1) PIC microcontrollers

PIC 16F73 features

Pin diagram of PIC16F73
Pin description of PIC16F73
Core Architecture
2) Programming of PIC
Compiler Used-mikroC
Features
Projects
Functionality
3) Programming and Interfacing
Advantages of C over Assembly language programming
Project no. 1- LED interfacing and its blinking(port
programming)
Project no. 2- seven segment interfacing and display
Project no. 3- Interfacing and control of stepper motor with
PIC 16F73
Project no. 4-LCD interfacing and display with PIC 16F73
Project no. 5-Builtin ADC of PIC16F73(Temperature
Monitoring)
Project no. 6-To study switching action of PIC pins.
Project no. 7-Interfacing of keyboard matrix
Project no. 8-Serial communication [b/w PC &
Microcontroller]

PIC
MICROCONTROLLER

PIC 16 SERIES-PIC16F73

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip

Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instrument's
Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface
Controller".
It is available in different configurations viz 8bit,16 bit,32 bit with instructions set as
given below :
Under 8 bit comes-PIC10 xxxx, PIC12 xxxx, PIC16 xxxx, PIC18 xxxx.(12 bit
instruction set)
Under 16 bit comes-PIC24H,DSPIC30,DSPIC33. (14 bit instruction set)
Under 32 bit comes-PIC32xxxx. (16 bit instruction set)

PICs are popular with developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide
availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of
low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming
with flash memory) capability.
Special Microcontroller Features:
High performance RISC CPU.
Only 35 single word instructions to learn.
All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle.
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.
Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data
Memory (RAM).
Interrupt capability (up to 12 sources).
Eight level deep hardware stack.
Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes.
Processor read access to program memory.
Power-on Reset (POR).
Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST).
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation.
Programmable code protection
Power saving SLEEP mode
Selectable oscillator options
In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins.
Peripheral Features:
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler.

 Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during SLEEP via
external crystal/clock.
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler.
Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit.
8-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital converter.
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C(Slave).
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI).
Parallel Slave Port (PSP), 8-bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls
(40/44-pin only).
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR).
CMOS Technology:
Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH technology.
Fully static design.
Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V.
High Sink/Source Current: 25 Ma.
Industrial temperature range.
Low power consumption:
- < 2 mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz

PIN DIAGRAM

PIN DESCRIPTION

MCLR-(pin 1)
PIC16F7X devices have a noise filter in the MCLR Reset path. The filter will detect
and ignore small pulses. It should be noted that a WDT Reset does not drive MCLR
pin low. The behavior of the ESD protection on the MCLR pin has been altered from
previous devices of this family. Voltages applied to the pin that exceed its
specification can result in both MCLR Resets and excessive current beyond the
device specification during the ESD event. For this reason, Microchip recommends
that the MCLR pin no longer be tied directly to VDD.
RESET
The PIC16F7X differentiates between various kinds of RESET:
Power-on Reset (POR)
MCLR Reset during normal operation
MCLR Reset during SLEEP
WDT Reset (during normal operation)
WDT Wake-up (during SLEEP)
Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Some registers are not affected in any RESET condion. Their status is unknown on
POR and unchanged n any other RESET. Most other registers are reset to a RESET
state on Power-on Reset (POR), on the MCLR and WDT Reset, on MCLR Reset
during LEEP, and Brown-out Reset (BOR). They are not affected by a WDT Wake-

up, which is viewed as the resumption of normal operation. The TO and PD bits are
set or cleared differently in different RESET situations, as indicated

PORTA (pin 2 to 7)and the TRISA RegisterPORTA is a 6-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register
is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an
input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a
TRISA bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an output (i.e., put the
contents of the output latch on the selected pin).
Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will
write to the port latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations.
Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are read, the value is modified
and then written to the port data latch.
GND (pin 8)
Provide Ground to it.
OSC1/CLKIN-(pin 9)
Oscillator crystal input/external clock source input

 OSC2/CLKOUT-(pin 10)
Oscillator crystal output. Connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal
Oscillator mode. In RC mode, the OSC2 pin outputs CLKOUT
which has 1/4 the frequency of OSC1, and denotes the instruction
cycle rate.
OSCILLATOR TYPES
The PIC16F7X can be operated in four different oscillator modes:

LP Low Power Crystal

XT Crystal/Resonator
HS High Speed Crystal/Resonator
RC Resistor/Capacitor

PORTC and the TRISC Register(pin 11 to 18)

PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction

register is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTC
pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode).
Clearing a TRISC bit (= 0) will
make the corresponding PORTC pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output
latch on the selected pin).
PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions PORTC pins have Schmitt
Trigger input buffers. When enabling peripheral functions, care should be taken in
defining TRIS bits for each PORTC pin.

 Vss(pin 19)
Ground reference for logic and I/O pins
Vdd(pin 20)
Positive supply for logic and I/O pins
PORTB and the TRISB Register(pin 21 to 28)
PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction
register is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTB
pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode).
Clearing a TRISB bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an output (i.e.,
put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin).
Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control bit can turn on
all the pull-ups. The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is
configured as an output. The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset.

CORE ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2.1: Showing a typical microcontroller device and its different subunits

The PIC architecture is distinctively minimalist. It is characterized by the following

features:

Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture)

A small number of fixed length instructions

Most instructions are single cycle execution (4 clock cycles), with single delay
cycles upon branches and skips

A single accumulator (W), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is
not encoded in the opcode)

All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination of

math and other functions.

A hardware stack for storing return addresses

A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256 bytes),

extended through banking

Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers

The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is
used to implement indirect jumps).

Unlike most other CPUs, there is no distinction between memory space and register
space because the RAM serves the job of both memory and registers, and the RAM
is usually just referred to as the register file or simply as the registers

PROGRAMMING OF PIC
COMPILER USED-

mikroC
Introduction to mikroC
mikroC is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PICmicros. It is designed to
provide the programmer with the easiest possible solution for developing
applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control.

mikroC IDE

PIC and C fit together well: PIC is the most popular 8-bit chip in the world, used in a
wide variety of applications, and C, prized for its efficiency, is the natural choice for
developing embedded systems. mikroC provides a successful match featuring highly
advanced IDE, ANSI compliant compiler, broad set of hardware libraries,
comprehensive documentation, and plenty of ready-to-run examples.
Features
mikroC allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:

Write your C source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and Parameter
Assistants, Syntax Highlighting, Auto Correct, Code Templates, and more)
Use the included mikroC libraries to dramatically speed up the development:
data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communications
Practically all P12, P16, and P18 chips are supported.
Monitor your program structure, variables, and functions in the Code
Explorer.
Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX
compatible with all programmers.
Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated
Debugger.
Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics,
assembly listing, calling tree, and more
We have provided plenty of examples for you to expand, develop, and use as
building bricks in your projects. Copy them entirely if you deem fit thats
why we included them with the compiler.

Projects
mikroC organizes applications into projects, consisting of a single project file
(extension .ppc) and one or more source files (extension .c). You can compile
source files only if they are part of a project.
The project file carries the following information:

project name and optional description,

target device,
device flags (config word),
device clock,

New Project
The easiest way to create project is by means of New Project Wizard, drop-down
menu Project New Project. Just fill the dialog with desired values (project name
and description, location, device, clock, config word) and mikroC will create the
appropriate project file . Also, an empty source file named after the project will be
created by default. mikroC does not require you to have source file named same as
the project, its just a matter of convenience.
Edit Project
Later, you can change project settings from the drop-down menu Project Edit
Project. You can rename the project, modify its description, change chip, clock,
config word, etc.

Also mikroC has some pre defined functions:

Commonly used is
1). Delay_ms(time)-it provides a delay of spcified time in ms.
Its internal code is similar to code given below:
Void delay_ms()
{int I;
While (i !=0)
{
i--;
}
Also PIC has a internal TRIS register which controls the flow of insructions from
the corresponding port.

PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING

Advantages of C over Assembly language programming:

Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required.

Details like register allocation and addressing of memory and data is managed
by the compiler.

Programs get a formal structure and can be divided into separate functions.

Programming and program test time is drastically reduced, this increases

efficiency.

Keywords and operational functions can be used that come closer to how
humans think.

The supplied and supported C libraries contain many standard routines such as
numeric conversions.

Reusable code: Existing program parts can be more easily included into new
programs, because of the comfortable modular program construction
techniques.

The C language based on the ANSI standard is very portable. Existing programs
can be quickly adapted to other processors as needed.

PROJECT NO-1
LED INTERFACING AND ITS BLINKING(PORT
PROGRAMMING)

the interfacing of LED is shown in the figure above.it is given Vcc through resistors
of 330E.
also a darlington pair IC is also used i.e.ULN 2803 which shift the dc level of volage
coming from port of pic microcontroller.
Now to glow the desired LED ,proper hexadecimal code for its binary is
programmed in pic.eg.to glow alternative LEDs the binary code will be10101010
and its corresponding hexadecimal code will be 0xAA.

So,0xAA is fed to controller with coding.

Also PIC has a internal TRIS register which controls the flow of insructions from
the corresponding port i.ee PORT will behave as input(if =1) and as output(if=0).
CODING FOR BLINKING

void main()
{
PORTC = 0;
TRISC = 0;

// Initialize PORTC
// Configure PORTC as output

while(1)
{
PORTC = OxAA;

// gives code 10101010 to PORTC

Delay_ms(1000);

// one second delay

}}
Thus LED Blinking practical is done sucessfully.

PROJECT NO-2
SEVEN SEGMENT INTERFACING AND DISPLAY

A Seven segment display consists of seven LEDs arranged in pattern of digit like 8

We use a bcd to seven segment decoder which saves pin of microcontroller from
seven(one for each Led) to four.So we have to give bcd code for desired digit to be
displayed on it.
Now also we can display more then one seven segment display simultaneously.but it
will take a number of pins of controller.So we use two pins from controller to control
the display of seven segment one by one from same port such that it appears to be
displaying simultaneously.This is done by providing a very small delay such that our
eyes cant even detect the change over from one display to another.

CODING FOR DISPLAY

//seven segment display -common anode for 2 digit
void bcd(unsigned int x);
void delay(unsigned int k) ;
void main()
{
unsigned int i=0;
TRISB=0X00;
while(1)
{
i++;
bcd(i);
//delay_ms(20);
}}
void bcd(unsigned int x)
{
unsigned char z,y,a;
if(x<100)
{

for(a=0;a<100;a++)
{
y=(x/10)*6+x;
y=y>>4;
y=y|0xe0;
PORTB=y;
delay(250);
z=(x/10)*6+x;
z=z&0x0f;
z=z|0xd0;
PORTB=z;
delay(250);
}}}
void delay(unsigned int k)
{
while(k!=0)
{
k--;
}}

PROJECT NO-3
INTERFACING AND CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR WITH PIC 16F73

Stepper motor are those which rotates in steps.like all motors it is also based on
electromagnetic induction i.e. electric field produces a magnetic field whose
variation causes a torque which rotates the motor.
A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full
rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled
precisely, without any feedback mechanism (see open loop control). Stepper motors
are similar to switched reluctance motors, which are very large stepping motors with
a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated.
Fundamentals of Operation
Stepper motors operate much differently from normal DC motors, which rotate when
voltage is applied to their terminals. Stepper motors, on the other hand, effectively
have multiple "toothed" electromagnets (a.k.a. phases) arranged around a central
gear-shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control
circuit, such as a microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first one
electromagnet is

given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the
electromagnet's teeth. When the gear's teeth are thus aligned to the first
electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So when the next
electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align
with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those slight
rotations is called a "step." In that way, the motor can be turned a precise angle.
Now to run the motor we have to feed the binary code to turn on the current of that
winding
For pair 1st-00000011(binary)-0x03
For pair 2nd-00000110(binary)-0x06
For pair 3rd -000001100(binary)-0x0c
For pair 4th -00011000(binary)-0x09

CODE IS
#define l1 PORTB.F0
#define l2 PORTB.F1
#define l3 PORTB.F2
#define l4 PORTB.F3

void forward();

void backward();
void main()
{
PORTC=0XFF;
TRISB=0X00;
while(1)
{
forward();
delay_ms(2000);
backward();
delay_ms(2000);
}
}
void forward() //half stepping
{
unsigned char a;
for(a=0;a<10;a++)
{
l1=1; l2=0; l3=0; l4=0;

delay_ms(100);

l1=0; l2=1; l3=0; l4=0;

delay_ms(100);

l1=0; l2=0; l3=1; l4=0;

delay_ms(100);

l1=0; l2=0; l3=0; l4=1;delay_ms(100);

}}
void backward()
{
unsigned char b;
for(b=0;b<10;b++)
{
l1=0; l2=0; l3=0; l4=1; delay_ms(100);
l1=0; l2=0; l3=1; l4=0; delay_ms(100);
l1=0; l2=1; l3=0; l4=0; delay_ms(100);
l1=1; l2=0; l3=0; l4=0;

delay_ms(100);

}}

The above code will rotate the motor first in forward direction and then in reverse
direction.
Thus,stepper motor has been studied successfully.

PROJECT NO-4
LCD INTERFACING AND DISPLAY

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display.to run it via PIC 16F73,we need command
signals and vcc to drive it.now the signal that is required to display character is
produced by an IC which is already embedded on it.its name is HD44780.

PIN NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

NAME
Vss
Vdd
Vee
RS
R/W
E
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

FUNCTION
Ground
+ve supply
contrast
Register select
Read/Write
Enable
Data Bit 0
Data Bit 1
Data Bit 2
Data Bit 3
Data Bit 4
Data Bit 5
Data Bit 6
Data Bit 7

Connections are shown as below

CODING
void main()
{
TRISB = 0;

// PORTB is output

Lcd_Init(&PORTB);
Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR);

// Initialize LCD connected to PORTB

// Clear display

Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off

Lcd_Out(1, 5,"HELLO");

// Print text to LCD, 1nd row, 5tH column

The above code will display HELLO on LCD.

The functions like Lcd_Init(),Lcd_cmd,Lcd_out are predefined functions in mikroC

which initialize,gives command and displays respectively.

Now also it is possible to scroll the characters on LCD. Its code is as follows:
Coding for scrolling
char *text = "AMAN" ;
char *text1 = "10748" ;
void main()
{
TRISB = 0;

// PORTB is output

Lcd_Init(&PORTB);

// Initialize LCD connected to PORTB

Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR);

// Clear display

Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off

Lcd_Out(1, 5,text);

// Print text to LCD, 2nd row, 1st column

Lcd_Out(2, 5,text1);
while(1)
{
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_SHIFT_LEFT);
delay_ms(1000);

}
}
It will shift the character to the left with a delay of 1 sec between it.
Thus LCD display and scroll is studied successfully.

PROJECT NO-5
BUILT IN ADC OF PIC16F73(TEMPERATURE MONITORING)
PIC16F73 consists of 5 internal ADC .

AD are available in different configurations according to their bit channels.viz 8

bit(costs Rs.120),10bit(costs Rs.600),12 bit(costs Rs.1200-2000) ,14 bit(costs
Rs.2000-4000),16bit(costs Rs.4000-25000),24bit(costs >25000).
These are externally connected to microcontroller like AT89s51 which dont have
inbuilt ADC.
Now as PIC 16xxx has got the feature of inbuilt ADC.so,there is no need to connect
externally.PIC16XXX is featured with 8 bit ADC.
So can convert an analog value to 8 bit binary or from 0 to 255 in decimal range.
The 8-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter module has five inputs for the
PIC16F73/76 and eight for the PIC16F74/77.
The A/D allows conversion of an analog input signal to a corresponding 8-bit digital
number. The output of the sample and hold is the input into the converter, which
generates the result via successive approximation. The
analog reference voltage is software selectable to either the devices positive supply
voltage (VDD), or the voltage level on the RA3/AN3/VREF pin.
The A/D converter has a unique feature of being able to operate while the device is
in SLEEP mode. To operate in SLEEP, the A/D conversion clock must be derived
from the A/Ds internal RC oscillator.
The A/D module has three registers. These registers
are:
A/D Result Register (ADRES)
A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0)
A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1)
The ADCON0 register, shown in Register 11-1, controls the operation of the A/D
module. The ADCON1 register, shown in Register 11-2, configures the functions of
the port pins. The port pins can be configured as analog inputs (RA3 can also be a
voltage reference), or as digital I/O.
ADC HARDWARE CONNECTION

From 4th pin we are gaetting Analog input.

ADCON0 REGISTER (ADDRESS 1Fh)

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

ADCS1 ADCS0 CHS2

R/W-0

CHS1

R/W-0

CHS0

U-0

R/W-0

GO/DONE --------

bit 7

ADON

bit 0

bit 7-6 ADCS1:ADCS0: A/D Conversion Clock Select bits

00 = FOSC/2
01 = FOSC/8
10 = FOSC/32
11 = FRC (clock derived from the internal A/D module RC oscillator)
bit 5-3 CHS2:CHS0: Analog Channel Select bits
000 = channel 0, (RA0/AN0)
001 = channel 1, (RA1/AN1)
010 = channel 2, (RA2/AN2)
011 = channel 3, (RA3/AN3)
100 = channel 4, (RA5/AN4)
101 = channel 5, (RE0/AN5)(1)
110 = channel 6, (RE1/AN6)(1)
111 = channel 7, (RE2/AN7)(1)
bit 2 GO/DONE: A/D Conversion Status bit
If ADON = 1:
1 = A/D conversion in progress (setting this bit starts the A/D conversion)
0 = A/D conversion not in progress (This bit is automatically cleared by hardware
when
the A/D conversion is complete)
bit 1 Unimplemented: Read as '0'
bit 0 ADON: A/D On bit
1 = A/D converter module is operating
0 = A/D converter module is shutoff and consumes no operating current
ADCON1 REGISTER (ADDRESS 9Fh)
U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

U-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

PCFG2

R/W-0

PCFG1

PCFG0

bit 7-3 Unimplemented: Read as '0'

bit 2-0 PCFG2:PCFG0: A/D Port Configuration Control bits.

PCFG2:PCFG0

RA0

RA1

RA2

RA5

RA3

RE0(1)

RE1(1)

RE2(1)

VREF

000
001
010
011
100
101
11x

A
A
A
A
A
A
D

A
A
A
A
A
A
D

A
A
A
A
D
D
D

A
A
A
A
D
D
D

A
A
VREF
A
A
D
VREF
D
A
D
VREF
D
D
D

A
A

D
D
D
D
D

A
D
D
D
D
D

VDD
RA3
VDD
RA3
VDD
RA3
VDD

A = Analog input
D = Digital I/O
So,ADC will be provided analog input from different channels and correspondingly
these registers are set.

Now,coding to display voltage through temperature sensor

void ascii(unsigned int digit);
unsigned char table[]={'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'};
void main()
{
unsigned int e,f;
Lcd_Init(&PORTB);
Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_Clear);
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
Lcd_Out(1, 1, "sensor temp=");

ADCON0 = 0x45; // Configure analog inputs and Vref

ADCON1 = 0x01;
TRISA = 0xFF; // PORTA is input
TRISB=0;

while(1)
{
e = Adc_Read(1); // first sensor
ascii(e);
delay_ms(1000) ;
f= Adc_Read(2); // second sensor
ascii(f) ;
}
}
void ascii(unsigned int digit)
{
unsigned char temp;
if(digit<100)
{
temp=digit/10;

//DECIMAL OR BINARY TO ASCII

Lcd_Chr(1, 1, table[temp] );
temp=digit-temp*10;
Lcd_Chr(1, 2,table[temp] );
}}
PROJECT NO-6
TO STUDY SWITCHING ACTION OF PIC PINS.
As in AT89s51,the way of addressing pins is by p0.0,p0.1..so on.
Similarly in PIC it is possible to address pins using
Syntax:
PORT( NAME).F(0 to 7)
Now pin can be put ON or OFF according to via resistor.
Internally,when pin is high its flip flop is sat.when external switch is closed ,it forces
no current or voltage to enter to pin and also lowers the pin from 1 to 0.
Thus when switch is pressed ,the pin becomes zero.so ,implementing this in
practical.

The swiches whose one end are connected to pins of nontroller are shown on next
page

The coding will be as follos:

#define s0 PORTC.F0
#define s1 PORTC.F1
#define s2 PORTC.F2
#define s3 PORTC.F3
#define s4 PORTC.F4

void main()

{
TRISB=0x00; \\ PORT B AS OUTPUT
TRISC=0xff;

\\PORT C as input

PORTC=0xff;

\\ ALL

F/FS TO SET

do
{
if(s0==0)

\\1st switch is pressed

{
PORTB=0x80; \\1st LED glows
delay_ms(600);
}
if(s1==0)

\\2nd switch is pressed

{
PORTB=0x40;

\\2nd LED glows

delay_ms(600);
}
if(s2==0) \\3rd switch is pressed
{
PORTB=0x20;

\\3rd LED glows

delay_ms(600);
}
if(s3==0)

\\4th switch is pressed

{
PORTB=0x10;

\\4th LED glows

delay_ms(600);
}
else
{
PORTB=0xff;
}}
while(1);
}
Thus switching action is studied.

PROJECT NO-7

INTERFACING OF KEYBOARD MATRIX

As in last practical, we use one switch per pin of controller. So, to use 8 pins for
8 switches.
While if it is desired to have more options for a pin, a matrix is formed in which row
and column are made such that each pin can control more than one switch or vice
versa.
h/w connection are

The coding for keyboard (4*4) matrix is as follows:

#define R1 PORTB.F0
#define R2 PORTB.F1
#define R3 PORTB.F2
#define R4 PORTB.F3
#define C1 PORTB.F4
#define C2 PORTB.F5
#define C3 PORTB.F6
#define C4 PORTB.F7
void main()
{
TRISB=0XFF;
TRISC=0X00;
PORTC=0X00;
PORTB=0XFF;
while(1)
{
if(R1==0 && C1==0)
{
PORTC=1;

}
if(R1==0 && C2==0)
{
PORTC=2;
}
if(R1==0 && C3==0)
{
PORTC=3;
}
if(R1==0 && C4==0)
{
PORTC=4;
}
if(R2==0 && C1==0)
{
PORTC=5;
}
if(R2==0 && C2==0)
{

PORTC=6;
}
if(R2==0 && C3==0)
{
PORTC=7;
}
if(R2==0 && C4==0)
{
PORTC=8;
}
if(R3==0 && C1==0)
{
PORTC=9;
}
if(R3==0 && C2==0)
{
PORTC=10;
}
if(R3==0 && C3==0)

{
PORTC=11;
}
if(R3==0 && C4==0)
{
PORTC=12;
}
if(R4==0 && C1==0)
{
PORTC=13;
}
if(R4==0 && C2==0)
{
PORTC=14;
}
if(R4==0 && C3==0)
{
PORTC=15;
}

if(R4==0 && C4==0)

{
PORTC=16;
}
}
}
Thus,the keyboard matrx practical is performed.

PROJECT NO-8

SERIAL COMMUNICATION(B/W PC AND MICROCONTROLLER)

To send data via single line through a bit stream is known as serial communication.
Reception is of type SIPO-Serial Input Parallel Output.
Transmission is of type PISO-Parallel Input Serial Output.

Clock used in serial communication is called BAUD RATE.

PIC has two buffers and it allows full duplex communication.to change settings we
have to re configure TXSTA register

The Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) module

is one of the two serial I/O modules. (USART is also known as a Serial
Communications Interface or SCI.) The USART can be configured
as a full duplex asynchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices,
such as CRT terminals and personal computers, or it can be configured as a half
duplex synchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as
A/D or D/A integrated
circuits, serial EEPROMs, etc.
The USART can be configured in the following modes:
Asynchronous (full duplex)
Synchronous - Master (half duplex)
Synchronous - Slave (half duplex)
Bit SPEN (RCSTA<7>) and bits TRISC<7:6> have to be set in order to configure
pins RC6/TX/CK and RC7/RX/DT as the Universal Synchronous Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter.
TXSTA: TRANSMIT STATUS AND CONTROL REGISTER (ADDRESS 98h
R/W-0

CSRC
bit 7

R/W-0

TX9

R/W-0

TXEN

R/W-0

U-0

SYNC

R/W-0

R-1

BRGH

TRMT

CSRC: Clock Source Select bit

Asynchronous mode:
Dont care
Synchronous mode:
1 = Master mode (Clock generated internally from BRG)
0 = Slave mode (Clock from external source)

bit 6

TX9: 9-bit Transmit Enable bit

1 = Selects 9-bit transmission
0 = Selects 8-bit transmission
bit 5
TXEN: Transmit Enable bit
1 = Transmit enabled
0 = Transmit disabled
Note: SREN/CREN overrides TXEN in SYNC mode.
bit 4

R/W-0

SYNC: USART Mode Select bit

1 = Synchronous mode
0 = Asynchronous mode

TX9D

bit 3

Unimplemented: Read as '0'

bit 2

BRGH: High Baud Rate Select bit

Asynchronous mode:
1 = High speed
0 = Low speed
Synchronous mode:
Unused in this mode

bit 1

TRMT: Transmit Shift Register Status bit

1 = TSR empty
0 = TSR full

bit 0

TX9D: 9th bit of transmit data. Can be parity bit

now in mikroC UART terminal also work as shown as

Now coding
1).to transmit data..
void main()
{
usart_init(2400);
while(1)
{
usart_write('A');

usart_write('M');
usart_write('A');
usart_write('N');
delay_ms(600);
}
}
2).to transmit as well as read
unsigned int i;
void main()
{
usart_init(2400);
while(1)
{
if(usart_data_ready() )
{
i= usart_read();
usart_write('i');
}
usart_write('A');

usart_write('M');
usart_write('A');
usart_write('N');
delay_ms(600);
}

Thus serial communication has been studied successfully.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia
MicroC Manuals
www.talkingelectronics.com
www.howstuffworks.com
The Art of Electronics (Book)