1

ax

bx c

0
2

b 4ac
2a
4

mx c
x
a

y
b

x cos

y sin

Ax By C

0
5

4ax

x
2
a

ax

y
2
b

by

1
2

x
2
a

y
2
b

fx gy c

0
6

A1 x B1 y C1
A2 x B2 y C2

0
0

A1 x B1 y C1 z D1

A2 x B2 y C2 z D2

A3 x B3 y C3 z D3

0
7

ln x
dy
dx

1
x
8

ut

ds
dt

1 2
ft
2

ft
2

d s
2
dt

f
9

dy
dx

dy

1
x

dy
1
dx
x

1
dx
x

ln x C
10

From the past

Algebra
Trigonometry
Calculus
Differentiation
Integration
11

From the past

Differentiation
Algebraic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
12

From the past

More Differentiation
Successive Differentiation
Higher Order
Leibnitz Theorem
Applications
Maxima and Minima
Tangent and Normal
13

From the past

Partial Derivatives

y = f (x)
f(x,y)=0
Z = f (x, y)

z
x

z
y
14

From the past

Integration
Reverse of Differentiation
By parts
By substitution
By Partial Fractions
Reduction Formula
15

Frequently required
Standard Differentiation Formulae
Standard Integration Formulae

16

Differential Equations
Something New
Mostly old stuff
Presented differently
Analyzed differently
Applied Differently
17

Differential Equations
dy
5y
dx
y x dx 4 xdy
2

d y
dy
5
2
dx
dx
u
v
y
x
u
v
x
y
x
y
2

u
x2

u
2

1
0

4y

ex
0
u

u
t

0
18

Ordinary
Differential
Equations

dy
5y
dx
y x dx 4 xdy

d2y
dy
5
4y
2
dx
dx
3
2
d
y
d
y dy
3
2
x
8x
+9 +8y
3
2
dx
dx
dx
dy
dx

1
0
e

sin x

dy
7 y cos x
dx
19

Ordinary
Differential
Equations

dy
5y
dx

d y
dy
5
4y
2
dx
dx
3
2
d
y
d
y
dy
3
2
x
8x
+9 +8y
3
2
dx
dx
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx

dy
dx

dy
7y
dx
3

dy
x
dx

ex
sin x
cos x
x

2
20

A Differential Equation
is an equation
which contains derivatives,
either ordinary or partial

21

A Differential Equation
is one that involves at least one
derivative of an unknown function.
OR
is an equation which contains the
derivatives or differentials of one
or more dependent variables w.r.t
one or more independent
variables

22

Example 1
In the equation
2

d x
dx
4 2 7
9 x cos 4 t
dt
dt
x is the dependent variable, and
t the independent variable
23

Example 2
The equation
2

v
2
x

v
2
y

has one dependent variable v and two

independent variables x and y.

24

Example 3
Consider the equation
x2

or x
or

x2

y2
y

y2

dx

2 xydy

dy
2 xy
0
dx
dx
2 xy
0
dy

Here either variable can be dependent and

the other as the independent.
25

Definition
If an equation contains only ordinary
derivatives of one or more dependent
variables w.r.t a single variable, it is then
said to be an ordinary differential
equation (ODE).

26

Examples
2

d y d x
1.
x
2
2
dt
dt
dy
2.
5y 1
dt
3.
y x dx 4 xdy
2

4.

d y
2
dx

dy
7
dx

8y

0
27

Definition
An equation involving the partial derivatives
of one or more dependent variables w.r.t
two or more independent variables is called
a partial differential equation (PDE).

28

Examples

f
1. x
x
u
2.
y

f
y
y
v
x

3.

u
2
x
4

4.

u
4
x

nf

u
2
t
2
u
0
2
t
29

Definition
The order of a differential equation is order of
the highest-ordered derivative appearing in the
equation. A general nth-order ODE is
represented by the symbolism
n

dy
d y
F x, y, , . . . , n
dx
dx

or
F x, y, y , . . . , y

30

Examples
d2y
dy
1.
2b
2
dx
dx
dy
2. 4 x
y x
dx
4
2
u
u
2
3. a
x4
t2

2nd order ODE

Ist order ODE

4th order PDE

31

Definition

The degree of a differential equation is the

greatest exponent of the highest order
derivative that appears in the equation.
(The dependent variable and its
derivatives should be expressed in a form
free of radicals and fractions).

32

Examples
d2y
1.
dx 2
2.

dy
dt

3. 1

dy
2b
dx

degree 3

5y 1
dy
dx

2 3/2

degree 2
d2y
dx 2

degree 2 after removing the radical

by squaring both sides of the eq.

33

Definition
A differential equation is said to be linear if
it can be written in the form
dny
d n 1y
dy
a n x n a n 1 x n 1 . . . a1 x
a0 x y
dx
dx
dx

gx

34

Note
In a linear differential equation
i) The dependent variable y and all its
derivatives are of the first degree, and
ii) Each coefficient depends on only the
variable x or function of x only.
A differential equation that is not linear
is called non-linear
35

Examples
1. xdy ydx 0
2 y 2y y 0
3
2
d
y
d
y
dy
3
2
3. x
x
3x
5y
3
2
dx
dx
dx
2
2
2
3
4. x y xy
x n y 4x
5. yy 2 y x

d3y
2
6.
y
0
3
dx
dy
2
7.
1 xy y
dx

linear
linear
ex

linear
linear
non linear
non linear
non linear
36

Example
2x

e is a solution of

d2y
dx 2

dy
6y
dx

Solution:

y
d2y
dx 2

2x

e ,y
dy
dx

6y

2x

2e , y
4e 2 x

2e 2 x

4e

2x

6e 2 x

which is the desired verification.

37

Example
x4
The function y 16 is a solution of
dy
nonlinear differential equation
xy 1 / 2
dx
Solution:
4

x
16

x
, and y 1 / 2
4

x
16

1/ 2

substituting in the above equation

x3
4

x2
x
4

x3
4

x3
4

x2
4
dy
dx

xy 1 / 2

for all real numbers.

38

Example (Formation of DE)

Let us consider an equation

c1 cos nx c2 sin nx

Solution: Differentiate it twice

dy
dx
2
d y
2
dx
d2y
2
dx

nc1 sin nx nc2 cos nx

n 2 c1 cos nx c2 sin nx
n2 y
39

Example
Form a differential equation from

c1e

2x

c2 e

3x

Solution: Here two constants are to be

eliminated, so we differentiate twice,

dy
2x
3x
2c1e
3c2 e
dx
2
d y
2x
3x
4c1e
9c2 e
2
dx
40

Eliminating Cs from these three equations

we get the desired differential equations
2

d y
dy
3
2
dx
dx

dy
2
3y
dx

or
2

d y
2
dx

dy
6y
dx

0
41

Some Examples in Daily Life

Motion of mass attached to the spring
d 2x
m
2
dt

kx

Where x is the distance, t is the time and

m is the mass attached to the spring

42

Some Examples in Daily Life

A body falling vertically under the
influence of gravity.
2

d s
2
dt

mg

Where s: distance, g: acceleration due to

gravity
43

Some Examples in Daily Life

Series circuit
2

d q
L 2
dt

dq
R
dt

1
q
c

Et

Where L is inductance, R is resistance,

q is charge and E is electromotive
force.
44

Some Examples in Daily Life

Newtons Law of cooling.
dT
dt
dT
dt

Tm

Tm

Where T is the temp. of body, Tm is the

temperature of medium and K is the
constant of proportionality.
45

Some Examples in Daily Life

Bacterial Population growth

dP
dt

kP

where, P is the population of Bacteria

and K is the constant of proportionality

46

Some Examples in Daily Life

Compound interest

ds
dt

rs

Where r is the annual rate of interest

and s is the money invested
47

Solution
Let us consider the equation

ds
dt

rs

ds
s

r dt

ds
s

rdt

ln s rt C
48

49