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u 3 types of measurements
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Ventilation
Distribution
Diffusion
Parameters
u Tidal Volume (TV)
u Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
u Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
u Residual Volume (RV)
u Vital Capacity (VC) = IRV + ERV + TV
u Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = VC + RV
u Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = TV + IRV
u Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
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= RV + ERV
= TLC IC
Very stable
Parameters
u Dead Space
uTranspulmonary pressure (PL)
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Dynamic parameters
u Respiratory minute volume
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Dynamic parameters
u Maximal Breathing Capacity (MBC) or Maximal
Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)
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15 20 seconds
u Closing volume
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u BTPS
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u STPD
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Mechanical measurements
uDirect measurement of
Compliance of lungs and rib cage
n Resistance of all air passages
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Airway Resistance
uRatio of pressure to flow
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Instrumentation
u Basic Spirometer
Bell volumes 9 & 13.5 L
Bell little inertia
n For fast RR measurement
Kymograph paper speeds: 32,160,300 and 192 mm/min
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u Frequency response
Adequate to measure FEV
n No Hysteresis
Fast Response time
n Flat frequency response up to
12 Hz
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Spirometer
u Is a Mechanical Integrator
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Input airflow
Output volume displacement
Electrical signal proportional to volume
displacement can be obtained
n Linear motion potentiometer connected to pulley
n Signal fed to flow-volume differentiator for
evaluation and recording of data
Some uses
uClinical spirography
uCardiopulmonary function testing
uMetabolism determinations
uDirect measurements
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uCalculated
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Waterless Spirometers
uWedge or bellows type
uRolling Seal or Dry Seal
uDiaphragm
Wedge Spirometer
uBreathed air is held
between in a chamber
enclosed by parallel
metal pans hinged to
each other on one
edge
uOne metal pan is
permanently fixed
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Contains pair of 5 cm
tubes
Wedge Spirometer..
uBellows
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Wedge Spirometer
uElectronics unit
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uMechanical Read-out
uAdjustable tilt mechanism or magnetic stop
provide desired volume (resting) position
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Horizontal Bellows
Ultrasonic Spirometers
uBased on transit-time
uFrequency: 40 200 kHz
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Ultrasonic Spirometers..
uAverage gas velocity : v
Ultrasonic Spirometers
uDisadvantages:
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Pneumotachometers
u Measure instantaneous rate of volume flow
u Types: Differential Manometer and Hot-wire
anemometer
u Differential Manometer:
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u Hot-wire anemometer
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Pneumotachometers
uParameters studied:
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Pneumotachometers
u Frequency components 10 Hz
uQuick Response time
uGood zero stability
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Fleisch Pneumotachometer
u Thin sheet of corrugated metal is
rolled and inserted in a metal cover
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Poiseuilles Law
uPressure developed across Pneumotach directly
proportional to gas viscosity
uViscosity of mixture of gases is approximated
by:
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Fleisch Pneumotachometer
uTemperature effect 1% change per C
uSaturating air with water vapor reduce
output head by 1.2%
uMeasurements done at BTPS
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Venturi-type Pneumotachometer
uPressure drop proportional to square of
volume flow
uOpen geometry less prone to liquid
accumulation
uDisadvantage
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Non-linearity of calibration
Requirement of laminar flow
Detected by photocell
Generates pulses corresponding to accumulated volume
Measurement of volume
Measurement of Volume
Closing volume
n the lung volume at which the flow from the lower parts of the
lungs becomes severely reduced or stops during
expiration, presumably because of airway closure; measured by
the sharp rise in expiratory concentration of a tracer gas that had
been inspired at the beginning of a breath that started from
residual volume.
Impedance Pneumograph
uIndirect technique for measurement of
respiration
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Measurement
uThoracic impedance change
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u Transthoracic impedance
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Function of frequency
Type and size of electrodes
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Ag/AgCl electrodes
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Disadvantages
uWhen absolute respiration measurements are
required
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uGases monitored
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Highly specific
Requires separate pick-up head
u Samplers:
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Micro-catheter cell
n Used with vacuum pump to draw samples from nasal
cavity or trachea
n Typical volume: 0.1ml
Breathe-through cell
n Entire tidal volume of breath
n No vacuum assistance
n Connected directly into circuit of anesthesia machine
Response time: 0.1 s
Sensitivity range: 0 to 10% CO2
Block diagram
u Solid-state detector:
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PbSe
3000 rpm
Response time: 100ms for 90% reading
u IR source
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Temperature: 815C
Collimated using parabolic reflector
n No internal reflections
u Chopper
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u Detector-filter assembly
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Paramagnetic O2 Analyzer
u O2 is paramagnetic in nature
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u Magnetic susceptibility
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Principle of operation
u In the cell, two glass spheres
filled with nitrogen gas are
suspended with strong
Quartz wire.
u At first, the spheres are kept
in balance in an
inhomogeneous magnetic
field.
When oxygen molecules having a large magnetic
susceptibility flow there, the molecules are pulled toward the
stronger magnetic field zone and the spheres are moved away
from the zone.
Principle of operation
u Resulting deviation of the
spheres is detected with the
light source, reflecting mirror
and light receiving element, and
a current is passed through the
feedback loop to control so that
the spheres can return to the
initial balanced state.
u The current flowing through the
feedback loop is proportional to
oxygen concentration.
u Thus, oxygen concentration is
converted into an electric signal.
Paramagnetic O2 Analyzer
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Polarogram
u Voltage current curve
u Diffusion coefficient changes with temperature
uTemperature
coefficient
Diffusion
rate limited
2-4% /C
Proportional to
pO2 at given
temperature
uUses
uPortable gas
detectors
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Simplicity, low-cost
and light-weight
uCommercial gas
analyzers
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Gold cathode
Silver anode
KCl electrolyte gel
Thin membrane
uElectrical potential
750 mV
Principle of operation
u The gas analyzer sensor uses four matched filaments that
change resistance according to the thermal conductivity of
the gas passing over it.
u These four filaments are connected in a Wheatstone Bridge
configuration.
u When all four resistances are the same, VOUT is zero and the
bridge is considered balanced. When zeroing, the reference
gas is passed over all the filaments, the resistances will be
the same (because filaments are matched) and the bridge is
balanced.
u When the sample gas is passed over half of the bridge, then
VOUTs value correlates to the content of the sample gas in
the reference.
Principle of operation..
uThe four elements are electronically connected in
a bridge circuit and a constant current is passed
through the bridge to heat the elements.
u If each element is surrounded by the same
gas, then the temperature and hence the
resistance of each element will be similar and the
bridge circuit will be balanced.
Principle of operation
uWhen the gas to be measured is introduced into
the sample gas stream, the two resistive
elements in this gas stream will be cooled to a
greater extent than the two elements in the
reference gas.
u The bridge circuit will be
unbalanced, producing a signal voltage related
to the measure gas content of the sample gas.
This relationship is non-linear.
uAs a result, the analyzer is calibrated at
zero, mid-span, and high span and the software
mathematically linearises the curve.