Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
3:21 PM
Introduction
Innate Immunity
Always present, ready to provide defense against microbes and to eliminate damaged cells.
Components of Innate Immunity
Epithelial barriers - block microbe entry
Mechanical barrier
Antimicrobials
Phagocytic cells - neutrophils and macrophages
Dendritic cells - APCs
NK cells - fight viruses
Mast Cells - mediators of inflammation
Plasma proteins
Complement proteins
Classic, Alternative and Lectin pathways
Cellular Receptors for Microbes, Products of Damaged Cells, and Foreign Substances
Cells that participate in innate immunity can recognize certain parts of
PAMPs
microbe that are shared among related microbes and are usually essential
for infectivity ( thus cannot be mutated to evade defense). Term?
Leukocytes also recognize stuff that falls out of injured and necrotic cells
called?
Collectively the above are called?
PRRs are located where microbes may me present: Name 3 locations
1. Plasma membrane
2. Endosome
DAMPs
PRRs
1. Plasma memb
2. Endosome - in
3. Cytoplasm - m
brane - EC microbes
ngested microbes
microbes in cytoplasm
2. Endosome - in
3. Cytoplasm - m
Toll Like Receptors ( TLRs)
Location
1. Plasma membrane
2. Endosome
Adaptive Immunity
Lymphocytes
Antibodies
There are two types of adaptive immunity:
Humoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Naive
Effector Cells
Memory Celsl
Lymphocyte Diversity
Lymphocytes specific for a large number of antigens exist before exposure to antigen, and wh
selectively activates the antigen-specific cells.
Clonal Selection
Clone
Antigen receptor diversity is generated by somatic recombination of genes that encode the re
Analysis of antigen receptor gene rearrangements is a valuble assay for detecting tumors der
T-Lymphocytes
Helper T lymphocytes stimulate B lymphocytes to make Abs and activate other leukocytes ( eg
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill infected cells; and regulatory T lymphocytes limit immune
against self antigens.
The AlphaBeta ( ab) TCR recognizes peptide Ags that are presented by MHC molecules on the
ngested microbes
microbes in cytoplasm
eceptor proteins.
rived from lymphocytes.
surface of APCs.
Analysis of antigen receptor gene rearrangements is a valuble assay for detecting tumors der
T-Lymphocytes
Helper T lymphocytes stimulate B lymphocytes to make Abs and activate other leukocytes ( eg
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill infected cells; and regulatory T lymphocytes limit immune
against self antigens.
The AlphaBeta ( ab) TCR recognizes peptide Ags that are presented by MHC molecules on the
MHC restriction
TCR complex
Coreceptors
CD4+ - MHC II
CD8+ - MHC I
B Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes are the only cells in the body that can make Abs ( mediators of humoral immun
Develop from bone marrow
Plasma cells
Plasmoblasts
Dendritic Cells
DCs are most important APCs for initiating T cell responses against protein Ags.
Langerhans Cells
Follicular Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
Function as APCs in T-cell activation
Can get activated by T cells to become better killers of ingested microbes.
Participate in effector phase of humoral immunity - destroy microbes coated with IgG and C3
Natural Killer Cells
Function of NK cells is to destroy irreversibly stressed and abnormal cells, such as virus infect
ADCC
Functional activity of NK cells is regulated by a balance between signals from activating and in
How do NK cells know not to kill normal cells?
IFN-gamma - activates macrophages
IL-2 and IL-15
IL-12
Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)
Lack TCRs but still make cytokines
NK cells are ILCs
Early defense against infections
Recognize and eliminate stressed cells
Shape the later adaptive immune response by providing cytokines that influence differentiati
surface of APCs.
nity)
3b.
nhibitory receptors.
ion of T lymphocytes
The function of MHC molecules is to display peptide fragments of protein antigens for recogn
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
Class I MHC molecules
Class I MHC molecules display peptides that are derived from proteins, such as viral and
in the cytoplasm and usually produced in the cell, and class I-associated peptides are re
Class I MHC restricted
Class II MHC molecules
Class II MHC molecules present antigens that are internalized into vesicles, and are typi
microbes and soluble proteins.
Class II MHC restricted
HLA Haplotype
How do MHC molecules guide combat of cytoplasmic vs extracellular microbes?
A number of autoimmune and other diseases are associated with the inheritance of particula
Some interactions require cell to cell contact; however, many cellular interactions and functio
secreted proteins called cytokines.
Interleukins
Autocrine
Paracrine
Abs.
ar HLA alleles.
Some interactions require cell to cell contact; however, many cellular interactions and functio
secreted proteins called cytokines.
Interleukins
Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Colony Stimulating Factors
mory cells