Self and Mutual Inductances for

Synchronous Machine with

Round Rotor
Double Layer Lap Winding
on Stator

Cross Section Diagram

b axis

qd

q axis

d axis
qd qa qm

qm

qa
a axis

c axis

Stator Winding
Fractional Pitch
3g m
2

(exaggerated end turns)

gm
2

qa
a axis

rm g
m
qa
a axis

q=4

q=2

q coils per group

P
gm
2

Self and Mutual Inductances (1)

ib (t)

qd

qd qa qm

d axis
ia (t)

qm

qa
a axis

ic (t)

Self and Mutual Inductances (2)

Linear Model
Balanced Winding

q me

P
qm
2

Laa Lbb Lcc Lls LA

Lab Lbc Lca M s
L f Llf Lmf
Laf Lsf cos(q me )
2
Lbf Lsf cos(q me
)
3
2
Lcf Lsf cos(q me
)
3

Lls is leakage inductance of armature phase A winding which is about

10% of the maximum self inductance.

Llf

is leakage inductance of field winding.

Flux Linkage (1)

a Laaia Labib Lacic Laf i f
Laaia M s (ib ic ) Laf i f

b Lbaia Lbbib Lbcic Lbf i f

Laaib M s (ia ic ) Lbf i f

At steady state, i f is DC.

c Lcaia Lcbib Lccic Lcf i f

Laaic M s (ia ib ) Lcf i f

f L f i f Laf ia Lbf ib Lcf ic

2
2
L f i f Lsf [ia cos q me ib cos(q me ) ic cos(q me
)]
3
3

Flux Linkage (2)

a

b
c

f L
sf

Laa
Ms
Ms
cos q me

Lsf cos q me
2 ia
Laa
Ms
Lsf cos(q me )
3 ib
2
Ms
Laa
Lsf cos(q me ) ic
3
i f
2
2
Lsf cos(q me ) Lsf cos(q me )
Lf

3
3

Ms

Ms

Flux Linkage (3)

Y connected without neutral return or balanced D connected :

a ( Laa M s )ia Laf i f

Ls ia Lsf i f cos(q me )

b ( Laa M s )ib Lbf i f

2
Ls ib Lsf i f cos(q me
)
3
c ( Laa M s )ic Lcf i f
2
)
3
f L f i f Lsf [ia cos q me
Ls ic Lsf i f cos(q me

2
2
ib cos(q me
) ic cos(q me
)]
3
3
L s Laa M s Lls LA M s

ia ib ic 0

Flux Linkage (4)

When

ia ib ic 0

a

b
c

f L
sf

Ls
0
0
cos q me

Lsf cos q me
2 ia
Ls
0
Lsf cos(q me )
3 ib
2
0
Ls
Lsf cos(q me ) ic
3
i f
2
2
Lsf cos(q me ) Lsf cos(q me )
Lf

3
3

Flux Linkage in Phase A Winding

There are a total of P groups. These groups may be connected in series, or parallel,
or partly series and partly parallel.

P PsC

Assume:

Then:
Note:

a Ps group Ps qNc kw pk cos

N a Ps qNc
C
N a N a k w

a N a pk cos

number of series turns per phase per circuit

number of parallel circuits

effective number of series turns per phase

per circuit on armature winding
P
B B pk cos( q a )
2
2 B pk Dl
pk N a pk
pk
P

Self Inductance of Stator Winding

If we apply current in
harmonic is:
4 0
Ba
g eff

Phase A winding, then the magnetic field for fundamental

N a
P
equation is true no matter how those P groups

ia cos q a This
of
windings
are connected. Note ia is phase A terminal current.
P
2

Na is effective number of turns connected in series per phase.

Now, we can calculate flux in Phase A winding from its own current.

Following the formula derived in Notes Flux Linkage in Phase Winding

a N a a, pk cos(0) N a a, pk
where

a , pk

2 Dl 4 0 N a

a N a
P g eff P

2 Ba , pk Dl
P

Ba , pk

4 0 N a
ia

g eff P
2

80 Dl N a
ia

ia

g eff P

a 80 Dl N a
LA

ia
g eff P

Laa Lbb Lcc Lls LA

Mutual Inductance between

Stator Windings
If we apply current in Phase B winding, then the magnetic field is:

4 0
Bb
g eff

N a

P
2
ib cos q a

3
2

Now, we can calculate flux linkage in Phase A winding from Phase B current.

where

a |from Phase B winding N a b, pk cos( )

3
2 Bb, pk Dl B 4 0 N a i
b , pk
b, pk
P b

g
eff

P
2

40 Dl N a
1 2 Dl 4 0 N a

ib

ib
a
Na

2
P g eff P
g eff P
2

a 40 Dl N a
LA
Ms

ib
g eff P
2

Mutual Inductance between Stator and

Rotor Field Winding
If we apply current in rotor field winding, then when rotor is moving,
the magnetic field in airgap from rotor field winding is: q q q

40 N f
Bf
g eff P

i f cos( P q d ) Define: N k N
f
wf
f

Now, we can calculate flux in Phase A winding from field current.

a |from field winding N a f , pk cos q me

q me

Effective number
of turns on field
winding.

q me

N f

i f
B f , pk
where
f , pk
P
P

N f
N a N f

2
Dl
4
Dl
0
0

i f

cos q mei f
a N a cos q me
2
P g eff P
g eff P
a 80 Dl N a N f
Laf

cos q me Lsf cos q me

2

if
g eff P
2 B f , pk Dl

where

40

g eff

80 Dl N a N f
Lsf
g eff P 2

P
qm
2

Self Inductance of Rotor Field Winding

For the magnetic field from rotor field winding is:

40
Bf
g eff

N f

i f cos( P q d )

Now, we can calculate flux in field winding by integrating on q d .

f N f f , pk

where

N f

i f
f , pk
P

N
N

2
Dl
4
Dl
f
0
0
i f
f
f k f N f
P g eff P
g eff P
2

f 80 Dl N f
Lmf

if
g eff P
40
2 B f , pk Dl B

f , pk

g eff
P

L f Llf Lmf

if

Steady State Analysis of

Round Rotor Machine

Terminal Voltage for Round Rotor Motor

va Rs
v 0
b
vc 0

v f 0
When

a

b
c

f L
sf

0
Rs
0
0

0
0
Rs
0

0 ia
a
0 ib d b

0 ic dt c


R f i f
f

ia ib ic 0
Ls
0
0
cos q me

Lsf cos q me
2 ia
Ls
0
Lsf cos(q me )
3 ib
2
0
Ls
Lsf cos(q me ) ic
3
i f
2
2
Lsf cos(q me ) Lsf cos(q me )
Lf

3
3

Round Rotor Motor at Steady State

va Rsia

d a
dt

a Lsia Lsf cos q mei f

dq me
e q me et r
At steady state
dt
di
va Rsia Ls a Lsf I f e sin et r
dt

j r

dia
2 je t

Rsia Ls
Re Lsf I f e e
e

dt

je t
je t
2

Re
V
e
ia Re I Ae
Let
E A Lsf I f e e
a

V Rs I A jX s I A E A

X s e Ls

80 Dl N a N f
Lsf
g eff P 2

Round Rotor Generator at Steady State

Motor

Generator

V Rs I A jX s I A E A

V Rs I A jX s I A E A

d a
dt
a Ls (ia ) Lsf cosqmei f

va Rsia

j r

dia
2 je t

va Rsia Ls
Re Lsf I f e e
e

dt

EA
va Re V e jet
ia Re I Ae jet
80 Dl N a N f
Lsf
g eff P 2

Open Circuit Voltage (1)

Assume the armature windings are open circuit, the magnetic field in the air gap
comes from the field winding only.
P
P
Bg |from field winding B f , pk cos(et q a r ) B f , pk cos( q a et r )
2
2
2 B f , pk Dl

)
f , pk
From Notes Flux Linkage in Phase Winding
e
r
P

a |from field winding N a f , pk cos N a f , pk coset r

E A (t )

d a |from field winding

dt

At steady state, we have

d f , pk

N a f , pk e sin(et r ) N a cos(et r )
dt

d f , pk
dt

E A (t ) N a f , pke sin(et r )

N a f , pke cos(et r )
2

Phasor of EA(t) is:

EA e N a f , pk e

j ( r )
2

Open Circuit Voltage (2)

E A e Lsf I f e
8 Dl
Lsf 0
g eff

j (r )
2

N a N f

2
P

EA e N a f , pk e

f , pk

4 0
Br
g eff

2 Br , pk Dl

N f

P
I
cos(
q a q me )
f
2

We can find out that they are the same.

E A, rms

f , pk N a f , pk

N a N f
j (r )
j ( r )
2
2
I
e

e f , pk
2
f
P

Dl N a N f
1
8 2 f e 0
e f , pk

I f
2
g eff P
2

80 Dl
E A e
g eff

j ( r )
2

Volt-Second Balance
E A,rms 2 f e N a f , pk 4.44 f e N a f , pk

f , pk

E A,rms
or:
2 N a f , pk 4.44 N a f , pk
fe

Example: if a 60Hz generator is to be operated at 50 Hz, then the

operating voltage must be derated to 50/60 of its original value.

Induced Phase Voltage

For the net magnetic field, at steady state:
P
Bnet B pk cos(et q a net )
2

a ,net N a pk cos et net

pk

2 B pk Dl
P

The steady state phase voltage in armature phase A winding is:

V (t )

da

N a pke sin(et net ) N a pke cos(et net )

dt
2

j ( net )
2

V e N a pk e
Phasor

The rms phase voltage is

V ,rms 2 f e N a pk 4.44 f e N a pk

pk

Y Connection (Generator)

D Connection (Generator)

Example 1
For a 3 phase, 4 pole, 24 slot, 5/6 pitch machine with double layer lap
winding, the peak magnetic filed intensity in the airgap is 0.45 T. There
is one slot skew. The machine shaft speed is 8000 rpm. The stator
inner diameter is 0.5 m. The machine length is 0.3 m. There are 10
turns per coil. All the turns are connected in series. The three phase
coils are Y connected.
(1)What is the rms phase voltage of the machine?
(2)What is the rms terminal voltage of the machine?

V ,rms 2 f e N a pk 4.44 f e N a pk
pk

pk

2 B pk Dl
P
P4

N a N a k w
N a PqN c
q

S
mP

ACmachine1.m

Example 2
For a simple 2 pole, 3 phase, Y connected machine (single layer
winding) shown in the figure, the peak magnetic field intensity in the
airgap is 0.2T. There is no skew. The machine shaft speed is 3600 rpm.
The stator inner diameter is 0.5 m. The machine length is 0.3 m. There
are 15 turns in the coil.
(1)What is the rms phase voltage of the machine?
(2)What is the rms terminal voltage of the machine?

V ,rms 2 f e N a pk 4.44 f e N a pk
pk

pk

2 B pk Dl
P
P2

For this example:

N a N c

(Note: This is single layer winding.)

ACmachine2.m

Voltage and Speed Regulation

Voltage regulation:
VR

Vnl V fl
V fl

100%

Speed regulation:
SR

Or:

nnl n fl
n fl

100%

nl fl
SR
100%
fl

AC Machine Efficiency
Pout

100%
Pin
Pout Pin Ploss

AC Machine Loss Mechanism

1.
2.
3.
4.

Electrical or copper losses (I2R losses)

Core losses
Mechanical losses
Stray or miscellaneous losses

Electrical or Copper Loss

Stator Copper Loss (SCL):

PSCL 3I A2 Rs
Rotor Copper Loss (RCL):

PRCL I F2 RF

Core, Mechanical and Stray Losses

AC Generator Power Flow

power converted from mechanical to electrical

Pconv Temm

AC Motor Power Flow

power converted from electrical to mechanical

Pconv Temm