Chapter 1.3 - 1. 4

CHAPTER 1.3 - 1.
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
FORM 5 COPYRIGHT BY
PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 1
COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)
SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JO
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Mechanical
Energy
1.3 Scalar and Vector Quantity

1
Scalar quantities are

Examples :
Vector quantities are...

Examples :
Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require magnitude,
direction or both to specify them.
Description of events
Magnitude
1. The temperature in the room is 25 0C

2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the northwest of Johor Bahru
3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W
4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru
to Kuala Lumpur
EXAMPLES
Scalar
Vector
Distance
Displacement
Speed
Velocity
Mass
Weight
Energy
Momentum
Temperature
Pressure
Time
Impulse
Electric Current
Acceleration
Power
Force
Density
Example: Distance vs Displacement
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Direction
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
Fauziah travelled from Kuala Lumpur to Kangar, a
distance of 507 km. After that she continued her journey
to Butterworth, a distance of 138 km. From Butterworth,
Fauziah then travelled back to Kuala Lumpur, a distance
of 369 km.
Distance is the TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED

BY THE OBJECT.
Therefore, distance = 507 + 138 + 169 = 1 014km
Displacement is the DIRECT DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE STARTING AND ENDING
POINT.
Because Fauziahs final location is the same as her
starting location, her final displacement = 0 km
Example: Speed vs Velocity
Although both cars are traveling at the same speed, i.e. 60 km/h, they are traveling at different
velocities because the directions are different.
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
exercise 1.2
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
exercise 1.3
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
1.4 UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENTS
Ruler
A metre rule has sensitivity or accuracy accuracy of 1mm.
Precaution to be taken when using ruler
1. Make sure that the object is in contact with the ruler.
2. Avoid parallax error.
3. Avoid zero error and end error.
Thermometer
There are 2 types of mercury thermometer
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
1. Thermometers of range -10oC - 110oC withaccuracy 1oC.
2. Thermometers of range 0oC - 360oC withaccuracy 2oC.
Precaution to be taken when using thermometer

1. Make sure that the temperature measured does not exceed the
measuring range.
2. When measuring temperature of liquid
immerse the bulb fully in the liquid
stir the liquid so that the temperature in the liquid is uniform
do not stir the liquid vigorously to avoid breaking the thermometer
stopwatch
There are 2 types of stopwatches
1. analogue stopwatches of sensitivity 0.1s or 0.2s
2. digital stopwatches of sensitivity 0.01s.
The sensitivity of a stopwatch depends on the reaction time of the user.
Vernier Callipers
A Vernier calliper can measure to the nearest 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm.

The inner jaws is used to measure inner diameter of the object.
The outer jaws is used to measure outer diameter of the object.
The tail is used to measure depth.
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
Reading of main scale = 2.2cm
Reading of vernier scale = 0.07cm
Reading of the vernier caliper = 2.27cm
a.
b.
c.
Zero error = 0.02 cm
Zero error = -0.06cm
Zero error = 0 cm (No zero error)
Example:
Images below show the reading of 3 Vernier callipers when their jaws are tightly closed. Find the zero error of
each callipers.
Exercise: Vernier Callipers
1. Write down the readings shown by the following

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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
(a)
Answer: ..
(b)
Answer: ..
(c)
7
Answer: ..
(d)
10
5
1
Answer: ..
10
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are
closed.
1
10
Zero error = + 0.02 cm
(b).
The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when
there are
Page 9
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.
5
10
Reading shown
= .cm
Corrected reading = cm
Diagram 3 (a) shows the reading on a pair of vernier callipers when its jaws are
closed
3.
with nothing in between them. Diagram 3(b) shows the reading when it is used to
measure the thickness of a piece of wood.
0 cm
21
10
(a)
5
(b)
What is the actual thickness of the wood?

Zero error
= .. cm
Reading shown
= ..cm
Actual thickness of the wood = .cm
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
Micrometer Screw Gauge
Ratchet exerts correct amount of pressure on the object to be measured.

How to take reading from micrometer screw gauge?
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
Exercise: Micrometer Screw Gauge
1.
(a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

0
45
Zero error = .. mm
Zero error = .. mm
(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
20
15
Zero error = mm
Reading shown
= ..mm
Corrected reading = mm
2. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a)
(b)
0
40
35
10
35
30
Answer:
Answer: ..
(c)
(d)
0
25
20
20
Answer:
15
Answer:
Precision, Accuracy and Sensitivity

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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
Precision (consistency)
Accuracy
Sensitivity
The ability of an instrument

to measure consistently with
little or no relative deviation
among readings
The ability of an instrument

to measure nearest to the
actual value
The ability of an
instrument to detect a
small change in the
quantity measured.
To increase precision:
To increase accuracy:
To increase sensitivity of a
- use a magnifying glass

when reading the scale
- use more sensitive

equipment
mercury thermometer:
- avoid parallax errors
- repeat readings taken
- narrower capillary tube
- using the instrument which

is not defective
- avoid parallax errors
- smaller bulb size
- avoid zero errors or end

edge errors
- thicker wall of glass tube
- thinner wall of bulb
*instrument with smaller

scale division is more
sensitive
2.
..
..
Errors
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
Systematic Errors
Random Errors
Systematic errors are errors that can

consistently affect readings.
Random errors happen when one reading

deviates from the others.
It cannot be reduced by taking the average It can be reduced by taking the average
of multiple readings.
from multiple readings.
Systematic errors are usually caused by
errors within the measuring instrument.
For example:
Zero errors
End error
Incorrect scale calibration
Examples:
Parallax errors
Unavoidable small changes in the
surrounding
Outside disturbances that cannot
be taken into account
Lack of sensitivity of the
measuring instruments
Human errors, e.g:
Counted wrong number of oscillations

Readings with inconsistent time intervals
Volume of liquid was measured after
some was unknowingly and
unintentionally spilt
Way to reduce :
Unpredictable.
1recalibrate the instrument

2take into account the zero error
In an experiment, the readings of measurement taken may have slightly difference due
to some mistakes. The difference in the readings is called as error.
These errors can be caused by the change of environment, human factors or the deficiency of measuring
instrument.
Error that is caused by environment and human usually is (constant / changeable).
Error that is caused by the instrument is always (constant / changeable).
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
Parallax error:____________________________________________________________
How to avoid parallax error ?
a) position of eye must be in line/perpendicular with the scale of reading to be taken to avoid parallax error
b) when taking a reading from ammeter or voltmeter, we must sure that the eye are exactly in front of the
pointer so the image of the pointer in the mirror is behind the pointer
Zero error :________________________________________________________________
Zero
error of Vernier
Posit
calliper
Positive zero error
error
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Zero error =
Negative zero
cm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Zero error =
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cm
CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1. 4
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CHAPTER 1.3 - 1.

SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JO

1.3 Scalar and Vector Quantity

Scalar quantities are

Vector quantities are...

1. The temperature in the room is 25 0C

Example: Distance vs Displacement

Distance is the TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED

Example: Speed vs Velocity

Precaution to be taken when using thermometer

immerse the bulb fully in the liquid

stir the liquid so that the temperature in the liquid is uniform

do not stir the liquid vigorously to avoid breaking the thermometer

A Vernier calliper can measure to the nearest 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm.

Zero error = 0.02 cm

Zero error = -0.06cm

Zero error = 0 cm (No zero error)

Exercise: Vernier Callipers

1. Write down the readings shown by the following

Zero error = + 0.02 cm

What is the actual thickness of the wood?

Actual thickness of the wood = .cm

Ratchet exerts correct amount of pressure on the object to be measured.

(a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

Precision, Accuracy and Sensitivity

The ability of an instrument

The ability of an instrument

- use a magnifying glass

- use more sensitive

- avoid parallax errors

- repeat readings taken

- narrower capillary tube

- using the instrument which

- avoid parallax errors

- smaller bulb size

- avoid zero errors or end

- thicker wall of glass tube

- thinner wall of bulb

*instrument with smaller

Systematic errors are errors that can

Random errors happen when one reading

Counted wrong number of oscillations

1recalibrate the instrument

Error that is caused by environment and human usually is (constant / changeable).

Error that is caused by the instrument is always (constant / changeable).

How to avoid parallax error ?

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