Chapter I: The Philippines and its People

Geography
The Philippines is an archipelago that consist 7,107 islands with a total land area of
300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi). The islands are divided into three
groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The largest of these islands is Luzon at about
105,000 square kilometers (40,541 sq mi). The next largest island is Mindanao at about
95,000 square kilometers (36,680 sq mi). The archipelago is around 800 kilometers
(500 mi) from the Asian mainland and is located between Taiwan and Borneo.
Economy
The Economy of the Philippines is the 40th largest in the world, according to
2012 International Monetary Fund statistics, and is also one of the emerging markets in
the world. The Philippines is considered as a newly industrialized country, which has
been transitioning from being one based on agriculture to one based more on services
and manufacturing. According to the World Bank ICP 2011, the estimated 2011 GDP
(purchasing power parity) was $543.7 billion.
Population
The Philippines has a population growth rate of 2.04%, one of the highest in Asia.
According to the 2010 Census, the population of the Philippines was 92,337,852 and
2014 population is 99,828,700. It rank as the 12th most populated country in the world.
Government
The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government, which has three
coequal branches: (1.)The Executive branch consists of the President and the VicePresident. The President appoints his Cabinet to help him administer the functions of the
government. The Cabinet is made up of various departments with specific functions and
headed by secretaries.(2.)The Legislative branch, which has the primary responsibility
for enacting laws, consists of the Upper House (the Senate) and the Lower House (the
House of Representatives). The Senate President is the head of the Upper House; while
the Lower House is led by the Speaker.(3.)The Judiciary branch consists of the systems
of courts, with the Supreme Court as the highest and headed by the Chief Justice.
Filipino Traits
A Filipino holds positive traits that most other nationalities admire but there are also
negative traits that makes him a laughing stock of its foreign neighbors.
Positve Traits/Strengths: Close Kinship, Respect for Elders, Hospitality, Strong Faith
in God, Flexibility / Adaptability / Resiliency, Ingenuity and Creativity, Patience and Selfsacrifice, Hard work and Industry, Fairness and Justice, and Readiness to Share and
Help.
Negative Traits/Weaknesses: Bahala Na Habit, Ningas Kugon, Colonial Mentality,
Mamaya Na or Bukas Na Lang Habit, Crab Mentality, Patigasan, Kanya kanya
Passivity: Indebtedness Utang Na Loob, Interpersonal
Pakikisama, and Lack of Self-confidence Hiya

Relationships

Chapter II: The Philippines in Ancient Times (200,000 BC - 1300AD)

1. The Early Settlers
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Philippines may have been inhabited many
thousands of years before then, but that can't be stated with certainty. The oldest
human fossil found so far is 22,000 years old.
Cagayan Man-refers to a group of humans that inhabited the Cagayan Valley area
during the Ice Age and which are generally held to be the earliest human inhabitants in
the Philippines. This species is also held to be Homo erectus Philippinensis.
Tabon Man-refers to a particular set of human remains, specifically of the
species Homo sapiens sapiens - the intelligent or modern man believed to be the
first man in the Philippines.
Negritos (Aeta)
Came from the south, by way of Palawan and Borneo. Utilized blow guns, bow and
arrows. Practiced the kaingin system. Stone tools were also used. Clothing consisted of
bark of trees. Houses were made of leaves/branches of trees
Austronesian
Came from Southern China. they had brown skin.built houses with pyramidial roofs.
Practiced dry agriculture. Clothing consisted of pounded barks of trees with various
printed designs.
2. Economic Life
Early Filipinos primarily engaged in the following economic activities: farming, fishing,
poultry and swine raising, gold mining, shipbuilding and logging.
3. Social Life
There were three social classes in ancient Filipino society: the nobles(made up of the
datu and their families), the freemen (belong to the timawa or maharlika group), and
the Dependents (or the alipin). There were two kinds of dependents: aliping namamahay
and aliping saguiguilid. Women occupied a high position in early society. T
Womens Position in Society
Women were the equal of men in ancient Philippine society. They could own and inherit
property and enjoys the right to give names to their children.
Marriage Custom
Same social class marriage; but there are exceptions in some instances. A man could
marry as many women as he could support. The wedding is held for three days and was
officiated by a babaylan, a tribal priest or priestess.
Mixed Marriages
Mixed marriages or marriages between a man and a woman from different social
classes.
4. The Government
The unit of government was the barangay (varied in population from 30-100 families).
The head was called datu and was the chief executive, legislator, judge and military
commander. He made laws, enforced them and judged all cases and trials brought by
the villagers. However, he had a council of elders who assisted him in his administration.
How a Law was Made by Datu?

The early Filipino named Lubluban, was the legendary law-giver. The written laws were
promulgated by the datu and council of elders. A town crier called umalohokan
announced the laws to the people. A law was made by Datu and it will examine by the
Elders. The Elders are the group of people who are the senior of the datu which
are also his advisers; they examine the law presented by datu and evaluate the law if it
is considerable, possible or fair enough to become an official law.
Deciding Cases
The contents of ancient laws involved family relations, property rights, domestic affairs,
inheritance, marriage conflicts, murder and business problems. Punishment for serious
crimes was death, slavery or heavy fines. Minor crimes were punished through with
exposure to ants, long hours of swimming, whipping or fines.
The Trial by Ordeal
To determine the innocence of an accused, he is made to go through a number of
ordeals which he must pass. Examples include dipping ones hand in boiling water,
holding a lighted candle that must not be extinguished, plunging into a river and staying
underwater for as long as possible, chewing uncooked rice and spitting, etc.
5. Culture
a. Clothing
Male clothes are Jacket with short sleeves (Kangan), Bahag, Headgear (Putong). And
female are usually naked from the waist up, Saya/Skirt, Patadyong(Visayans) and Tapis.
b. Ornaments
Flake Stone (Taliptip na Bato)-The flake stone was a tool used by ancient Filipinos. It
was used for cutting, slicing and grating.
Daras na Bato-It is small, grounded and smoothened. It is also made out of a smooth
stone type. The cross section is shaped like a rectangle or a trapezoid. It is believed to
be used for carving wood.
Pamukpok sa telang balat ng kahoy-It is a tool made of stone and is used to make cloth
out of wood.
Body ornamentation is an ancient tradition in the society of the early Filipinos. The
ornaments are made of stone, metal, crystal, or conch.
Shells (Kabibe)- Cypraea, Nassarius, Abalones, Cowries, Strombus, Melo, Diadem, and
Nautilus are the most commonly used shells as earrings, bracelet, and chain.
Lingling-o-is a type of ear pendant created from jade.
Baybayin or Alibata-is the written language of the ancient Filipino.
Sining sa Batong Angono-127 drawings of people are scattered in the wall. They were
engraved in the walls using a piece of stone.
Manuggul Jar-was found in Tabon Cave in Palawan and it portrays the journey of a soul
after death. This was used as container for the burial of the bones of dead people. Bulol (Anito)-The Bul-ol is a type of a sculpture in the form of human worship to the
anitos. According to the beliefs of the natives, the anitos use the bul-ol as their physical
body
c. Houses
The word balay is a Visayan word for house. There were three types of houses during
the early period. town houses(occupied by the datu), cottages(for ordinary people), tree
houses( used only in times of war). There were also a variety of huts called balay-balay.
They were used by hunters, farmers and travelers.
d. Education and System of Writing

The education of the ancient Filipino is only on their own homes. The parents of the child
are the one who teach them how to read and write. Alibata is the written language
of the Filipino in the ancient times; this is the type of their communication.
e. Music and Dance
The early Filipinos were music lovers. They had their own musical instruments. These
were the kudyapi, kalaleng, gangsa, silbay, tultogan, kulintang, pasiyak and tambuli.
The early Filipinos had songs for various occasions. They had love songs, songs for
planting, sailing and lullabies. The sentiments of the early Filipinos were expressed in
their dances like tinikling, maglalatik, iitik-itik, singkil or sagayan, kumintang, dandansoy
or binaly and epicted various household and occupational activities.
f. Arts
The early Filipinos were artistic people. Nipa hut is an example of Filipino architecture.
Filipinos also showed artistry in the building of various types of boats. Tattooing was
a form of painting. Sculpture was a favorite art form. Clay, wood and gold statues have
been unearthed by Archaeologists. Handles of weapons and tools showed beautiful
carvings.
g. Religious Beliefs
Religion played an important part in the daily life of early Filipinos. They believed in a
Supreme Being which was called Bathala by Tagalogs; Abba by Cebuanos; Kabunyian by
Ifugaos; and Laon by Visayans. They also worshipped lesser gods such as Idianale,
goddess of agriculture;Sidapa, Visayan god of death; Apolaki, war god to the
Pangasinense; Dallang, Ilocano goddess of beauty; Malyari, Zambal god of strength;
Sisiburannen, god of evil among the Visayans; Hayo, god of the sea; and Dian
Masalanta, god of love of the Tagalogs. The early Filipinos were believers of spirits called
anitos by the Tagalogs and diwatas by the Visayans..
h. Burial Custom
The early Filipinos observed certain customs connected with burial and mourning. The
dead man's body was first cleaned thoroughly, sprayed with perfume and
dressed properly. The dead body was preserved inside the house, in a cave or in a
place facing the sea. Among the Visayans, they used hardwood in making coffins for
their dead. They called these caskets "longon".
Chapter III: Early Contacts w/Neighboring Countries (900-1400AD)
1. Early Trade and Contacts
Scholars suggest that trading between early Filipinos and neighboring Asian countries
started as early as third century.
a. Arab Trade Routes in South East Asia
Orang Dampuan-a group from Southern Annam (Vietnam today) that established
trading posts in Sulu between 900 and 1200 AD.
Buranun-Trade between Champa (Annamese Kingdom) and the people of Sulu
Banjar-Trader from Borneo
Arab traders-Dominated Southeast Asian trading. They carried Asian goods to the
Western world.
b. Economic and Cultural Exchanges
By 13th century, the Chinese overtook the Arabs in trading. Trade was conducted though
barter system. The currency used was gold coins or pilonsitos.
c. Indian Influence on Filipino Culture

It is clearly seen in some of the words in the different languages in the Philippines.
Some tagalog words are derived from Sanskrit
Some myths of Ancient Filipinos also show traces of Indian influence: Indra Batara,
Idiyanale, Agni etc.
2. Economic and Cultural Exchange
a. Thirteenth Century-Chinese had overtaken the Arabs in the region.
Chinese mentioned the following: Ma-I (Mindoro), Min-to-lang (Mindanao),Ma-li-lu
(Manila), Su-lu (Sulu), Pi-sho-ye (Visayas)
b. Eighth century-Barter rings
c. Twelfth century-Gold coins (piloncitos)
Cultural Exchanges
Filipino is also influence by the Indians of India. Laguna Copperplate. Sanskrit, the
ancient language of India ex. Agama (religion), pandita (priest or scholar), tumbaga
(copper), bagida (emperor), sutra (silk), and many more.
3. The Coming of Islam
632 A.D - After Mohammad's death, Islam spread outside of Arabia.
Makhdum Karim/Karim ul' Makhdum
-14th-century Arab trader who brought Islam to the Philippines, in 1380. Established a
mosque in Sulu, known as Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque which is the oldest mosque in
the country.
Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque-located in Tubig Indangan, Simunul, Tawi-Tawi.
Oldest mosque in the Philippines. National Cultural Treasure
Madrasahs (Schools)-any type of religious school or college for the study of the
Islamic religion
Tarsila or Silsila (Arabic)-means chain. Often used in various senses of lineage. In
particular, it may be translated as "(religious) order" or "genealogy".
The Teaching of Islam
Quran (Koran)- The holy book of the Muslims. It is considered as the word of supreme
creator, Allah as directly communicated by the angel to the prophet Mohammad.
Chapter IV: Encounter with the West (1400 - 1600)
1. The Coming of the Spaniards
'Tierra Incognita' (unknown islands), a term used by the west to describe the
undiscovered world behind their region. They started to explore the rest of the unknown
world for the sole purpose of trades, Christianization and civilizing the uncivilized.
Trade Routes
a. Northern Route-This route passed through Asia by land, then to the cities of
Samarkand and Bokhara, then around the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, and finally to
the Constantinople in the Mediterranean.
b. Central Route-It started from Malacca in the Malay Peninsula, then to the Indian
Ocean and Indian Ports, then to the Persian Gulf to Baghdad and Constantinople and
finally to Cairo.
c. Southern Route-It started from Malacca, then to the Indian Ocean and to the ports
of India, then to the Red Sea and finally to Cairo in the Mediterranean.
Early Voyages to Asia

Portugal was the first country in Europe to send out expeditions to the East. The
expedition of Prince Henry, the Navigator, discovered the Islands of Azores (1421) and
Madeira in Africa. Another expedition was led by Bartholomew Diaz and discovered a
path in the southernmost tip of Africa and named it "Cape of Storms" because of the
inconveniences they had in passing through it. Later it was John II of Portugal who
renamed it as "Cape of Good Hope". This was the first expedition in the East that a
European country had done through sailing in the southernmost tip of Africa. Upon
learning these navigation, Spain sent out an expedition led by Christopher Colombus. He
thought that the land he discovered was Asia but it was actually North America that
later, Amerigo Vespucci explored. Other discoveries was made by Spain soon after.
Vicente Pinzon discovered Brazil and Nuez de Balboa discovered Panama and Pacific
Ocean.
The Division of the World
Due to the discoveries carried out by Spain and Portugal, there began a power rivalry
between the two great nations for their sole ownership of islands. Portugal was the first
to established colonies in the East and Spain in the Americas.
Sea Rivalry
Before there wasn't international organizations which will determine official ownership on
a certain place. Portugal and Spain began claiming ownership over the other in some
areas. To avoid this, Pope Alexander VI issued a bull in May 3, 1493 dividing the world
into two. It says that all lands south and west of Azores and Cape Verde belong to Spain
and Portugal for the continent of Africa.To make everything clear, the Pope issued a bull
on the same day that an imaginary line must be drawn to separate their possessions.
The King of Portugal protested because the Pope nullified the bull (1493) and taking
away the rights of Portugal as stated in the second bull. To avoid further disputes,
together they created the Treaty of Tordesillas to provide equal rights of possessions.
The Magellan Expedition
Ferdinand Magellan was actually a Portuguese but he offered his services for the King of
Spain after being ignored by the King of Portugal for his expeditions made.
March 17, 1521, marked the first coming of Spaniards in the Philippines in Samar. He
proceeded to Limasawa which was ruled by Rajah Kulambu and be friend him and his
brother Si Agu and sealed their friendship with blood compact. It was the first blood
compact between Filipinos and Spaniards.
On Easter Sunday, the first mass in the Philippines was held in the seashore of Limasawa
and led by Father Pedro de Valderrama. He then named the islands Archipelago of St.
Lazarus (because it was St. Lazarus day) in honor of King Charles of Spain.
The First Baptism
The first baptism was held in Cebu on April 15, 1521 through a mass. Rajah Humabon,
Cebu chieftain welcomed the Spaniards. Gifts were exchanged between the parties of
the blood compact. A cross was erected by Magellan to persuade Cebuanos to become
Christians. More or less, 800 natives were baptized including the Rajah. To
commemorate this event, Magellan gave Rajah's Jumabon wife.
2. The Battle of Mactan
There existed a quarrel between Rajah Sula and Rajah Si Lapulapu due to the reason
that the latter did not recognized the sovereign of the King of Spain. To defeat Lapulapu, Sula asked the help of Magellan and he accepted the offer.
Magellan and his 60 men sailed to Mactan in the morning of April 28. The fight happened
and Magellan was wounded in the Leg and with this, the people of Mactan rushed and

end him to death but some Spaniards fled to Cebu. In a party thrown by Rajah
Humabon, many Spaniards who attended the said party were massacred due to the
reason that some Spaniards robbed some natives and raped some women.
The Villalobos Expedition
The viceroy of Mexico chose Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to command the expedition. They
arrived in the Philippines due Mindanao but no one welcomed them. Faced with
starvation, Villalobos ordered De la Torre to go to Samar to get some food. Makandala
met Dela Torre and gave him food. Villalobos, in his pleasure, named the islands Samar
and Leyte, Felipinas. They then sailed to Moluccas but were captured by the Portuguese
but later they were set free. He died in 1546 in Amboina as he headed back to Mexico.
The Legazpi Expedition
In order to realize the goal of reaching the Spice Islands, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was
chosen to head an expedition. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi upon entering the Philippines
performed a blood compact and sealed friendship with Bankaw and Datu si Katuna. He
was in Bohol where scarcity of food occured which then forced him to sail for Cebu.
3. First Settlement in Cebu
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi made an agreement in Cebu and made a policy of attraction
with the help of Tupas' Brothers, Si Makayo at Si Katapan It states:
Filipinos promised to be loyal to the King of Spain and to the Spaniards.
Filipinos promised to help the Spaniards in any battle against an enemy, and in
return, the Spaniards promised to protect Filipinos from all enemies.
A Filipino who had committed a crime against a Spaniard should be turned over to the
Spanish authorities, while a Spaniard who had committed a crime against a Filipino
should be turned over to the Filipino chieftain.
Goods to be sold, to either the Spaniards or the Filipinos should be moderately priced.
An armed Filipino would not be allowed to enter the Spanish settlement.
4. Settlement in Panay
Legazpi had many problems in Cebu, some of these are : he had the bad feeling of some
of his men who refused to work, some robbed the graves of the Filipinos and a
conspiracy among Spanish soldier to seize the ship San Pablo. Gonzalo de Pareira, a
Portuguese captain, harassed Legazpi through blockading Cebu so that Spaniards will
starve. He did this because he learned that the Philippines lay in the side of the
demarcation line owned by Portugal. But through the help of Cebuanos, Pareira was
ousted in Cebu.
With the problems mentioned above and upon knowing that there are plenty of foods in
Panay, he sailed going there. Legazpi caught the sympathy of the people through
peaceful intentions and they were encouraged to convert into Christianity.
First Spanish Voyage to Manila
Legazpi made Panay as his home base. He sent small expeditions to the other islands of
Visayas and the southern Luzon. Meanwhile, Legazpi's younger grandson, Juan de
Salcedo led a small expedition to the north. He arrived there and surveyed the place, he
turned back to his grandfather to report that Manila was a prosperous Muslim Kingdom.
Legazpi then sent a expedition to Manila which was divided in two groups: one led by
Martin de Goiti and another by Juan de Salcedo. Manila that time was ruled by Rajah
Sulayman. He refused on the offer of the Spaniards and days passed, they fought
against each other. The natives were defeated against the super fire power of the

Spaniards but Goiti did not stay there. He returned in Panay and reported to Legazpi
what had happened.
5. The Founding of Manila
Legazpi was glad upon hearing from Goiti the defeat of Sulayman and the fall of Manila.
He informed his men that the King of Spain appointed him as a governor and captaingeneral of the islands. At this time, food became scarce in Panay. So they decided to sail
to Manila. Rajah Sulayman, upon knowing the action, prepared for a battle but then was
defeated. Legazpi began laying a foundation of a new city. New houses and churches
were built. On June 24, 1571, Legazpi made Manila as the capital of the Philippines. With
the founding of Manila as the capital, the foundation of the Spanish colonial empire in
Asia had been laid.
Chapter V: The Philippines under Spanish Rule (1600s - 1800s)
1. Reasons for Spanish Colonization
When King Charles send an expedition to the East, his purpose was for commercial. But
when Legazpi succeeded laying foundation in the Philippines, the Spanish claim the
archipelago in two reasons:
First, since the Philippines was discovered under the patronage of Spain, Philippines
therefore was owned by Spain;
Second, since Spain, being in actual possession of the Philippines, it had the right to
colonize it.
As such, the Philippines was in possession of the King of Spain and therefore, a crown
colony.
2. Political Changes
The Central Government
The Laws of the Indies were applied in the Philippines. Spanish then made an organized
central government in the Philippines. By this, the central government was so powerful
that everything has to be done with its knowledge and consent. The central government
was headed by the governor and governor-general who was appointed by the King of
Spain. However, there were only two branches: the executive and the judicial. There
were no legislative because the laws were made by the Spaniards in Spain.
The Audiencia-is a court where the judicial powers of the government were exercised.
The lower courts were also one, therefore the Audiencia was the highest court. Here,
civil and criminal cases were concerned.
Local Government
Under the central government was the provincial government. This was headed by the
alcalde mayor. His salary was small but he could collect a part of the tribute to increase
his income. This right was called indulto de comercio.
Under the provincial government was the municipal government which is headed by the
gobernad orcillo. Today, it is equivalent to the mayor. He was aided in the administration
by deputies called tenientes, and subordinate officials called alguaciles.
Propagating the Catholic Faith
In line with the Augustinian Order brought by Legazpi, several missionaries arrived in
the Philippines to spread Catholicism. Some of them are as follows:
Franciscan missionaries (1577)
Jesuits (1581)

 Dominican missionaries (1587)

Recollect missionaries (1606)
These missionaries worked hard to propagate the Catholic faith. As a result of their
work, many natives converted to the Catholic religion.
The Union of Church and State
Because the early Kings of Spain contributed a lot in propagating the Catholic faith, they
became closely identified with the Church. There was a union of the church and state.
This union was also introduced in the Philippines. Government officials and church
officials became close with each other. As their bond grew, government officials became
church officials. Likewise, clergy became government officials.
The Church Organization
To administer the parishes efficiently, the Catholic Church was divided into districts.
Districts are then divided into parishes and missions. Districts represented geographic
regions that had different dialects. While, the parishes represented villages and missions
represented areas that were not yet conquered and converted into Catholicism.
The Inquisition-was an ecclesiastical office, whose duty was to search for heretics and
those guilty of preaching or practicing religious doctrines that were contrary to the
Catholic Church.
The Plaza Complex-can best illustrate the politico-religious structure of the colonial
government of the country under Spain. Its purpose is to bring natives close to the
church, the convent, the municipio, the marketplace, and the cemetery. This setup
allowed Spaniards to administer and control the natives effectively.
3. Economic Changes
The Encomienda-was a favor from the King, under which the Spaniard receiving the
favor was given the right to collect tributes or taxes from the inhabitants of an area
assigned to him. The man who received this favor was called encomendero.
There were three kinds of encomiendas:
a. Royal encomienda - an encomienda belonged to the King
b. Ecclesiastical encomienda - an encomienda belonged to the church
c. Private encomienda - an encomienda belonged to private individual
Forced Labor
The Spaniards in the Philippines ordered the Filipinos to work in the construction of
churches, roads, bridges, ships, and in the industries of hauling and cutting timber. This
forced labor was called polo y servicio.
The Tribute
In order to raise money for the administration, Filipinos were compelled to pay tributes
to the Spanish colonial government. It was first introduced to be low, but it raised its
quantity and was called sanctorum. Because of the increase, many had opposed. The
King abolished it and replaced the cedula personal.
Taxes
Aside from tribute, Filipinos also paid taxes. These taxes included:
a. diezmos prediales - a tax consisted of one-tenth of produce of the land
b. donativo de Zamboanga - a tax specifically used for the conquest of Jolo
c. vinta - a tax paid for the defense of the coast from the Muslim pirates
The Galleon Trade
Early before the colonizers, Philippines already had trades with neighboring countries.
When Spaniards settled in the country, trade between Manila and countries of the East
increased because of the encouraging of the Spaniards. Ships from China, Siam

(Thailand), India, Cambodia, Malacca, and what is now Indonesia stopped in Manila to
unload their valuable cargoes. Spanish officials shipped these materials to Acapulco,
Mexico to trade. This trade was called the galleon trade.
The Mexican Subsidy
Because of the poor economic condition of the country, the Philippines became a burden
to Spain. In order to avoid bankruptcy, the Mexican government sent to the Philippines
an annual subsidy called situado. However, the money received was not used for good
purposes. Spanish officials corrupted the money and kept it as their own.
The Economic Society
In 1871, the Economic Society of Friends of the Country was founded. Its aim is to
implement an economic policy in the colony. The Society was divided into sections:
a. factories and manufactures
b. industry and popular education,
c. natural history,
d. domestic and foreign commerce, and
e. agriculture and rural economy
The Government Monopolies
Monopolies in the country were established to improve the economy, and the most
popular of it was the tobacco monopoly. Consequently, the King issued a decree ordering
the establishment of the monopoly. The
The Royal Company
In 1785, the Royal Company of the Philippines was established. The aims of the
company were to promote progress of the Philippines by improving the foreign trade of
the colony with Spain and to develop the natural resources of the Philippines by
encouraging industry, manufacturing, and agriculture. But, the Company failed.
Chapter VI: Challenges to Spanish Authority
The Spanish colonial government was greatly challenged by its rivals. The Portuguese
and the Dutch, as well as the numerous uprising and revolts in Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao. Which leads to ruin of old Spanish forts, a Moro watch over along the coast,
statues of Spanish conquistadores and missionaries, and images of Filipino heroes like
Lapulapu, Raja Sulayman, Sultan Kudarat, mark many Philippine towns.
Portuguese and Dutch Threats (1566-1570)
Portuguese Vs. Spanish
Under to treaty of Zaragoza, the Island of Cebu was belonged to them,and Portuguese at
that time was lead by General Gonzalo Pereira. But the owning of Cebu was refused by
Legaspi.
Dutch Vs. Spanish
Dutch are freedom-loving people. During 1579,Holland send an expedition under Admiral
oliver Van Noort. Spain finally recognized the freedom of Holland in the conclusion of the
Westphalia on 1648.
Early Resistances in LUZVIMINDA
Lakan Dula is friendly to Legaspi,he to rebuild Manila.he also help martin de Gioti,
Legaspi's second master of camp, in conquest of what are now Manila.
They repaid Lakan Dula by exempting him and his descendants from payment of tributes
and forced labor.

10

Governor Guido de Lavezares successor of Legaspi lifted those benefits or the exemption
of Lakan Dula, that's why he raised revolts.
Legaspi's grandson, Juan de Salcedo, and Father Geronimo Martin persuaded Lakan Dula
to lay down his. In return, they promised to exemp him amd his descendants from the
payment of tribute and forced labor. Lakan Dula believed them and return home in
peace. The governor pardoned him and gives him gifts of silk amd gold.
The Tondo Conspiracy
Members: Wenceslao E. Retana, Magat Salamat, Agustin de Leagaspi , Juan Banal and
Pedro Belingit
The plan of the society was to have a Christian Japanese ally bring Japanese weapons
and soldier to the Philippines. With these weapons would be able to drive away the
Spaniards. The plan seemed good, but it was aborted due to spies who reported to
spanish authorities. Immediately, the leaders were executed while those implicated were
banishing to Mexico.
Revolt of Magalat(1596)
In Cagayan, some natives led by magalat rose in revolts against spanish rule in 1596
and although it was quelled, the filipino rebels continued their position to the
spniards.The spanish hired a filipino to assassin to murder magalat.the plan succeeded
and magalat was killed.According to a spanish contemporary historian.Antonio de Morga,
with the death of magalat, Cagayan became quite and peace reigned once more.
Ladia's Conspiracy (1643)
He is Pedro Ladia claiming that he is the descendants of Lakan Dula, he would called
himself as "King of Tagalog" if he success. Sadly he failed, his plan reach to friar-curate
of Malolos who dissuaded the town people from believing Ladia. Because of that Ladia
was arrested, sent to Manila, and then executed.
The Revolt of Sumuroy
In 1660, the Kapampangans, under the leadership of Francisco Maniago, declared war
against the Spaniards. This revolt, like the conspiracy of Agustin de Legaspi and that of
Ladia sought to destroy Spanish power and declare that the people of Luzon were free
and independent. But aside from this purpose, the revolt was also caused by the abuses
of the Spanish officials who refused to pay for the food they had taken from the Filipino.
The Revolt of Malong
Like those past revolts, Malong also struggle for freedom and dissapponted to spaniards,
bacause of maltreated and polo y servicio(forced labor). The revolt spread to the whoke
provinces and it coursed becaused of the disturbance and many spaniards are killed,
including the provincial gobernador. So successful that revolt of malong and was called
as " King of Pangasinan."
Revolt of Bancao
Reason of Bancao was same with the past revolts, which is "Disappointments" to
Spanish.
Legaspi befriend to Bancao who gave him food and supplies.
He is loyal to spanish king.

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The native stopped going to church because of bancao, He hated with the friarcurate and friar ask help to governor general of Cebu, Bancao defeated and
executed.

The Revolt of Sumuroy

In 1649 the governador general order the provincial governors of the Visayan provinces
to send workers to the Cavite shipyard. Agustin Sumuroy gathered to show their deep
resentment, the people of Palapag, Samar and revolts against Spaniards. In 1650, the
government sent a strong army contingent and engages Sumuroy in a battle in the
mountains. He was defeats, captured, and executed.
The Chinese Presence
Chinese came to Manila annually bringing fruits, ceramics, bowls, plates, silk and etc.
and exchange to the Filipino with silver and gold.
Sangley- to Spaniards meant traders who came and went with no intension.
The Moro Wars in the South
The longest and bloodiest attempt by the Spaniards was the colonization and
Christianization of the Muslim in the southern island of Mindanao.
Chapter VII: Cultural Changes and Identity (1600s - 1800s)
Spanish Influences
The coming of the Spaniards brought the Filipinos into contact with Western culture. In
particular, the Spanish way of life was introduced: their clothing, cooking, eating habits,
forms of amusement, Spanish words, and Christianity-all these resulted in the mixing of
Spanish and Filipino cultural elements.
Change in Filipino Names
Before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos had no surnames. Because no Filipinos had
no surnames, confusion arose. To put an end to this confusion, Governor-General
Narciso Claveria issued a decree in 1849 allowing the Filipinos to change their names. A
very long list of Spanish names was prepared so that Filipinos could choose the names
they wanted to use.
Intermarriage
The child of the marriage of a Filipino and a Spaniard was called Spanish mestizo.
Toward the end of the Spanish period, the qualifying word,"mestizo", was also used to
refer to children of a male Chinese and a native woman, as in mestiza de Sangley. Those
who belonged to the pure indigenous stock were called "Indios" or "Indias."
Social Life
The social life in any Christian community during the Spanish times revolved around the
church because the friar-curate was the all-powerful person in the whole community.
Beside the church was the municipal building called tribunal, where the gobernadorcillo
or capitan held office. The pista or fiesta gave the Filipinos a dar or so of relaxation from
their toils in the farms. It was during fiesta time that even the poorest Filipino family
prepared plenty of good foods for their guests.
Amusement
Cockfighting was the principal form of entertainment of the Filipino men. Cockfighting
was a regular event during fiestas and even to this day. Lottery, horse race, and
bullfighting were all of Spanish origin.

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Changes in Clothing
The barong, or what is popularly called today as barong Tagalog, began to be worn at
this time by the ordinary menfolk. In the care of the capitan or gobenadorcillo, he wore
a salakot with a silver top. The woman, on the other hand, still wore their skirt or saya,
the tapis, and the patadying.
The Antillean Houses
The houses of rich Fiipinos during those days were of Antillean architecture. On the other
hand, the houses of poor Filipinos remained almost the same as in pre-Spanish times.
Chapter VIII The Beginnigs of Filipino Nationalism ( 1,700 - 1900s )
British Invasion and Occupation
In 1761, Spain and France entered into a treaty against England's ambition for
supremacy.
Archbishop Manuel Rojo-acting governor-general when the British bombarded
Intramuros, Malate, Ermita and Bagumbayan. Surrendered Manila and Cavite while
Simon Anda escaped to Pampanga to continue the resistance.
The Silang and Palaris Revolts(1762)
Diego Silang-an Ilocano from Ilocos province rose in revolt.He demanded the expulsion
of Spaniards and Spanish provincial governor and many Spaniards from Vigan.
Gabriela Silang-took over the leadership and carried on the fight courageously but she
was later captured and hanged, along with 100 followers.
Juan de la Cruz Palaris-led a widespread revolt in Pangasinan, for the end to payment
of tributes and countless abuses by the Spanish official. Upon the conclusion of the war
with France and Spain, the British left in 1764. Palaris was defeated and died in
the battle.
Basco's Economic Plans
The economy developed slowly for several reasons:
(1) The incompetence of Spanish officials;
(2) Graft and greed of the merchants and religious corporations engaged in the galleon;
(3) Restrictive economic policies which closed some parts of the country to other foreign
countries; and
(4) The constant quarrels between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities assigned in the
colony.
1778
Jose Basco y Vargas-was appointed governor-general of the Philippines. He found the
galleon trade particularly unproductive for the government because it was benefiting
only the few officials and religious orders who monopolized it.
Basi Revolt-was among the bloodiest uprisings ever recorded during this time.
Laissez-faire and the Opening of Ports
Laissez-faire or "let alone policy" in commercial and trading ventures by the Europeans
soon caught the interest of the Spanish king
1834
The King, realizing the futility of opposing modern trends in commerce and trade, open
Manila to foreign traders.

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Nicholas Loney-introduced the first modern machinery that converted sugar cane into
refined sugar. This led to the unprecedented prosperity of the provinces engaged in
sugar production and to the rise of the middle class.
The Rise of The "Filipino" Middle Class
5 Principal Social Classes in the Philippines (1750's)
1. Peninsulares - included the Spanish friar, were the Spaniards born in Spain.
2. Insulares - Spaniards born in the Philippines.
3. Middle Class
a. Spanish mestizo
b. Principalia
c. Chinese mestizo
4. Chinese
5. Indio
Education of Some Filipinos
The Spaniards in the Philippines founded many colleges for men and women.
But these colleges and universities were exclusively for the Spaniards and Spanish
mestizo including; San Juan de Letran, San Jose, San Felipe and others
Ilustrados-they were the middle class who were educated in Spanish and exposed to
Spanish and European nationalist ideals.
The Opening of Suez Canal(1869)
One of the important changes that took place in the second half of the nineteenth
century had far-reaching effects on the Filipinos. This resulted the shorter route and
travel time between Spain and the Philippines. Many Spaniards with progressive ideas
migrated to the Philippines. Among them were exiled creoles from Mexico like Varela and
Novales, whose subversive ideas and activities advocated freedom and liberties.
The Liberalism in the Philippines
Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre-one who fought for popular suffrage and
freedom of speech, the press, and the religion, brought to the country some liberal and
progressive Spaniards. He arrived in Manila in 1869, he put into practice the liberal
principles of the revolutionists in Spain.
The return of Autocracy-the republic of Spain ended in 1870 when the monarchy was
restored and a new King assumed the Spanish throne.
The Campaign for Secularization
Preisthood was composed of two classes:
Regular Priests were those who belonged to the religious orders like Dominicans,
Recollects, the Augustinians, and the Franciscans.
Secular Priests were not members of any religious order.
The Cavite Mutiny-the mutineers included Indios, mestizo, and Criollos (Spaniards
born in Mexico and exiled in Cavite)
The Execution of GomBurZa-on February 17, 1872, the three priest marched from
Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan field. The importance of the execution of the three priest
rested on the fact that the Filipino who witnessed the execution began to think and feel
as Filipinos, not Ilocanos, Tagalogs, Visayans, Bicolanos, and others.

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