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UUkr Trr?r4??F]?T ppkVX$UX$?U??Geology 330. Deformation of the Earth Fall Semester Schedule 2008
Meeting: MWF 1:00-1:50 PM Lab: Tuesday, 2:00 - 5:00 PM Text: Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions,
Davis and Reynolds, 1996. Instructors: Steve Lundblad Office: CH 119 (also look for me in CH 123 or 124)
email: slundbla@hawaii.edu Telephone: 974-7641 Office hours: M 2-3, T 9:30-11, W 11-12 and by
appointment Course description: Introduction to the basic principles of rock deformation with an emphasis
on the geometry, styles, and mechanics of faulting and folding and the stereographic projection and analysis
of geologic structures. Prerequisites: GEOL 1111 and GEOL 111.1 and GEOL 112. Learning Objectives
Develop an understanding of (1) the scientific method, (2) rock deformation, rock failure, strain and stress,
(3) types of faults and folds, kinematic analysis, stereogrpahic analysis of faults and folds, (4) construction
and interpretation of geologic cross-sections. Course Outcomes 1) Cross-sections: students can readily
construct 2-D cross-sections with complex faulting and folding. They are comfortable with the concept crosssectional mass balance. 2) Cross-sections: students can interpret and critique cross-sections 3) Stereonets:
Students can plot lines, planes, and poles to planes, determine fold orientations and rotations. 3) Students
have a basic knowledge of the characteristics of faulting. They can describe normal faults, reverse faults, and
strike-slip faults, using stress, strain, and failure criteria. 4) Students can quantitatively describe dynamic
analysis of rock failure, stress and strain. They can use Mohr stress and strain diagrams. 5) Students can
determining sense of shear, using different criteria. Additional information about this course Laboratory,
problem sets, and class assignments are due on their due date. If your laboratory project is late and I have
already graded the laboratory, it will not be graded in detail, but will be given a satisfactory or an
unsatisfactory grade, which translates into a C or an F. I do not accept a late assignment after we have
returned the graded exercise to the rest of the class. Many of the laboratory assignments for this course
require a lot of thinking as well as some repetitive, time-consuming work. Please do not wait unit the day
before the assignments are due to begin working on them. You will quickly realize this is a big mistake. You
should finish almost half the laboratory within the scheduled laboratory time. The following will be
considered in grading lab assignments and problem sets: Neatness Promptness Completeness (SHOW YOUR
WORK!) Accuracy It is to your advantage to study and work with other students in this course. I suggest that
you discuss your laboratory exercises and data, its analysis and interpretations with others members of the
class; this is a constructive and realistic way of solving geologic problems. However, your final product
should be your own individual and creative work. If you have any questions about the acceptability of
collaboration, ask me before you complete the assignment, not after. Remember, few aspects of geology are
completely cut and dry, your laboratory exercises are not exception to this. Don't forget scientific writing
style, logic, organization, data quality, and presentation are all part of the final product. The mid-terms count
for 30 % of the grade (15% each), the final 30%, and laboratory exercises and problem sets constitute 40% of
the class. List of items for class, laboratory, and field trips ??uler with both mm and inch markings ??
riangle, with 90 degree angle ??rotractor ??hite gum type eraser ??echanical pencils or regular pencils
with extra lead ??alculator with trigonometric functions ??olored Pencils ??racing Paper (8.5 x 11 ) You
can probably share a pad with a fellow student) ??rawing Compass For field exercises, you will also need
usual field gear: Belt (for your brunton compass) Day pack Water bottle Clipboard Notebook Appropriate
Field Attire: see Dr. A s The hazards of field work handout DateTopicsReadingAug. 25Introduction: Earth
Composition, driving forces of crustal deformation, tectonic settings, examples of deformed rocks, scales of
deformationp. 2-2526Lab: Attitudes of Lines and Planes.p. 662-66927Review of geometric and trigonometric
principles applied to geologic structures; lines, planes, and folded surfaces (trigonometry and geometry
handout)29Introduction to stereonets: lines and planes PS #1. Stereonet: Lines, Planes, and Poles p. 691701Sept. 1Stereonet methods continued2Lab: Practicing bedding attitude determination3Geologic maps,

cross sections, and apparent dipp. 626-639, p. 687-6895PS #2. Stereonet: Intersection of Lines, and Planes,
Angles, Apparent Dipp. 701-7148Strain: Kinematic Analysisp. 25-519Lab: Outcrop Patterns and Structure
Contours10Strain: Kinematic Analysis12Strain: Quantifying deformation. PS #3. Intersection of Lines and
Planes, Angles, Apparent Dip, Rakep. 51-9715Strain: Description of deformed rocksp. 51-9716Lab: Outcrop
Patterns and Structure Contours (cont.)17Description of foldsp. 372-39719PS#4. Strain 22Kinematics of
foldsp. 150-16123Lab: Three Point Problemsp. 690-69124PS#5. Stereonet: Analysis of Folding 26Dynamic
Analysis: Introduction to Stressp. 98-114DateTopicsReading29Stress, brittle fracture of rocks, and Mohr
circlesp. 98-11430Lab: Interpretation of Geologic MapsOct. 1Stress and Mohr Circles3PS #6. Stress. More
Stress and Mohr circlesp. 122-1426Experimentally derived relations: stress and strainp. 143-1497Lab:
Mainly Review8Exam I 10No Class DateTopicsReading13Fractures, dike propagation, en echelon arrays p.
204-245 p. 720-73014Lab: Geologic Structure Sections15Characteristics of faults and shear zones: breccia,
gouge, slickenlines, mylonitesp. 269-286; 292-30317PS#7. Stereonets. Rotations of Planes and
Lines20Dynamic analysis and faultingp. 301-30421Lab: Geologic Cross-sections I 22Reverse faults and
contractional tectonics (detachments, duplexes, blind thrusting)p. 319-33924Reverse faults continued: offset,
fold-and thrust-belt cross-sections, contractional mountain beltsp. 319-33927Reverse faults continued: offset,
fold-and thrust-belt cross-sections, contractional mountain beltsp. 319-33928Lab: Geologic Cross-sections
II29Reverse faults, offset, fault segmentation and recurrence 31PS#8. Stereonets: More Rotations of Planes
and LinesNov. 3The development of fold and thrust belts. Mohr-Coulomb law of failurep. 304-3151 or
4Election Day Holiday: Field Trip to HVNP5Review7Exam II10Normal faults characteristics, mechanical
considerations, determination of offsetp. 340-357 11Veterans Day Holiday12Normal faults: offset,
segmentation, and recurrence in the Basin and Range Provincep. 340-35714Normal faulting in extensional
tectonic settings: rifts, basins, continental extensionp. 348-35717Basin and Range18Lab: Interpretation of
Field Data from HVNP19Strike-slip faultingp. 357-37121Role of strike-slip faulting in mountain beltsp. 35737124Cleavage, foliation, and lineationp. 424-47625Lab: Primary Structures (Wailuku River Canyon)26No
class28Thanksgiving HolidayDec. 1Cleavage, foliation, and lineation continuedp. 424-4762Lab: Balanced
Cross Sections3Ductile strain and shear zonesp. 493-5155Microstructuresp. 515-5368Sense of shear
indicatorsp. 515-5369Lab: Review Exercises10Summary and Review17Final Exam 11:50-1:50

THE HAZARDS OF FIELD WORK Geological field work is not without hazard. It is important that you,
as students, and later on as professionals, have an understanding of the realities of the risks involved. You
need to understand this so that you can make a personal decision about your involvement in this type of
activity now and in the future. The decision to participate in any part of our class field activity is yours to
make. You need not hesitate to say no thank you, if you do not feel safe, or if you believe that what we are
doing exceeds your physical capabilities. The ball is in your court. You will not be penalized for opting not to
participate on the basis of safety or physical limitations. So what are the hazards? 1. DRIVING: By far the
greatest risk is that of a traffic accident, with resultant injuries and fatalities. It is departmental policy that
seatbelts will be worn at all times to reduce the risk of death or injury. 2.
OVEREXERTION/OVERHEATING: Over exertion can result in heart attacks or respiratory distress. Also,
overheating of your body can be fatal. It is recommended that students take the initiative to rest as needed to
prevent overexertion and that adequate water be carried and consumed on a regular basis to prevent
overheating. It is also recommended that a hat be worn to protect the head from overheating (and sunburn,
which can occur through your hair). 3. DEHYDRATION: Loss of body fluid can result in serious physical
problems especially in combination with overheating. This is a particular concern at high elevation where
conditions are commonly cold and dry and dehydration can set in quickly; altitude sickness frequently
follows. Altitude sickness is a medical emergency that can be life threatening. It is recommended that water
bottles be carried on all hikes and that water be consumed on a regular basis to prevent dehydration/altitude
sickness. 4. RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS: Working in the vicinity of active volcanoes can cause respiratory
distress particularly for those who suffer from heart problems or asthma. Fatalities have occurred in recent
years in the Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park as the result of this. Volcanic activity can also result in
suffocation of any individual under certain circumstances. Respirators can be provided upon request. 5. SUN
EXPOSURE: Over exposure to the sun's rays can cause an uncomfortable burn in a very short period of time.
Long exposures can cause more serious burns that can potentially result in hospitalization. This is particularly
true at high elevation where the atmosphere is thin. Fair complicated individuals may also be susceptible to
malignancies of the skin result from exposure to sunlight. It is recommended that an appropriate sun block be
applied on regular basis. 6. FALLS: Falls can result in broken bones, abrasions, cuts, skull fractures, injured
joints, and even death. Geological field work is often conducted in steep terrain where the risk of falling is
high, but falls can also happen in flat areas. Caution is in order; never attempt to go places that exceed you
physical capabilities or that appear to be unstable. It is recommended that long pants be worn, to prevent
unnecessary cuts and abrasions from falls. 7. ROCK FALLS: Rock falls can be fatal and commonly occur in
steep terrain. Rock falls can also occur as the result of volcanic activity (ejecta). The best defense is to yell
"rock" if you notice a rolling or falling rock in order to alert those downslope. If you know that a falling or
rolling rock is coming toward you, be sure to watch it so that you can move out of the way. Protection from
small rocks can be afforded by a hard hat. These are required for certain areas of the Hawaiian Volcanoes
National Park. 8. JOINT/MUSCLE PROBLEMS: Traversing across rough terrain and distance hiking causes
wear and tear on joints and muscles. It is particularly hard on knees and ankles. Knee and/or ankle braces
may be a desirable option. Muscle cramps can sometimes result from hiking activity as well. The best
defense against joint and muscle problems is physical conditioning. A regular exercise routine is
recommended. 9. DROWNING: Crossing rivers, streams, and lakes can result in drowning, particularly
where the person involved cannot swim. But even swimmers can drown where currents are present because
of being knocked unconscious or being pinned underwater. In coastal areas there is the risk of being struck by
waves that can dash a person against rocks and result in drowning. Tsunamis are a rare but possible hazard.
Non-swimmers are urged exercise caution and to pair up with someone who is able to swim and render
assistance in an emergency. In the event of a local earthquake, leave the coastal area as quickly as possible.
Do not wait to be told to do so. 10. POISONING: Although not typically a problem in Hawaii with regard to
venomous animals, there are numerous poisonous plants, and allergic reactions to insect bites is also a
possibility. In mainland areas, there are venomous snakes, scorpions, ticks, and other insects. Although not
commonly fatal, individuals vary in their reactions and what may be an irritant to some may be fatal to others
if an allergic reaction occurs. 11. ANIMAL ATTACK The primary animal hazard in Hawaii is wild pigs. In
mainland areas, bears, mountain lions, and wolves may also pose a hazard. 12. BURNS: Ocean entry areas
for lava flows can pose a hazard for burns if part of the shoreline collapses producing steam explosions. Also,
skylights into active lava tubes may contain hot gases that can cause burning. Lava flows in general pose a

burn hazard for any exposed skin area. Long sleeved cotton shirts, hats, and gloves provide some protection,
but flows should always be approached with extreme caution. 13. EXPOSURE: Exposure to cold air, water,
or snow can cause hypothermia, a potentially life-threatening condition. Dressing appropriately for the
conditions you are in is the best protection. 14. FOUL PLAY: The human factor can also be life-threatening.
This is particularly true of being in the field during hunting season. In Hawaii, persons involved in illegal
horticultural pursuits can also be a threat. 15. CUTS AND ABRASIONS: Rocks tend to be sharp and can
cause cuts with associated loss of blood and possibility of infection; this is particularly true in Hawaii where
there is a high percentage of glass in young lava flows. Lava glass can be sharper than steel knives. For this
reason long pants made of durable material are strongly recommended for field outings. Gloves are also
recommended. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I hereby acknowledge that I have read and understand the
document entitled "The Hazards of Field Work" that enumerates 15 categories of hazards associated with
geological field work. I also understand that my participation in the activities associated with the Geol 330,
"Deformation of the Earth" class may involve my being exposed to these hazards. I further understand that I
can decide at any time not to participate in these activities without academic penalty and that if I do
participate, I am doing so at my own risk. Signed:____________________________ Date:
_________________________ Printed Name: ____________________________ MEDICAL CONCERNS:
I have the following conditions/concerns that I think you should know about: 'CDM^b{????2<
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