;;

4.

reference to belt transect /ref. to choosing intervals;

valid example eg predators / herbivores / competitors / human factors /

grazing / prey / food / parasites;

(i)

any one valid e.g. pH / water / minerals / eq / particle size;

(ii)

correct example;
detail;

2
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5.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

1.

Water loss similar (for all);

2.

Appropriate ref to species;

3.

Reference to comparative figures;

4.

No clear correlation (between water loss and zonation);

1.

Seaweed higher on the shore recover better from drying /

more tolerant of drying /converse / eq;

2.

Thicker cell walls provide tolerance to drying /

reject resistance to drying / converse;

3.

Walls are thicker the higher up the shore / converse;

4.

Thick wall aiding recovery / converse;

5.

One data point does not fit / eq;

1.

Callistoma on lower shore;

2.

Cannot tolerate high temperature / loses water too rapidly;

3.

Any other on higher shore;

4.

Tolerates higher temperature /

conserves water better (not obtusata);

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(c)

1.

Grazing animals;

2.

Predators;

3.

Food (supply);

4.

Parasites;

5.

Competition;

6.

AVP;

2
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6.

(a)

(i)

Organic matter increases with distance;

Number of species rises;
Up to {500 m / site 4} / falls
{beyond 500 m / site 4 / at 650 m / site 5};

(ii)

(b)

1.

Less organic matter, fewer nutrients;

2.

Unstable substrate;

3.

Few species can tolerate;

4.

Reference to pioneer species;

5.

Increased organic matter suits more species;

6.

Reference to increased competition;

7.

Fewer species where good soil due to

climax community established;

(Plant community that) no longer changes (in species) composition / eq;

(Due to) succession;
Dominant species (for climate) most abundant;

(c)

Defined area / quadrat;

Method for choosing position (e.g. random, transect);
Method of estimating cover described;

2
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7.

(a)

(b)

Answers must be appropriate to a named organism maximum

two marks if organism not named
1.

Method for defining samples (eg quadrat);

2.

Method for quantifying organisms (eg counting individuals,

percentage cover);

3.

Method for selecting samples (eg transect, random or systematic

sampling);

4.

Method for fixing samples (eg random numbers, fixed point

above chart datum);

5.

Additional detail of equipment used;

6.

Additional appropriate practical detail (eg running means, repeats); 4

(i)

Mussels {not found / found less}

{outside stream / in sea water} / converse;
Reference to greatest number of mussels in middle
of stream / eq / converse;
Numerical calculation comparing outside stream with in
stream, allow between 5 and 6 times as many;

(ii)

(c)

1.

Mussels {cannot tolerate / tolerate less well}

{salt water / high salinity} / tolerate fresh water better;

2.

Mussels which begin development in sea water dont survive;

3.

Hidden from predators;

4.

Can feed for longer / food {only found / found more} in

stream / can open shell to feed in fresh water;

5.

Cooling effect from stream;

6.

Cannot tolerate dry period between tides / need to be in

water continuously;

7.

Less affected by wave action / better attachment to

{substrate / rocks / eq};

1.

Dog whelks can only survive in salt water;

2.

Therefore very few present at sites 3, 4 and 5;

3.

Dog whelks in sea water feed on mussels;

4.

Not enough time between tides to eat a mussel;

5.

Reference to explanation of the one dog whelk at site 3;

6.

Identify one biotic or abiotic factor in context;

3
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