International

Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

Supporting Local Initiatives in Preserving Heritage Buildings

In Iloilo City (Philippines) through Risk Assessment

Kirk Kennedy U. Yu1, Andres Winston C. Oreta2, Rhodella A. Ibabao3, and Noel Hechanova4
1

Graduate Student, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines, kirk_yu@dlsu.ph

Professor, Civil Engineering Department, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines,
andres.oreta@dlsu.edu.ph
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Management, University of the Philippines-Visayas, Iloilo City,
Philippines, raibabao@yahoo.com
4
Head, Iloilo City Community Environment and Natural Resources, Iloilo City, Philippines,
noel_hechanova@yahoo.com
2

______________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Part of the Philippines history is characterized by colonial rule. From a pre-colonial era of Muslim
influence, to a 300-year long Spanish rule, to a 40-year American occupation and some four-year
Japanese sovereignty, the countrys culture has been a unique complexity of coalescing threads of
different cultures as espoused in the heritage buildings found in the country.
The City of Iloilo saw one of the first establishments of Spanish rule and became a prominent centre for
Spanish religious-political seat. Standing today are Spanish-themed churches and monuments that stand
as a testament to the strong colonial heritage in the city. The downtown central business district of the city
hosts 26 identified heritage buildings, which were houses of illustrados and trading bazaars of
entrepreneurial Chinese, during the era.
Heritage buildings are a monument to the resiliency and spirit of a peoples culture. However, these
buildings are of ancient built and are prone to several hazards as their physical condition deteriorates with
age. Iloilo city is at the forefront of preserving these buildings through the creation of a Cultural Council
that promulgates guidelines, mitigation and rehabilitation projects. The City has released an ordinance
and implementing guidelines that control renovations, preservations and new construction to conform to
the citys cultural view. These structures, however, are threatened by hazards such as earthquake, fire
and typhoon. Hence, a qualitative, semi-quantitative rapid risk assessment that covers multi hazards is
proposed for ranking and prioritization of buildings. The aim of the assessment is to shortlist risky
buildings needing immediate attention.

______________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
Some structures in Iloilo City were built during the American period while a few
dates back to Spanish times. However, the methods of construction, the materials used
in the building, the implemented design and constant wear and tear lead to aggravate
the structural integrity of the structures. This is in keeping with the basic principle that
the usefulness of a structure varies inversely with the increasing life of a building. In a
catalogue developed by the Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council, the
oldest building listed was built in the year 1922 (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage
Conservation Council 2006). In the same catalogue, the aforementioned city ordinance
was also published. One of the provisions for a building to be considered in the shortlist
is that it must be at least 50 years old.

International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

In a study conducted by (O'Connor 2004), surveys were conducted about the

reason behind demolition of structures in North America. Contrary to popular belief that
structures are demolished because of their physical condition, majority of the buildings
were demolished due to area development reasons, which was observed for 34.8-per
cent of 227 buildings surveyed (O'Connor 2004). For non-residential buildings, most
were young at point of demolition, with an age of 26-50 years. This implies that most of
the buildings that were demolished due to area development were young, and,
consequently they have not yet reached their design age. The physical condition was
cited as a secondary reason for demolition at 30.8-per cent (O'Connor 2004), of these
buildings, about 65-percent are between 76-100 years old (O'Connor 2004).
In view of the above, the proposed study presents a very interesting case for this
research. Heritage buildings are meant to be preserved and maintained, they are not
structures that can be demolished solely for area development purposes. These
buildings actually live beyond their design age and put to the test, their physical
condition. At longer times of preservation, these buildings run the risk of demolition
because of degrading physical condition.
While it is integral to keep and maintain culture as part of our identity as Filipino,
the main constraint on keeping heritage buildings is its vulnerability to risks such as fire,
seismic activity and extreme wind conditions. The Philippines, being a country located
at the Pacific Ring of Fire, stands to welcome a great number of hazards every year.
The Philippine National Red Cross lists that the country receives about, on average,
twenty tropical cyclones each year (Philippine Red Cross n.d.). In addition to this, the
country has a total of twenty-three active volcanoes (Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology 2008) and has records of several seismic activities every day. Specific
to the City of Iloilo, the city is situated near the Western Panay Fault Line (Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology n.d.) and is identified by the Philippine Institute
of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOLCS) as an area prone to soil liquefaction. A
report accomplished by the Citizens Disaster Response Centre (CDRC) for the year
2012 lists Philippines as the top country in the world with the most number of deaths
due to natural disasters at 2, 360 people (Citizen's Disaster Response Center 2012).
Top five disasters included both fire, land slide (seismic or cyclone induced) and storm
surges (cyclone induced). Natural hazards of earthquake, fire and tropical cyclone
appear in the top five hazards that affect the most number of populations at a combined
number of 4, 192, 915 people (Citizen's Disaster Response Center 2012).
Combining the hazards facing the city and the compromised nature of the
buildings structural integrity, a structural risk assessment is needed.

International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

2. Local Government Policies for Heritage Building Protection

The programs and projects on heritage preservation in the City of Iloilo are
guided by the City Ordinance number 00-54 and its Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR), as well as by the National Building Code of the Philippines. The city
ordinance declared certain building structures or sites as local heritage or legacy
buildings and prescribed for their use and conservation (Iloilo City Ordinance No. 00054). The same ordinance also created the Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation
Council. (ICCHCC) The IRR can be summarized into two main sections: (1) controls for
preservation, construction and design of external facade and (2) responsibilities and
functions of the Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council (City Government of
Iloilo 2010).
2.1 Controls for Preservation, Construction and Design
In the first section, the policy adheres to a singular idea that the entire faade of
the city must cohere together into a cultural cityscape. As such, the guidelines made
require certain controls on the buildings architectural aspect. These include its
elevation, theme, material, masonry work, external finishes and the like. This is
particularly observed in Section nine of the IRR. In this section, entitled Envelop
Control, provisions for infill sites, new construction and repair work are given. Infill sites
were seen as an avenue to help improve a coherent cityscape that adheres to the
cultural theme of the city. The sites, when proposed for new construction work must
adhere to the streetscape, material, roof scape, building line, architectural faade, form
and street edge. Faade control is also given importance by restricting the uniformity of
the buildings openings, parapets, cornices, arcaded walks and the like (City
Government of Iloilo 2010). Repair works were classified into two categories:
conforming and non-conforming structures. Conforming structures, including identified
heritage buildings, should be restored to its original condition. The material and finishing
must be similar to the original material. On the other hand, non-conforming structures
were given five years from date of IRR implementation to conform to the guidelines.
Specific faade control was stipulated in Section ten of the same IRR. Controls
on building height and massing, storefront doors and windows, cornices and fascia are
discussed. Buildings are recommended to utilize setbacks and varying roof heights in
order to follow the surrounding buildings. Storefront doors and windows must allow for
optimum viewing of the inside store; this means windows must be maximized for
exposure. Cornices and fascia must be restored to follow the original design
notwithstanding the use of the same material. Exterior walls must be cleaned and
repaired and any mechanical, electrical, plumbing or other utility lines must be
concealed or placed in a less visible area. Store signage must conform to the overall
architectural design of the building, kept simple and eye catching.
The IRR also stipulates guidelines on restoration, renovation, reconstruction and
preservation works. Restoration guidelines for elements of masonry, arches and
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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

column, corbels and brackets, roof top embellishments, other elements and painting
and colour were provided. Masonry work must be made to cement finish; the use of
mortar is advised. Architectural elements such as arches, columns, corbels and
brackets must be restored to original condition. Replacement of a different design or
material must only be allowed as a last resortthe replacement must still however
follow in the same line of design. Should there be renovation works, the new design and
material must approximate the original design. In the case where a new design or
material is used, the substitute material must convey the same visual appearance. The
new design must also be clearly differentiated, to some extent, so as to avoid a false
historical appearance. Reconstruction and preservation works must make sure that
original or pre-work condition is properly documented. This documentation includes
physical evidence, colour, texture, material and the like. All deteriorated materials must
be repaired and the work done properly documented. Protection against weathering and
other environmental hazards must also be done. The guidelines also strive to ensure
that the structures are environmentally friendly. This is achieved by ensuring adherence
to clean water, energy efficiency, solid waste management, health and safety. All works
must, in the end, stick to a coherent and appealing visual perception.
Special emphasis were given to exterior masonry, architectural metal and
roofing. These three elements mainly represent the essential make up of the heritage
buildings. Preservation work of these elements require a detailed documentation,
including but not limited to, (1) jointing, (2) tooling, (3) coatings, (4) colour and (5)
condition of masonry. Architectural metals would require the documentation of (1) type
of metal, (2) condition and (3) a test to ensure appropriate cleaning method. Roofing
must be documented to include information on (1) roof pitch, (2) deck, (3) shape, (3)
material, (4) decorative elements and (5) material. After proper documentation,
preservation or repair works can be done. Architectural metals must be properly
cleaned from corrosion, prior to any application of paints or protective coatings. Roof
sheathings must be well vented to avoid water penetration and moisture condensation.
Adequate anchorage and design must be ensured to protect against typhoon or
extreme wind loads.
2.2 Responsibilities and Functions of Cultural Council
Under the IRR, the Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council was
mandated to (1) make an inventory of heritage buildings, (2) review, approve or
disapprove any plans or programs for construction in heritage zone, (3) promulgate and
assist Local Government Unit in creation of policies and ordinances insofar as heritage
preservation is concerned, and (4) review sponsored projects that may affect
implementation of historic structures. The council has a technical working group that
assists in implementation of the IRR.
The council also opens its doors for groups or individuals that may want to
conduct case studies, research or other studies related to heritage preservation.
Partnerships among academe, private companies, departments in the national
government, professional organizations, among others are welcome. Among the main
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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

task of the council is to keep and update a cultural heritage register. The register must
contain the name and an explanation of the heritage value or interest of the building.
The following parameters were considered in the designation of cultural value: (1)
architectural, (2) cultural, (3) historical, (4) archaeological, (5) aesthetic, (6) scientific
and (7) educational worth (City Government of Iloilo, 2010).
A permit system that controls construction and repair work for any structures is
also put in place, prior to any approval from the building official of the city government.
3. Survey of Heritage Buildings in Iloilo City
3.1 Brief characteristics of heritage buildings
The Philippines was under the Spanish and American rule, which greatly
influenced the architectural style of a number of structures all over the city. Many of the
residential houses particularly those found in Jaro District were built during the Spanish
period and have the traditional bahay na bato (stone house) architectural style; most of
the construction materials were of bricks, stones, and wood as flooring material.
Majority of the commercial buildings found at Calle Real were built during the
American period (1920-32) and were mostly made of concrete. Historical educational
buildings, such as the Main Building of the University of the Philippines-Visayas, which
used to be the old Iloilo City, have incorporated the architectural style of the bahay na
bato with concrete and wood as design materials. In the Central Business District area,
the buildings follow the following architectural designs: the Beaux Arts style, Art Deco,
art modern, post-art modern and neo-classical designs (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage
Conservation Council 2006).
An inventory of the City Government identified 26 heritage buildings located in
the citys Central Business District (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council
2006). The earliest structure was built in 1922 (Javellana building) and is about 91 years
of age. The age of some buildings is difficult to determine because the structures have
no mark on the year it was built and the city government does not have copies of the
original plans of such structures (CENRO staff, informal interview, 10 October 2013).
Most buildings were constructed in the 20th century during the American period with
concrete as its dominant construction material.
During the Spanish era, the site saw the houses of the illustrados and trading
bazaars of the Chinese (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council 2012). The
image below displays the map of the CBD and locations of the Heritage Buildings.

International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

Figure 3.1. Iloilo City CBD map with location of Heritage Buildings (City Government
of Iloilo 2010).
At present, the buildings at the CBD area are mostly used for commercial
purposes, while still maintaining their heritage facet. The images are heritage buildings
in the CBD area, which are not yet improved.

Figure 3.2. (Left) Celso Ledesma Building, built on 1923 and (Right) Iloilo City Public
Market.

International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

Figure 3.3. (Left) Regent Arcade Building built on 1927 and (Right) S. Villanueva
Building, built on 1936.
Three of the heritage buildings have undergone renovation works. These
buildings are the Serafin Villanueva Building otherwise known as the (CBD 01-008) on
J.M. Basa St. and the two other S. Villanueva buildings (CBD 01-015 & 016) facing
each other on Arsenal street (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council 2012).
The 1925 S. Villanueva restoration was started in December 2011 and was completed
in the first quarter of 2012. The Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC) has
restored the facade of its building at Arsenal Street corner Calle Real. It was completed
on the 2nd quarter of the same year. The restoration of E. Villanueva Building
(International Hotel) facade started in February 2012 and was completed in August
2012 (Retrieved at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpH32UTqaAc on 11 October
2013).
The next images contrast the original and restored condition of the S. Villanueva
Building: CBD 01-016 and CBD 01-015.

International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

Figure 3.4. S. Villanueva Building: CBD 01-016 in its restored condition on left and
original condition on the right. Right photo from (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage
Conservation Council 2006)

Figure 3.5. S. Villanueva Building: CBD 01-015 in its restored condition on left
and original condition on the right. Right photo from (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage
Conservation Council 2006)
Part of the restoration project is the creation and provision of funds of new and
durable permanent kiosk units that have provided assistance to the affected vendors
along the sidewalks of the restored structures. These kiosks complement the old look of
the restored buildings (Retrieved at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpH32UTqaAc on
11 October 2013). The renovation projects were spearheaded by the private sector
headed by Arch. A. Sangrador and the Iloilo Cultural Heritage Foundation, Inc. (ICHFI).
Funds used for renovation were privately raised in partnership with the present owners
(Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council 2012).
Scheduled for renovation is the Javellana Building (CBD 01-010), the Dominican
Sisters Building (CBD 01-002) and the building (CBD 01-005) whose tenants include the
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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

Parisian shoeline, bazaar (Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council 2012).
Another project proposed is the restoration of the century-old Marquez-Lim Balay nga
Bato and the conversion of the very old abaca factory into a heritage site complete with
exhibits of abaca processing and products (On-going and future restoration projects
2012). One of the biggest Unibanks in the country has agreed to sponsor the restoration
of the faade of Javellana building in J.M. Basa corner Guanco streets (Montealto-Sinay
2013).

Figure 3.6. Restoration of Javellana building (Source: Retrieved at

http://www.icchcc.com/javellana-building-renovation/ on 11 October 2013).
3.2 Initiatives of the Iloilo City Government
The city government has initiated a number of projects for the preservation and
conservation program of heritage structures in Iloilo City. Infrastructure projects include
the rehabilitation of the downtown CBD through improvement of sidewalk, installation of
heritage lamps at the CBD; improvements of and rehabilitation of the plazas such as
restoring Molo Plaza and installing concrete pavers at Plaza Libertad with funds coming
from the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) and TIEZA. The city government has set up
markers that identify heritage structure (Community Environment and Natural
Recources Office 2012)
The city government has also supported a number of Information, Education and
Communication campaigns and advocacies. These include: survey and cataloguing,
seminars on local oral history and continuous cultural mapping, celebration of heritage
month and participation through exhibits at the first Iloilo River International Summit. As
a legal campaign, the city officials have proposed a resolution declaring Iloilo City as a
Heritage City for having complied the minimum requirements of Republic Act 10066
(Phil. National Cultural Heritage Law). The city government has also passed a bill
declaring certain sites to be declared as Heritage and Tourist spots. These sites are as
follows: Jaro Cathedral, Molo Church, CBD, Fort San Pedro, the Jaro Plaza complex
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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

and the Plaza Libertad Complex. The City Environment and Natural Resources Office
(CENRO) continues its function of doing evaluation of building renovation and
demolition permit applications (Community Environment and Natural Recources Office
2012).
In August 2013, the Iloilo City council approved the approved the Tourism Code
of the city by integrating all tourism-related existing ordinances (City Government of
Iloilo 2013).The measures will define broad tourism industry concerns, heritage sites
incentives, tourism destinations and recognized programs and events, among others.
The structures and priority areas of tourismoriented industries will avail of fiscal
incentives. These incentives include investments of PHP five million, but not less than
PHP 20 million for one year incentives; PHP 20 million but not less than PHP 40 million
for two years; PHP 40 million to PHP 60 million for three years; and PHP 60 million and
above for four years. The code also called for the reduction of taxes based on gross
sales and receipts of the preceding calendar year for new and expanded tourism
enterprise (City Government of Iloilo 2013).
Since June of 2011, the city government was not allowed anymore to use its IRA
to pay for the participation and registration fees of its members and staff for activities
such as lectures and fora. This Memorandum Circular Number 2011-1 (dated 13 April
2011) implies that the city government has to look for other funding sources for activities
such as lectures and fora.
4. Framework of Risk Assessment
The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) defines risk as the
probability of harmful consequences casualties, damaged property, lost livelihoods,
disrupted economic activity, and damage to the environment resulting from
interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions,
(United Nations Development Program 2010). From this definition, we can see the
important factors that contribute to risk. These are the consequences (or the population
at risk), hazard and vulnerability. The consequences pertain to the exposure of the
population, in relation to the potential loss brought about by the hazard present and the
vulnerability of the subject in study. This definition has been carried on in the proposed
risk assessment but with slight modifications to account for the unique nature of
heritage buildings. In lieu of the population, the asset value of the building will be
accounted for. The UNDP further classified vulnerability to encompass a mitigation
factor (United Nations Development Programme 2004). Thereby, the risk score in a
heritage building can be counted as an aggregate of the structures vulnerability
including present conditions, the hazards present, the mitigation efforts and the asset
value of the building. Risk can be expressed as in the equation below,
=

!!!

Equation 4.1

Where R = risk, A = asset value, H = hazard, V = vulnerability and M = mitigation.

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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

Each index that makes up the risk can be calculated as a summation of the
product of the parameters score and its corresponding weight. Thereby the equations
for the hazard, vulnerability, asset and mitigation indices are as follows,
! =
! =
! =
! =

! !! !"

! !" !"

! !" !"

! !" !"

Equation 4.2
Equation 4.3
Equation 4.4
Equation 4.5

Where w = weight, H = hazard score for parameter pj, V = vulnerability score for
parameter pj, and A = asset score for parameter pj and M = mitigation score for
parameter pj, and j is the jth parameter.
In the following figure, the overview of the framework is seen where each factor
is further expanded to cater to more specific characteristics. This is done in order to
make data gathering more targeted and allow for easier calculation of risk rating for
each heritage building.

Figure 4.1. Factors affecting Risk in a Heritage Building.

a. Hazard Analysis
Prior to any data gathering for the structures vulnerability, mitigation factor and
the asset value of the heritage building, the present hazards that threaten the area or
site has to be established first (United Nations Development Program 2010). These
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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

hazards may be natural or artificial hazards that present any incurrence of losses in the
site or element in study. The hazards of seismic, extreme wind conditions and fire have
been identified for the city of Iloilo. Seismic hazard has been identified because of the
citys proximity to a fault line. Historical seismic events that occurred in the CBD of Iloilo
City would also give us an idea of how frequent seismic events occur and its
corresponding magnitude. Fire hazard is present because of the archaic nature of the
materials, generally present in heritage buildings. These include wood and masonry
among others. Finally, the extreme wind conditions have been included because of the
frequency of the typhoons entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility every year.
Maximum wind gust would also help determine the wind hazard score.
b. Vulnerability and Mitigation
Having established the hazards, the vulnerability of the structure can then be
assessed. These hazards lay out the different characteristics that should be checked.
Thus, the vulnerability section is divided into three sub-sections. For extreme wind
conditions, three main sub-sections would be checked. These are the roofing
characteristics, door and window characteristic and elevation. This would specifically
include the slope, design and material of the roof among others.
Seismic vulnerability is then sub-divided into four main areas. These pertain to
intensive and extensive properties of the building. Building type and modifiers are
characteristics or features of the building that should be checked against seismic
loadings while soil type is an environment parameter that refers to the quality of the soil
than can affect the building during ground shaking. The fourth is the type of occupancy
in the building. This is only an information parameter and is not included in the
calculation of the seismic risk score.
Fire vulnerability is then assessed under the collective group of sources of fuel.
An added criterion is the protection system of the building such as fire alarms, presence
of fire extinguishers, sprinklers, fire exits and the like. These form the mitigation
parameter for fire.
Mitigation parameters for seismic and extreme wind are intertwined with the
vulnerability factor and are difficult to separate, as opposed to fire risk. As often is the
case with these risks, the vulnerability factors that would be assessed would either
mitigate or aggravate the risk conditions. Mitigation parameters tend to decrease the
value of risk.
c. Asset Value
Ultimately, the value of the heritage building is noted. Following the study by
(Harun 2011) and the implementing guidelines of the Iloilo City Council Resolution
number 00-54, the value of the building in aspects of age, architectural significance and
historical significance is analysed. Age and historical background would show us any
significant events that happened in the structure that is worth keeping and shared to the
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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

people. Architectural significance relate to the lessons or findings these structures can
teach us in terms of art or aesthetic value. A survey on the peoples perception of value
of heritage buildings with respect to history, architecture, tourism, and education will be
conducted to determine each buildings asset value. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
will be used.
d. Sample Fire Hazard Risk Assessment Form
Following the risk framework in equation 4.1, the parameters for fire hazard were
listed. Hazard was defined as source of ignition and vulnerability as source of fuel
(Government of the United Kingdom 2006). As such, the type of building use and the
condition of the buildings electrical wiring constituted the hazard index. Vulnerability is
grouped into four different categories: the main type of construction material,
combustible materials, explosive substances and flammable substances. Finally,
mitigation is defined as the buildings fire fighting capacity and fire prevention and
warning system. These parameters will have a score ranging from one to three and are
evaluated using a developed rubric. The asset value shall be taken as a separate score
based on experts opinion and peoples perception. The asset value is then plotted
against the risk index in a 2D Cartesian plane.
The risk index can be calculated in two methods. The first one is to simply take
the average of the scores per hazard, vulnerability and mitigation and use the equation
= /. The second method will involve the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
to derive weights for each parameter per category and sub-category. Equations 4.2 to
4.5 will then be used acquire an index for each hazard, vulnerability and mitigation and
use equation 4.1 to get a risk index.
The scores for the parameter are selected based on the conditions seen as
displayed below in the form. The form has four boxes: (A) preliminary data, (B) hazard,
(C) vulnerability and (D) mitigation. A hypothetical building is assessed below. The
computation of the risk index, assuming equal weights is illustrated (first method).

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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

Table 4.1. Boxes A and B of Fire Risk Form.

A score of three would pertain to a higher risk, as when the use of the building
includes welding, smelting and the like. On the other hand, a score of 1 indicates a
lower risk.
The next boxes rank the vulnerability and mitigation indices. As opposed to
hazard and vulnerability, a score of three under mitigation would mean lower risk. This
is because the mitigation parameter varies inversely to risk.
Table 4.2. Boxes C and D of Fire Risk Form.

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NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

Only boxes B, C and D are included in the calculation of the risk index. Utilizing
!!
!.!!.!"
equation 4.1, = ! = !.! = 2.444. This risk index is normalized using the
equation below (Kanaami 2008):
!" !!!"!!"#

Equation 4.6

!"!!"# !!"!!"#

Applying this equation to the values derived from equation 4.1 and given a score range
!!
!!
!!
!!
of one to three (three with higher risk), xmax is ! = ! = 9, xmin is ! = ! = 0.333
and x is the calculated risk index per building.
The normalized risk index is 0.605, classified as medium risk for fire. The
classifications of the normalized risk index are shown in table 4.2.
Table 4.3. Risk Index Classifications.
Risk Index

.667-1.000

.335-.666

0.0000.334

Risk
Classification

General Situation
General Recommendation

High Risk

Sources of fire and vulnerable

materials need to be minimized or
controlled. Quantitative and deeper
inspection is required. Mitigation
efforts need to be improved.

Structure has hazard and

vulnerability scores
approaching three, and
mitigation score
approaching one.

Medium Risk

Sources of fire and vulnerable

materials need to be minimized or
controlled, depending on individual
parameter scores.

Structure has hazard,

vulnerability and mitigation
score near to or exactly two.

Low to No Risk

Building has low fire-risk. Individual

parameters with scores
contributing to higher risk (three for
H and V, one for M), must be
addressed.

Structure has hazard,

vulnerability and mitigation
score approaching one and
mitigation score
approaching three.

A similar procedure will be implemented for the other hazards like earthquake
and wind. For earthquakes, the rapid visual screening (RVS) based on FEMA 154 may
be adopted to determine the risk. Modification may be included to consider other
vulnerability and/or mitigating parameters. For wind, the National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP) will serve as a guide in the design of the assessment tool.
5. Benefits and Conclusion
This study will be of great importance in the preservation of the culture of the
people of Iloilo Citymore so the spirit of the Filipino people. Assessment results may
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International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

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NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

be used by the city council to create ordinances or institute programs that may be of
great help in risk and hazard mitigation. It may also help to identify the most vulnerable
structures that need immediate attention or further analysis. This way more lives can be
saved and risks can be averted or minimized. Altogether, Iloilo city becomes a lovable
and safe city to live in.
Such steps would prove to save on financial resources and increase economic
development in the form of tourism. A lot of the things we do today have much to do
with the economy. The bottom-line has seemed to be always focused in the generation
of financial resources. Heritage tourism creates jobs to people whether directly,
indirectly, tourism and induced (Greffe 2004). In France, 68, 019 direct jobs come from
libraries and museums and 42,714 indirect jobs have been created from heritage
preservation (Greffe 2004). Moreover, 176, 800 tourism jobs and 261,856 induced jobs
from arts and crafts, cultural and non-cultural industries were created because of
heritage tourism. All these contribute to about 2.4-per cent of the active employed
population in France (Greffe 2004). While we can say that the heritage movement in
France is quite progressive in nature and that in the Philippines is still in its infancy, we
cannot ignore the economic potential of engaging and improving this sector.
This study can also be the avenue for a more disaster-aware community that can
and knows how to take care of its own by learning the proposed assessment method.
The flexibility and basic nature of the assessment tool make it replicable and easily
learnable. The proposed method can then be done anywhere in the Philippines and can
also be adjusted to a larger scale of a city or district. Furthermore, the incorporation of a
rapid assessment and basic calculations make it do-able by the lay people or owner of
the building. This important aspect helps promote a sense of ownership in the citizens
through citizenry empowerment and involvement. Said general method can also be
expanded to cater for other mutually exclusive hazards depending on the site of study
or assessment.
Overall, the study would benefit the local government unit in its urban planning
and the cultural heritage council of Iloilo to help the execution and fulfilment of the city
council resolution. More than all this, it is the heritage buildings that will be preserved
and stand as a living monument to the deep culture of the Filipino people.

17

International Conference on Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction

SEAMEO SPAFA with support from Japan Foundation
NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

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NOV 2013 Bangkok, Thailand

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