The censusing of both plant and animal populations is central to population

ecology, which is principally the study of patterns of organism abundance and

distribution. The quadrat method has been widely used in plant studies. The term
quadrat is used more widely to include circular plots and other shapes. In this
experiment, the quadrant used was a circlet.(3)
Population A which contained 900 dots while in Population B contained 1,200
dots. Both population were used a the theoretical environment. Population A and B
both occupy the same surface area the dots represents the organism and are
randomly distributed within each, having unequal number of dots.

T
OS
S
1
2
3
TO
4
SS
5
1
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5
10
6
11
7
12
8
13
9
14
10
15
11
16
12
17
13
18
14
19
15
20
16
21
17
22
18
23
19
24
20
25
21

POPULATION
NO. OF
TOS
INDIVIDU
S
ALS
19
26
33
27
POPULATION
21
28
NO. OF
TOS
20
29
INDIVIDU
S
ALS
21
30
21
26
19
31
27
27
13
32
37
28
18
33
22
29
15
34
37
30
24
35
36
31
18
36
31
32
22
37
40
33
22
38
36
34
19
39
33
35
19
40
30
36
29
41
32
37
21
42
31
38
27
43
33
39
16
44
24
40
25
45
30
41
22
46
39
42
24
47
20
43
30
48
37
44
29
49
21
45
20
50
29
46

A
NO. OF
INDIVIDU
ALS
18
23
B
26OF
NO.
27
INDIVIDU
ALS
20
29
19
31
28
27
18
27
28
32
29
28
16
38
18
37
20
28
29
31
36
18
28
23
20
27
30
25
19
35
22
35
17
36
23
31
19
26
19
33

22
23
24
25

24
35
25
25

47
48
49
50

30
35
34
30

NO. OF INDIVIDUALS
Mean
22.26
Standard Error
0.68
Median
21
Mode
19
Standard
Deviation
4.78
Sample Variance
22.85
Kurtosis
-0.74
Skewness
0.43
Range
20
Minimum
13
Maximum
33
Sum
1113
Count
50
Largest(1)
33
Smallest(1)
13
Confidence
Level(95.0%)
1.36
Table 3.1: Sample Values
A
Number of samples
Sum of fx column
Mean or average
Varaiance
Standard Deviation
Standard error of the
mean
Mean +/-1 standard error

of Population
50
1113
22.6
22.58
4.78
0.68
22.26 0.68 =
22.94
22.26 + 0.68 =
21.14

Mean +/-1.96 standard

errors

NO. OF INDIVIDUALS
Mean
30.54
Standard Error
0.74
Median
31
Mode
31

Standard Deviation
Sample Variance
Kurtosis
Skewness
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
Count
Largest(1)
Smallest(1)
Confidence
Level(95.0%)
Table 3.2: Sample Values
B
Number of samples
Sum of fx column
Mean or average
Varaiance
Standard Deviation
Standard error of the
mean
Mean +/-1 standard error

Mean +/-1.96 standard

errors

of Population
50
1527
30.54
27.68
5.26
0.74
30.54 0.74 =
29.8
30.54 + 0.74 =
31.28

5.26
27.68
-0.70
-0.29
20
20
40
1527
50
40
20
1.50

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

NO. OF INDIVIDUALS
NO. OF INDIVIDUALS
(A)
(B)
Mean
22.26
30.54
Variance
22.84938776
27.68204082
Observations
50
50
Pooled Variance
25.26571429
Hypothesized Mean
Difference
0
df
98
t Stat
-8.236345397
P(T<=t) one-tail
3.96157E-13
t Critical one-tail
1.660551217
P(T<=t) two-tail
7.92314E-13
t Critical two-tail
1.984467455
(pwde ni nimo e apil sa second page if ma igo sya )

Population A which contains 900 dots (organism) shown in Table 3.1 that in
the 50 samples collected, totaled a 1113 number of organism, exhibiting an
average of 22.26. Likewise, population B shown in Table 3.2 also with 50 samples
collected totaled a 1527 number of organism with an average of 30.54. Population A
got a standard deviation of 4.78 while population B has a standard deviation of
5.36. Meaning that population B having the highest standard deviation indicates a
greater spread in the organisms. In addition population A having the smaller value
of standard error indicates it has a more precise estimate of the population mean
than population B. Typically, a larger standard deviation results to a larger standard
error of the mean and a less precise estimate of the population mean. A larger
sample size results in a smaller standard error of the mean and a more precise
estimate of the population mean. (2)
In general, a larger population may be more stable than a smaller population.
Having less genetic variation, a smaller population will have reduced capacity to
adapt to environmental changes. Individuals in a low-density population are thinly
dispersed; hence, they may have more difficulty finding a mate compared to
individuals in a higher-density population. On the other hand, high-density
populations often result in increased competition for food. Many factors influence
density, but, as a rule-of-thumb, smaller organisms have higher population densities
than do larger organisms. (1)

REFERENCES
(1)Boundless. Population Size and Density. Boundless Biology. Boundless, 07 Jan.
2016. Retrieved 08
Jan. 2016 from
https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biologytextbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/population-demography249/population-sizeand-density-925-12181/
(2) Interpret all statistics and graphs for Descriptive Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved January 8, 2016,

from http://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab-express/1/help-and-how-to/basicstatistics/summary-statistics/descriptive-statistics/interpret-the-results/all-statistics-andgraphs/
(3) Appendix A. Counting Populations. (n.d.). Retrieved January 8, 2016, from
http://bio150.chass.utoronto.ca/sampling/book/sampling.html