Statistics Important Formula

Statistical Data
Un-Grouped Data
Individual Data

Grouped Data
Discrete Frequency Distribution

Continuous Frequency Distribution

Mean

x=
Where,

x
n

x=

fx

x=

Where,

Where,

n = Total Sample Size

N=

fx

N=

x = Class Mid Value

Weighted Mean
Not Applicable

x=

xw

x=

xw

Where,
x = Class Mid Value
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Trimmed Mean
Step1: Sort all n values
Step2: Calculate %
Step3: Discard Step2 value from lower
and upper end
Step4: Find mean of remaining
observation using above formula

Not Applicable

Not Applicable

Combined Mean

+
+

Where,
=
=
=
=

Correcting Wrong Value for Mean

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Effect of Change of Origin for Mean

=
Where,

A= Constant

Note: Change of origin = Add or Subtract a constant number from each value of

..

Effect of Change of Scale for Mean

=
=

,
,

=
=

Note: Change of scale = Multiply or Divide a constant number to each value of

=
,

..

Median
N=

n = Total Sample Size

Check
If n = Even
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N
+ c. f.
Median(M ) = L + 2
h
F

Check
If N = Even

Where,

Median(M )
n
n
obsevation value + 2 + 1
2
=
2

observation value

If n = Odd
n+1
Median (M ) =
2

Median(M )
N
N
obsevation value +
+1
2
2
=
2

N=
observation value

If N = Odd
Median (M ) =

N+1
2

L = Lower limit of Median clas

c. f.
= Cumulative Frequency prior to Median class
F = frequency of Median class
h = Class Width

Mode
Mode(M )
= The value that occurs maximum number of times

Mode(M ) = The value with maximum freuency

Mode(M ) = L +

f f
2f f f

Where,
N=

L = Lower limit of Modal clas

f = Frequency of Modal class
f = Frequency of Prior Modal class
f = Frequency of Post Modal class
h = Class Width

Quartiles
Lower Quartiles Q1
n = Total Sample Size
N=
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N
+ c. f.
Lower Quartile(Q ) = L + 4
h
F

Check
If n = Even

Check

Where,

If N = Even
Lower Quartile(Q )
n
n
obsevation value + + 1
4
4
=
2

N=
observation value

If n = Odd
Lower Quartile(Q ) =

n+1
4

Lower Quartile(Q )
N
N
obsevation value +
+1
4
4
=
2

L = Lower limit of lower quartile class

observation valuec. f.

If N = Odd
Lower Quartile(Q ) =

N+1
4

= Cumulative Frequency prior to lower quartile

class
F = frequency of lower quartile class
h = Class Width

Median Q2
N=

n = Total Sample Size

Check

Check

If n = Even
Median(M /Q )
n
n
obsevation value + + 1
2
2
=
2

N
+ c. f.
Median(M /Q ) = L + 2
h
F
Where,

If N = Even
observation value

Median(M /Q )
N
N
obsevation value +
+1
2
= 2
2

observation value

If n = Odd
Median(M /Q ) =

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n+1
2

If N = Odd
Median(M /Q ) =

N+1
2

N=

L = Lower limit of Median clas

c. f.
= Cumulative Frequency prior to Median class
F = frequency of Median class
h = Class Width

Upper Quartile Q3
3N
+ c. f.
Upper Quartile(Q ) = L + 4
h
F

n = Total Sample Size

N=
Check

Check

If n = Even
Upper Quartile(Q )
3n
3n
obsevation value + 4 + 1
4
=
2

If N = Even
observation value

If n = Odd
Upper Quartile(Q ) =

3(n + 1)
4

Where,

Upper Quartile(Q )
3N
3N
obsevation value +
+1
4
4
=
2

N=
observation value

If N = Odd
Upper Quartile(Q ) =

3(N + 1)
4

L = Lower limit of upper quartile clas

c. f.
= Cumulative Frequency prior to upper quartile
class
F = frequency of upper quartile class
h = Class Width

Decile
iN
+ c. f.
i Decile(D ) = L + 10
h
F
Where,
= 1,2,3 . .9
N=

L = Lower limit of i decile clas

c. f.
= Cumulative Frequency prior to i decile class
F = frequency of i decile class
h = Class Width
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Percentile
iN
+ c. f.
100
i Percentile(P ) = L +
h
F

Where,
= 1,2,3 . .99
N=

L = Lower limit of i percentile clas

c. f.
= Cumulative Frequency prior to i percentile
class
F = frequency of i percentile class
h = Class Width

Range
=
Where,
L = Largest Item

S = Smallest Item

Quartile Deviation
.

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Variance

Where,

Where,
N=

N=

x = Class Mid Value

Standard Deviation

Where,
Where,
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N=

N=

x = Class Mid Value

Combined Standard Deviation

(

)+

Where,
=

+
+

+
+

Combined Variance
=

)+
+

Where,
=

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Coefficient of Variation
. .=

| |

100

Effect of Change of Origin for Range, Standard Deviation and Variance

=
Where,

&

&

. .

A= Constant

Correcting Wrong Value for Standard Deviation and Variance

=

) +(

Empirical Relation
Mean Mode 3 ( Mean Median )

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, &

Skewness
Karl Pearsons coefficient of Skewness

3(

3(

Interpretation:
If
If
If

> 0, the distribution is positively skewed

< 0, the distribution is negatively skewed
= 0, the distribution is symmetric

Remark:
The

+ 1 . . 1

+1

Bowleys coefficient of Skewness

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(
(

)(
)+(

)
=
)

Interpretation:
If
If
If

> 0, the distribution is positively skewed

< 0, the distribution is negatively skewed
= 0, the distribution is symmetric

Remark:
The

+ 1 . . 1

+1

Kurtosis

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Moments
Raw Moments
=

Where,
= 0,1,2, ..
=

Where,
= 0,1,2, ..
=

Where,
= 0,1,2, ..
=
=

Central Moments
=

Where,
= 0,1,2, ..
=

Where,
= 0,1,2, ..
=

Where,
= 0,1,2, ..
=
=

Relation between Central and Raw Moments

=0
=

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+2

+6

Pearsons coefficient of Skewness based on Moments

=

:
= 0,
< 0,
> 0,

= 0,
< 0,
> 0,

Pearsons coefficient of Kurtosis based on Moments

=
:
= 3,
< 3,
> 3,

= 0,
< 0,
> 0,

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Covariance
( , )=

( , )=

( , )=

)(

( )( )

( )

( )=0

( )

( )=0

Karl Pearsons Coefficient of Correlation (or Product Moment Correlation Coefficient)

=
Where,
( , )=

)(

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( , )

) =

) =

)(

)
1

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)(

Remark:
| |1

Interpretation:
= +1,
= 1,
= 0,
| | > 0.8,
0.3 < | | < 0.8,
| | < 0.3,

.
.
.

Coefficient of Determination
( )=

Unexplained Variation
= 1

Pearsons Rank Correlation Coefficient

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.
.
.

( ) = 1

6
( 1)

Where,
=

Rank Correlation with Ties

6(

=1

+
(

+
1)

Where,
( ) =

1
12

( ) =

1
12

Regression
Regression Lines X on Y
=

Regression Lines Y on X

Regression Equations

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( )

( )

Normal Equations

=
+

Regression Coefficients

) ( )( )

( )

to a bivariate data. The Normal Equations for estimating , , are

=

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( , )

) ( )(

( )

Coefficient of Correlation
Fitting of second degree curve

+
=

( , )

Fitting of an exponential curve

to a bivariate data. The Normal Equations are

Where,
=

Multiple Regression
Equation of Plane of Regression of X1 on X2 and X3
=

Equation of Plane of Regression of X2 on X1 and X3

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Equation of Plane of Regression of X3 on X1 and X2

=

Partial Regression Coefficient of Regression Equation of X1 on X2 and X3

Where,
,

,
=

Multiple Regression Equations when the deviations are taken from their means
[

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Regression Equation of X1 on X2 and X3

=0

=0

=0

Multiple Correlation Coefficient

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2
1

2
1

2
1

, ,

= 1,2,3

Partial Correlation Coefficient

(1

)(1

)(1

)(1

(1

(1
, ,

= 1,2,3

Time Series
m-yearly moving averages for the Time Series
T
Y

t1
y1

t2
y2

t3
y3

.
.

m-yearly moving averages are gives by,

=
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tn
yn

For fitting linear trend y=a+bt , by least squares method, the Normal Equations are
=

Where,
=
=
(

=
=

1
(
2

)
) (

Exponential Smoothing
=
=

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+ (1)

0<< 1

Methods of Measuring Seasonal Variations

Ratio to Trend Method
100
=

1200

400

Link Relative Method

=

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100

100