Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
September 2006
Simulation
Analysis
Results
Conclusions
Background
Need for sustainable development
Key role of Building industry
Energy consumption (world-wide)
Transport
Building
Industry
Background
Energy responsible approach
Energy consumption (Hong Kong)
Transport
Building
Industry
Background
Energy in buildings in HK
Energy consumption (Hong Kong)
Commerci
al
34%
Residential
18%
Transport
36%
Industry
12%
Background
Energy in
buildings in HK
Energy consumption in office
Buildings in HK
Air-con
47%
Transport,
Energy consumption (Hong Kong)
Sanitary,
others 21%
Lighting
32%
Air-con
16%
Lighting
11%
Transport,
Sanitary
and
others 7%
Residential
Transport
Industry
Background
Possible integrated functions
Ventilation
Daylight
Acoustic
protection
Sun protection/
shadowing
Faade
technology
Insulation
Photovoltaics
Heating/cooling
Passive solar
Background
New concepts for sustainable buildings
Double-skin facades for office buildings
Background
Why double-skin faades?
Peak cooling load of
office building in HK
55.6%
Lam, J. C. and Li, D. H. W. (1999) An analysis of daylighting and solar heat for cooling-dominated office buildings.
Solar Energy, 65, 251-262.
Background
Why double-skin faades?
Reduction of peak wind pressure
Improvement of energy efficiency of
faade by
passive solar heat gain in winter
reducing thermal losses in winter
reducing overall solar heat gain
(in summer)
support of natural ventilation
(with the stack effect)
Background
Why double-skin faades?
Improving comfort
Thermal: - predicted mean vote (PMV)
- percentage people dissatisfied (PPD)
- draft temperature
Visual: - daylight factor
- glare
- view
Acoustic: - intrusive noise
Background
Classification of double-skin faades (DSF)
Main Type
Box window
facade
Corridor
facade
Shaft-box window
facade
Multi-storey
facade
Cavity
ventilation
natural
hybrid
mechanical
Airflow
concept
Supply air
Exhaust
air
Static air
buffer
External
air curtain
Internal
air curtain
Haase, M., Amato, A., (2005), Double-skin facades for Hong Kong, proceedings of the Fifth International Postgraduate Research
Conference in the Built and Human Environment, The University of Salford, UK.
Principles of DSF
Principles of airflow in cavity
open
ext.
int.
Exhaust air
ext.
int.
Supply air
not open
int.
Static air
buffer
ext.
int.
int.
External
air curtain
Internal
air curtain
Haase, M., Amato, A., (2005), Double-skin facades for Hong Kong, proceedings of the Fifth International Postgraduate Research
Conference in the Built and Human Environment, The University of Salford, UK.
Background
Qout
Heat transfer
Radiation
primary facade
Tran
smis
s io n
Conduction
Q = A ( T1 - T2 ) / t
Reflexion
Convection
Q = hc A T
Absorption
N2
N1
Background
Building design concept
Building energy consumption
Energy
conservation
Increasing
efficiency
Utilization of renewable
energy resources
Haase, M. and Amato, A., (2005), Development of a double-skin facade system that combines airflow windows with solar chimneys,
proceedings of Sustainable Building Conference (SB05), Poster session, Tokyo, Japan.
Background
Energy conservation
35
8000
30
7000
degrees C
5000
20
4000
15
3000
10
2000
1000
0
Jan
min/max temperature
degree hours
6000
25
Climate analysis
Climate analysis
Climate analysis
Climate analysis
idity
m
u
h
Rel.
m]
u
h
.
l
[re
En
th
al
p
[h
Climate analysis
Climate analysis
AH
30
Psychrometric Chart
25
20
15
10
Comfort
DBT(C)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Climate analysis
Psychrometric Chart
Selected
Location: Hong Kong,energy
China
Frequency: 1st January to 31st December
conservation
Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs
Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs
design
Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa
A.J.Marsh '00
strategies
AH
30
25
20
15
10
Comfort
DBT(C)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Climate analysis
Case studies
Case studies of existing DSF in Hong Kong:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Case studies
Double-skin faade (as in Dragon Air office and
(external air curtain)
in Science Park)
Case studies
Example of DSF with EAC: Dragon
Air office building by Wong Tung & Ptns.
Case studies
Example of DSF with EAC:
Science Park (Phase 1) by Simon Kwan
Building here: with PV integrated
Case studies
Example of DSF with EAC:
Kadoorie Biological Science building by Leigh & Orange
Building here: with HVAC system components in cavity
Case studies
Airflow window
(internal air curtain)
Shatin Govermental Offices
No. 1 Peking Road
New emsd hq
one room
Case studies
Airflow window
AHU
Visible
glass
Second
glass layer
Exhaust air
Case studies
Example of AFW with IAC: Shatin Governmental Office by ASD
Active window (developed by Meinhardt Faade Technology)
Case studies
Example of AFW with IAC: No. 1 Peking Road by Rocco Ltd
Active faade system (developed by Permasteelisa Group)
Case studies
Example of AFW with IAC: New emsd hq by ASD
2 upper storeys
Refurbishment
Simulation
basecase
double-skin facades
DSF
AFW
Simulation
basecase
double-skin facades
DSF
AFW
AHU
External
glass
layer
External
glass
layer
External
glass
layer
Internal
movable
blinds
Internal
movable
blinds
Internal
movable
blinds
Internal
glass
layer
Internal
glass
layer
Spandrel
panel
Simulation
Thermal building simulation coupled with
airflow
simulation
DSF
room
Simulation
Thermal building simulation coupled with
airflow
simulation
DSF
Simulation
Thermal building simulation coupled with
airflow
simulation
AFW
Faade 3
Simulation
Faade 2
Faade 4
Cp over height
facade 1
Faade 1
0.04
wind
direction
0.03
0.02
45
90
0.01
Cp
135
180
0
12
18
30
42
54
66
78
90
102
-0.01
225
270
315
-0.02
-0.03
108
DSF2-2
DSF2-3
height
DSF2-4
Simulation
200
400
600
800
Jan
Feb
Results
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
DSF1
DSF2-1
DSF2-2
DSF2-3
DSF2-4
1000
Control strategies
Controlling solar radiation
AHU
>200W/m
Controlling HVAC
Visible
glass
Movable
louvres
HVAC control
Air velocity AND temperature
Haase, M. and Amato, A., (2005), Double-skin facades and Thermal comfort, proceedings of Healthy Buildings HK
Conference, HKCII, HK.
A
D
C
B
Haase, M. and Amato, A., (2005), Double-skin facades for Hong Kong, proceedings of the Fifth International
Postgraduate Research Conference in the Built and Human Environment, The University of Salford, UK.
Simulation
without climate control
Results
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
bas ecas e
DSF1
AFW1
AFW2
Simulation
Results
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
basecase
DSF1
DSF2
AFW1
AFW2
Simulation
Results
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
ba
se
ca
ba
se
se
ca (int
er
se
na
w
ba
ls
i
t
h
se
ha
r
ca
ef
se
le ding
c
so
)
la tive
rc
gl
on
a
tro ss
lg
las
s
DS
F1
-1
DS
F1
-2
DS
F2
-1
DS
F2
-2
0%
annual
3 hottest months
hottest month
Conclusions
Possible to design an energy efficient DSF system
Amount of energy through the building envelope resulting
in cooling loads can be reduced by designing a ventilated
airflow window that is optimised in respect to heat transfer
Airflow through the DSF depends on the cp-values of the
faade, estimated the cp-values for different building
shapes and heights did not influence the performance of
the model with DSF
The EAC uses buoyancy to reject solar heat gain
Possibility to reduce annual cooling loads as well as peak
cooling loads
EAC with a climatic control better in reduction of cooling
loads in the hot summer period
IAC does not reduce cooling load
Best results depend on an enthalpy based control that
extracts air in order reduce the cooling load
Conclusions
Planned future work
Conclusions
Thank
Qs?
you
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