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1. A Prescon cable, 18.00 m long is to be tensioned from one end to an initial prestressed
of 1040 MPa immediately after transfer. Assume that there is no slack in the cable, that
the shrinkage of concrete is 0.0002 at the time of transfer, and that the average
compression in concrete is 5.50 MPa along the length of tendon. E c = 26.2 GPa; Es = 200
GPa. Compute the length of shims required, neglecting any elastic shortening of the
shims and any friction along the tendon. Ans: 100.98mm
Fig. 1
length of shims
elongation of steel
shortening of concrete
18.00 m
Solution:
Elastic elongation of steel:
f L 1040(18 x10 3 )
s s
93.6mm
Es
200 x10 3
Shortening of concrete due to shrinkage:
shrinkage
elastic
f c L 5.5(18 x10 3 )
3.78mm
Ec
26.2 x10 3
elastic
shrinkage
elastic
200
Qi
300
Qi
G. P. Ancog
Solution:
Exact Method
fc
Qo
516 x1040
8.575MPa
Ac n 1 As 200 x300 6 1 516
nf c (6)8.575 51.45MPa
Stress in steel after transfer
f s f so nf c 1040 51.45 988.55MPa
Approximate Method
The loss of prestress in steel due to elastic shortening of concrete is approximated
by:
Q
516 x1040
f s n o ( 6)
53.664 MPa
Ag
200 x300
Stress in steel after loss
f s f so nf c 1040 53.664 986.335MPa
Stress in concrete is:
fc
8.482 MPa
Ag
Ag
(200 x300)
Approximations introduced:
1. using gross area instead of net area
2. using initial stress in steel instead of the reduced stress
3. A pretensioned member has a section 200mmx300mm. It is eccentrically prestressed
with 516mm2 of high tensile steel wire which is anchored to the bulkheads at a unit
stress of 1040 MPa. The c.g.s. is 100mm above the bottom fiber. Assuming n = 6,
compute the stresses in the concrete immediately after transfer. Ans: fT = 0.00 MPa; fB =
+16.918 MPa
200
Fig. 3
300
initial cgc
cgc
cT
final cgc
ys
cB
cgs
100
Beam Section
Transformed section
G. P. Ancog
Solution
Exact Method
( n 1) As (6 1)(516) 2580mm 2
Ag 200 x300 60000mm 2
e (300 / 2) 100 50mm
Summing up moment at initial cgc:
AT y o A1 y1 A2 y 2
yo
2.06 mm
AT
60000 2580
c B (300 / 2 y o ) 147.94 mm
cT (300 / 2 y o ) 152.06 mm
e c B 100 47.94 mm
Compute transformed section moment of inertia:
1
I T bh 3 Ag ( y o ) 2 ( n 1) As y s
12
200 x300 3
AT
IT
60000 2580
4.562 x108
8.575 0.056393 y
Top fiber stress:
f T 8.575 0.056393(152.06) 0.00 MPa
Bottom fiber stress:
f B 8.575 0.056393(147.94) 16.918 MPa
Approximate Method
Loss of prestress:
nQi 6(516 x1040)
f sL
53.664 MPa
Ag
60000
Net prestress:
f sn f si f sL 1040 53.664 986.336 MPa
G. P. Ancog
Qnet Qnet ey
Ag
Ic
60000
200(300) 3
12
8.48248 0.0565498 y
Top fiber stress:
f T 8.48248 0.0565498(150) 0.00 MPa
Bottom fiber stress:
f B 8.48248 0.0565498(150) 16.964 MPa
Approximation introduce:
1. using approximate values of reduced prestressed
2. using the gross area of concrete
4. A post-tensioned beam has a mid span cross-section with a duct of 50mm x 75mm to
house the wires. It is pretensioned with 516mm2 of steel to an initial stress of 1040
MPa. Immediately after transfer, the stress is reduced by 5% owing to anchorage loss and
elastic shortening of concrete. Compute the stresses in the concrete at transfer. Ans: fT
= 4.829 MPa, fB = +23.913 MPa
200
300
Fig. 4
yo
50x75
cgs
cgs
75
75
Beam Section
Solution
Method 1: Using net section of concrete
G. P. Ancog
yo
5.00 mm
Anet
56250
y s 75 y o 75 5 80 mm
cT 150 y o 150 5 145 mm
c B 150 y o 150 5 155 mm
60000(5) 2
3750(80) 2 4.527 x10 8 mm 4
12
12
Total prestress in steel:
Q ( As f s ) 95%(516 x1040) x10 3 509.808 kN
Fiber stresses:
Q (Qe ) y 509.808 x10 3 509.808 x10 3 (80)
f
y
Ac
I
56250
4.257 x10 8
9.063 0.095806 y
Top fiber stress:
f T 9.063 0.095806(145) 4.828 MPa
Bottom fiber stress:
f B 9.063 0.095806(155) 23.913 MPa
Method 2: Using gross section of concrete
Q Qec 509.808 x10 3 509.808 x10 3 (75)(150)
f
1
Ag
I
200 x300
(200 x300 3 )
12
8.4968 12.7452
Top fiber stress:
f T 4.2484 MPa
Bottom fiber stress:
f B 21.242 MPa
G. P. Ancog
If eccentricity does not occur along one of the principal axes of the section, it is
necessary to further resolved the moment into two components along the two principal
axes.
Q Qe y Qe y x
f x
A
Ix
Iy
Fig. 5
4.50m
45kN
3.00m
4.50m
300
600
175
Solution
To be theoretically exact, net concrete section should be used up to the time of
grouting, after which the transformed section should be considered.
Section Properties:
Ag bh 300 x 600 180000 mm 2
Ig
1 3 1
bh (300 x600 3 ) 5.4 x10 9 mm 4
12
12
Initial condition
wL2 4.4 x12 2
M
79.2 kN m
8
8
6
G. P. Ancog
Ag
Ig
Ig
180000
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
M L Pa 45(4.5) 202.5 kN m
wL2 4.4(12 2 )
79.2 kN m
8
8
Q Qey M T y
Ag
Ig
Ig
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
7.389 9.236 15.65
G. P. Ancog
Note:
For pre-tensioned beam, steel is always bonded to the concrete before any external
moment is applied. Values of A, y and I should be computed on the basis of transformed
section. For approximation, gross area of concrete can be used in calculation.
For post-tensioned and bonded beams, for any load applied after the bonding has
taken place, transformed section should be used.
For post-tensioned unbonded beams, the net concrete section is the proper one for
all stress calculation.
45 kN
4.50 m
1.50 m
13.8202 MPa
C = T, M = C = T
C
T
0.976 MPa
M M 281.7 x10 6
211.8 mm
C
T
1330 x10 3
e 211.8 125 86.8 mm
Stresses:
G. P. Ancog
C Cy
A
I
1330 x10 3 1330 x10 3 (86.8)(300)
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
7.389 6.413
f
My
E Ec I
My
dx
Ec I
ave
1 My
dx
L Ec I
Fig. 6
600
300
6. A post-tensioned simple beam on a span of 12 m carries a superimposed
load of 11.00
kN/m in addition to its own weight of 4.40 kN/m. The initial prestress in the steel is 950
MPa, reducing to 830 MPa after deducting all loses and assuming no bending of the
175
beam. The parabolic cable has an area of 1612.9mm2, n = 6. Compute the stresses in
Mid span section
the steel at mid-span assuming:
12.00 m
Section properties:
a) the steel is bonded by grouting
A = bh = 300x600 = 180000.00 mm2
b) the steel is unbonded and entirely free to slip. I = bh3/12 = 300(600)3/12 = 5.4x109 mm4
c = h/2 = 600/2 = 300 mm
Ans: Bonded condition: fs = 845.258
MPa, Unbonded condition:
fs = 838.137 MPa
Mo
x
Parabolic moment diagram
x
y
yo
Parabolic y diagram
G. P. Ancog
Solution 1:
Moment at mid-span:
Mo
wL2 15.4(12) 2
277.2kN m
8
8
10
G. P. Ancog
fc
2.543 MPa
I
5.4 x10 9
M M o 1
L 2
fs
y y o 1
L 2
n
fs
LI
L 2
L 2
M o y o 1
2
x
dx
L 2
nM o y o
2 x3
x5
LI
3 L 2 2 5 L 2 2
L/2
L 2
8 nM o y o
8
15.258 8.137 MPa
15
I
15
11
G. P. Ancog
c = 0.0034
a/2
a = 1c
c
d
z
T
A f '
C
s s
.85 f c ' b .85 f c ' b
z d a 2
M As f s ' d a 2
Solution
T
1546.875 x10 3
176.34 mm
.85 f c ' b .85(34.4)(300)
Ultimate moment
M u As f su d a 2
G. P. Ancog
Fig. 7
6.00m
300
600
175
Solution
Section properties:
wL2
4 .4 ( 6 ) 2
79.2 kN m
2
2
A
I
I
3
1560 x10 1560 x10 3 (125)300 79.2 x10 6 (300)
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
8.667
10.833
4.4
f T 8.667 10.833 4.4 6.566 MPa
f
G. P. Ancog
e = 50.77
Q
C
372.69
124.23
M 79.2 x10 6
50.77 mm
Q 1560 x10 3
1
f c by
2
2T 2(1560 x10 3 )
fc
27.905 MPa
by 300(372.69)
T C
14
G. P. Ancog
101.538 mm
Q
1560 x10 3
From bottom : 175 101.54 73.46 mm
Assu min g a triangular stress block :
y 3(73.46) 220.38 mm
2T 2(1560 x10 3 )
47.19 MPa
by 300(220.38)
Assu min g a rec tan gular stress block :
y 2(73.46) 146.92 mm
T C f c by
fc
fc
T
1560 x10 3
35.39 MPa
by 300(146.92)
9. Determine the total dead and live uniform load moment that can be carried by the
beam with a simple span of 12m:1. for zero tensile stress in the bottom fibers. 2. for
cracking in the bottom fibers at a modulus of rupture of 4.13 MPa and assuming
concrete to take up tension up to that value. Ans: Case 1: wT = 16.21 kN/m; Case 2: w T
= 20.34
13.853
18.534
4.13
Fig. 8 kN/m 300
C = 1296.8 kN
225
600
kt = 100
125
Beam Section
T = 1296.8 kN
0
291.78 kN-m
4.13
74.34 kN-m
4.13
366.12 kN-m
Solution
Section properties:
A bh 300(600) 180 x10 3 mm 2
1
1
I bh 3 (300)(600) 3 5.4 x10 9 mm 4
12
12
h 600
c
300 mm
2
2
15
G. P. Ancog
Prestress Q:
Q As f s 1562.5(830) x10 3 1296.8 kN
0
A
I
I
1296.8 x10 3 1296.8 x10 3 (125)(300) Mx10 6 (300)
0
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
M 291.78 kN m
fB
8M 8(291.78)
16.21 kN / m
L2
12 2
Q Qey My
A
I
I
3
1296.8 x10 1296.8 x10 3 (125)(300) 281.78 x10 6 (300)
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
13.853 MPa
fT
x10 6 74.34 kN m
c
300
8M 8(366.12)
20.34 kM / m
L2
12 2
10. A concrete beam of 10m simple span is post-tensioned with a 750mm 2 of high tensile
steel to an initial prestress of 965 MPa immediately after prestressing. Compute the
initial deflection at the mid-span due to prestress and the beams own weight assuming
Ec = 27.5 GPa. Estimate the deflection after 3 mos. Assuming creep coefficient of c c =
16
G. P. Ancog
1.8 and an effective prestress of 830 MPa at that time. If the beam carry a 45 kN
concentrated load applied at mid-span when the beam is 3 mos. old after prestressing,
what is the deflection at mis-span? Ans: After 3 mos. = 0.5579mm upward; When 45 kN
is added after 3 mos. = 14.407 mm downward.
P
Fig. 9
parabola
300
450
200
100
10.00 m
Q = 965(750)x10-3 = 723.75 kN
Moment due
to prestress
723.75x25
723.75x150
wL2/8
Moment due
to beam weight
Moment due
to load P
PL/4
Solution
Section properties:
17
G. P. Ancog
wP L2
8
8Qh 8(723.75)(150) x10 3
wP 2
8.685 kN / m
L
10 2
Qh
5(w) L4
5(5.515)(10 4 ) x1012
11.462 mm
384 EI
384(27.5 x10 3 )( 2.278 x10 9 )
3.61 mm
8 EI 8(27.5 x10 3 )( 2.278 x10 9 )
Initial deflection due to pretsress and beam weight:
14.44 mm
3
9
384 EI
8 EI
384
8
( 27.5 x10 )( 2.278 x10 )
18
G. P. Ancog
DL
5wDL L4
5(3.17)(10 4 ) x1012
6.59 mm
384 EI
384(27.5 x10 3 )( 2.278 x10 9 )
fs
830
DL cc 14.44
6.59(1.8) 0.5579 mm, upward
965
f so
f P
LL
PL3
45(10 3 ) x1012
11.A double cantilever beam is to be designed so that its prestress will exactly balance the
total uniform load of 23.5 kN/m on the beam. Design the beam using the least amount
of prestressed assuming that the cgs must have a concrete protection of 75 mm. If a
concentrated load P = 65 kN is applied at the mid-span, compute the maximum top and
bottom fiber stresses. Ans: F = 1410 kN; fT = 14.934 MPa, fB = -2.40 MPa
19
G. P. Ancog
Fig. 10
65 kN
w = 23.5 kN/m
300
750
15.00 m
6.00 m
6.00 m
Solution
Section properties:
6.00 m
15.00 m
750
6.00 m
wL2
wL2
23.5(6 2 )
;Q
1410 kN
2
2e
2(300 x10 3 )
20
G. P. Ancog
In order to balance the load at the mid-span, using the same prestress Q, the sag of
the parabola must be:
wL2
wL2 23.5(15 2 )
Qh
;h
x10 3 468.75 mm
8
8Q
8(1410)
The result will be a concordant cable and under the action of the uniform load and
prestress, the beam will have no deflection any where and will only have a uniform
compressive stress.
Q 1410 x10 3
fc
6.267 MPa
A 225 x10 3
30
30
200
PL 65(15)
243.75 kN m
4
4
8.667 MPa
I
1.0546875 x1010
Q Mc
fT
6.267 8.667 14.934 MPa
A
I
Q Mc
fB
6.267 8.667 2.4 MPa
A
I
f
100
200
(n-1)As = (7-1)(62.5)
= 375 mm2
100
200
21
100
open
Transformed Section
G. P. Ancog
Solution
Transformed section:
1
200 4 100 4 4(n 1) As (70 2 ) 1.3235 x10 8 mm 4
12
Initial prestressing force, Qi before transfer:
IT
Qi 257.5 x10 3
8.175 MPa
AT
31.5 x10 3
f s nf c 7(8.175) 57.225 MPa
fc
compression
22
G. P. Ancog
f I 7.305(1.323x10 8 )
MTc
;MT t
x10 6 9.665 kN m
I
c
100
compression
15.48 MPa
7.305 MPa
-2.93 MPa
8.175 MPa
-11.105 MPa
concrete stress at
the level of steel
70
7.305 972.775 35.7945.1135
100
f sn f so nf cs 972.775 7
Top steel:
f snT 972.775 35.7945 936.98 MPa
Bottom steel:
f snB 972.775 35.7945 1008.5695 MPa
23
G. P. Ancog
compression
f I 9.2(1.323 x10 8 )
MTc
;MT t
x10 6 12.17 kN m
I
c
100
6.27 MPa
15.48 MPa
-2.93 MPa
9.21 MPa
6.27 MPa
-9.20 MPa
24
G. P. Ancog