Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
August 1996
ARTICLE INDEX
REGULATORSSWITCHING (BUCK)
High Power (>4A)
Big Power for Big Processors: The LTC1430 Synchronous Regulator ............................................................. 4
Applications for the LTC1266 Switching Regulator ............................................................................................ 5
A High Efficiency 5V to 3.3V/5A Converter ......................................................................................................... 7
High Current, Synchronous Step-Down Switching Regulator ............................................................................ 8
Medium Power (1A to 4A)
1MHz Step-Down Converter Ends 455kHz IF Woes ......................................................................................... 10
High Output Voltage Buck Regulator ................................................................................................................ 11
The LTC1267 Dual Switching Regulator Controller Operates from High Input Voltages................................... 12
High Efficiency 5V to 3.3V/1.25A Converter in 0.6 Square Inches .................................................................... 13
LT 1074/LT1076 Adjustable 0V to 5V Power Supply ....................................................................................... 14
Triple Output 3.3V, 5V and 12V High Efficiency Notebook Power Supply ........................................................ 15
The New SO-8 LTC1147 Switching Regulator Controller Offers High Efficiency in a Small Footprint ............... 17
The LT1432: 5V Regulator Achieves 90% Efficiency ........................................................................................ 20
Low Power (<1A)
Applications for the LTC1265 High Efficiency Monolithic Buck Converter ........................................................ 22
REGULATORSSWITCHING (BOOST)
Medium Power (1A to 4A)
High Output Current Boost Regulator............................................................................................................... 24
Low Power (<1A)
Applications for the LT1372 500kHz Switching Regulator ............................................................................... 25
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.
AN66-1
Application Note 66
REGULATORSSWITCHING (BUCK/BOOST)
5V Converter Uses Off-the-Shelf Surface Mount Coil..................................................................................... 27
Switching Regulator Provides Constant 5V Output from 3.5V to 40V Input Without a Transformer ................ 28
Switching Regulator Provides 15V Output from an 8V to 40V Input Without a Transformer ......................... 29
REGULATORSSWITCHING (INVERTING)
High Efficiency 12V to 12V Converter ............................................................................................................ 32
Regulated Charge Pump Power Supply ............................................................................................................ 34
Applications for the LTC1265 High Efficiency Monolithic Buck Converter ........................................................ 22
LTC1174: A High Efficiency Buck Converter ..................................................................................................... 35
REGULATORSSWITCHING (FLYBACK)
Applications for the LT1372 500kHz Switching Regulator ............................................................................... 25
REGULATORSSWITCHING (POWER FACTOR CORRECTED)
The New LT1508/LT1509 Combines Power Factor Correction and a PWM in a Single Package ...................... 37
REGULATORSSWITCHING (DISCUSSION)
Adding Features to the Boost Topology............................................................................................................ 39
Sensing Negative Outputs ................................................................................................................................ 40
REGULATORSSWITCHING (MICROPOWER)
3-Cell to 3.3V Buck/Boost Converter ................................................................................................................ 41
LT1111 Isolated 5V Switching Power Supply ................................................................................................... 41
Low Noise Portable Communications DC/DC Converter ................................................................................... 43
Applications for the LT1302 Micropower DC/DC Converter ............................................................................. 44
Clock-Synchronized Switching Regulator Has Coherent Noise ........................................................................ 49
Battery-Powered Circuits Using the LT1300 and LT1301 ................................................................................. 51
LTC1174: A High Efficiency Buck Converter ..................................................................................................... 35
Battery-Powered Circuits Using the LT1304 Micropower DC/DC Converter with Low-Battery Detector ........... 54
Automatic Load Sensing Saves Power in High Voltage Converter .................................................................... 57
REGULATORSSWITCHING (MICROPOWER)
Backlight
High Efficiency EL Driver Circuit....................................................................................................................... 58
A Low Power, Low Voltage CCFL Power Supply .............................................................................................. 60
All Surface Mount EL Panel Driver Operates from 1.8V to 8V Input ................................................................. 61
A Dual Output LCD Bias Voltage Generator ...................................................................................................... 62
LCD Bias Supply............................................................................................................................................... 63
REGULATORSSWITCHING (MICROPOWER)
Switched Capacitor
Regulated Charge Pump Power Supply ............................................................................................................ 34
REGULATORSSWITCHING (MICROPOWER)
VPP Generator
LTC1262 Generates 12V for Programming Flash Memories Without Inductors ............................................... 64
Flash Memory VPP Generator Shuts Down with 0V Output ............................................................................. 64
AN66-2
Application Note 66
REGULATORSLINEAR
Low Noise Wireless Communications Power Supply ....................................................................................... 65
An LT1123 Ultralow Dropout 5V Regulator ...................................................................................................... 66
REGULATORSLINEAR
Microprocessor Power
LT1580 Low Dropout Regulator Uses New Approach to Achieve High Performance ....................................... 67
LT1585: New Linear Regulator Solves Load Transients ................................................................................... 68
BATTERY CHARGERS
Charging NiMH/NiCd or Li-Ion with the LT1510 ............................................................................................... 70
Lithium-Ion Battery Charger ............................................................................................................................. 71
Simple Battery Charger Runs at 1MHz ............................................................................................................. 73
A Perfectly Temperature Compensated Battery Charger ................................................................................... 74
A Simple 300mA NiCd Battery Charger ............................................................................................................ 75
High Efficiency (>90%) NiCd Battery Charger Circuit Programmable for 1.3A Fast Charge
or 100mA Trickle Charge.................................................................................................................................. 76
POWER MANAGEMENT
LT1366 Rail-to-Rail Amplifier Controls Topside Current .................................................................................. 78
An Isolated High Side Driver ............................................................................................................................ 79
LTC1163: 2-Cell Power Management ............................................................................................................... 80
LTC1157 Switch for 3.3V PC Card Power ........................................................................................................ 81
The LTC1157 Dual 3.3V Micropower MOSFET Driver ...................................................................................... 82
The LTC1155 Does Laptop Computer Power Bus Switching, SCSI Termination Power or
5V/3A Extremely Low Dropout Regulator ......................................................................................................... 82
A Circuit That Smoothly Switches Between 3.3V and 5V.................................................................................. 84
A Fully Isolated Quad 4A High Side Switch ...................................................................................................... 85
The LTC1153 Electronic Circuit Breaker ........................................................................................................... 86
LTC1477: 0.07 Protected High Side Switch Eliminates Hot Swap Glitching ............................................... 87
MISCELLANEOUS
Protected Bias for GaAs Power Amplifiers ....................................................................................................... 88
LT1158 H-Bridge Uses Ground Referenced Current Sensing for System Protection........................................ 89
LT1158 Allows Easy 10A Locked Antiphase Motor Control .............................................................................. 91
All Surface Mount Programmable 0V, 3.3V, 5V and 12V VPP Generator for PCMCIA ...................................... 92
A Tachless Motor Speed Controller .................................................................................................................. 93
LT1161...And Back and Stop and Forward and RestAll with No Worries at All ............................................ 95
Simple Thermal AnalysisA Real Cool Subject for LTC Regulators ............................................................... 98
ALPHABETIC INDEX
By Major Categories ....................................................................................................................................... 101
AN66-3
Application Note 66
RegulatorsSwitching (Buck)
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
VCC = 5V
TA = 25C
VOUT = 3.3V
80
70
60
50
40
0.1
1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
10
AN66 F02
VIN
4.5V TO 5.5V
R1
16k
C1
0.1F
C2 +
10F
SGND
D1
1N4148
R2
100
SVCC
PVCC2
IMAX
PVCC1
G1
M1B
MTD20N03HL
C3
0.1F
M1A
MTD20N03HL
R3
1k
LTC1430
L1
2.5H/15A
VOUT
3.3V
IFB
NC
FREQ
G2
SHUTDOWN
SHDN
+SENSE
COMP
CC*
3300pF
SS
100pF*
RC*
33k
CSS
0.01F
SGND
SGND
VTRIM
M2
MTD20N03HL
NC
SENSE
PGND
COUT
330F
6.3V
6
AN66 F01
PGND
AND SGND
CONNECTED AT
A SINGLE POINT
PGND
AN66-4
CIN
220F
10V
4
Application Note 66
The 12A current limit is set by the 16k resistor R1 from
PVCC to IMAX and the 0.035 ON resistance of the
MTD20N03HL MOSFETs (M1A, M1B).
The 0.1F capacitor in parallel with R1 improves power
supply rejection at IMAX, providing consistent current limit
performance when voltage spikes are present at PVCC.
Soft start time is set by CSS; the 0.01F value shown reacts
with an internal 10A pull-up to provide a 3ms start-up
time. The 2.5H, 15A inductor is sized to allow the peak
current to rise to the full current limit value without
saturating. This allows the circuit to withstand extended
output short circuits without saturating the inductor core.
The inductor value is chosen as a compromise between
peak ripple current and output current slew rate, which
affects large-signal transient response. If the output load
is expected to generate large output current transients (as
large microprocessors tend to do), the inductor value will
need to be quite low, in the 1H to 10H range.
Loop compensation is critical for obtaining optimum
transient response with a voltage feedback system like
the LTC1430; the compensation components shown
here give good response when used with the output
capacitor values and brands shown (Figure 3). The ESR
of the output capacitor has a significant effect on the
transient response of the system. For best results use the
APPLICATIONS FOR
THE LTC1266 SWITCHING REGULATOR
by Greg Dittmer
Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the three basic circuit configurations for the LTC1266. The all N-channel circuit shown in
Figure 4 is a 3.3V/5A surface mount converter with the
internal MOSFET drivers powered from a separate supply,
PWR VIN. The VGS(ON) of the Si9410 N-channel MOSFETs
is 4.5V; thus the minimum allowable voltage for PWR VIN
is VIN(MAX) + 4.5V. At the other end, PWR VIN should be
kept under the maximum safe level of 18V, limiting VIN to
18V 4.5V = 13.5V. The current sense resistor value is
chosen to set the maximum current to 5A according to the
formula IOUT = 100mV/RSENSE. With VIN = 5V, the 5H
inductor and 130pF timing capacitor provide an operating
frequency of 175kHz and a ripple current of 1.25A.
20mV/DIV
5A/DIV
AN66 F03
Figure 5 shows an LTC1266 in the charge pump configuration designed to provide a 3.3V/10A output from a single
supply. The Si4410s are new logic level, surface mount,
N-channel MOSFETs from Siliconix that provide a mere
0.02 of on-resistance at VGS = 4.5V and thus provide a
10A solution with minimal components. The efficiency
plot shows that the converter is still close to 90% efficient
at 10A. Because the charge pump configuration is used,
the maximum allowable VIN is 18V/2 = 9V. Due to the high
AC currents in this circuit we recommend low ESR
OS-CON or AVX input/output capacitors to maintain efficiency and stability.
Figure 6 shows the conventional P-channel topside switch
circuit configuration for implementing a 3.3V/3A regulator. The P-channel configuration allows the widest possible supply range of the three basic circuit configurations,
AN66-5
Application Note 66
3.5V to 18V, and provides extremely low dropout, exceeding that of most linear regulators. The low dropout results
from the LTC1266s ability to achieve a 100% duty cycle
when in P-channel mode. In N-channel mode the duty
cycle is limited to less than 100% to ensure proper startup and thus the dropout voltage for the all N-channel
converters is slightly higher.
Si9410DY
VIN
3.5V TO 14V
CIN
100F
20V
OSCON
2
D1
MBRS140T3
100
VIN = 5V
2
3
4
BINH
5
6
7
CT
130pF
CC
3300pF
TDRIVE
BDRIVE
Si9410DY
15
PWR VIN
PGND
LTC1266-3.3
14
LBOUT
PINV
BINH
LBIN
VIN
SGND
CT
SHDN
NC
ITH
L
5H
13
12
11
80
0.01
SHDN
10
9
SENSE +
SENSE
RC
470
90
85
0.1F
PWR VIN
(SEE TEXT)
16
EFFICIENCY (%)
95
1
RSENSE
0.02
1000pF
COUT
330F
10V
2
0.1
1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
5
AN66 F04b
VOUT
3.3V/5A
AN66 F04a
Si4410DY
D1
MBRS340T3
4V TO 9V
CIN
100F
10V
OS-CON
3
0.1F
BINH
13
7
CC
3300pF 8
Si4410DY
95
15
PWR VIN
PGND
LTC1266-3.3
14
LBOUT
PINV
RC
470
16
CT
220pF
BDRIVE
BINH
LBIN
VIN
SGND
CT
SHDN
ITH
SENSE
NC
L
5H
12
11
SHDN
9
SENSE +
RSENSE
0.01
COUT
330F
10V
3
VOUT
3.3V
10A
AN66-6
90
85
10
1000pF
VIN = 5V
EFFICIENCY (%)
TDRIVE
100
80
0.01
0.1
1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
10
AN66 F05b
Application Note 66
D1
MBRS140T3
Si9430DY
VIN
3.5V TO 18V
CIN
100F
25V
100
VIN = 5V
BDRIVE
TDRIVE
16
95
Si9410DY
15
PWR VIN
PGND
LTC1266-3.3
14
3
LBOUT
PINV
EFFICIENCY (%)
1
0.1F
2
5
6
7
CT
220pF
CC
3300pF 8
LBIN
BINH
VIN
SGND
CT
SHDN
NC
ITH
13
11
SHDN
10
9
SENSE +
SENSE
RC
1k
90
85
12
BINH
L
10H
RSENSE
0.033
1000pF
80
0.01
COUT
220F
10V
2
0.1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
3
AN66 F06b
VOUT
3.3V
3A
AN66 F06a
VIN
5V
C1
1F
0V = NORMAL
>2V = SHUTDOWN
10
Q2
Si9430DY
SHDN
VIN
1
PDRIVE
LTC1148-3.3
SENSE +
6
R1
470
C4
3300pF
4
C5
680pF
NPO
C3
100F
20V
2
C2
0.1F
SENSE
ITH
CT
SGND
11
NDRIVE
PGND
Q1
Si9430DY
L1
27H
R2
0.02
8
7
14
C7
0.01F
Q3
Si9410
+
D1
MBRS140T3
C1 = TANTALUM
C3 = SANYO (OS-CON) 20SA100M ESR = 0.037 IRMS = 2.25A
C6 = AVX (TA) TPSE227K01R0080 ESR = 0.080 IRMS = 1.285A
Q1, Q2 = SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V DCRON = 0.100 Qg = 50nC
Q3 = SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V DCRON = 0.050 Qg = 30nC
VOUT D1 = MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR = 30V
3.3V R2 = KRL NP-2A-C1-0R020J Pd = 3W
5A
L1 = KOOL M CORE, 16 GAUGE
C6
220F
10V
2
COILTRONICS (408)241-7876
KRL BANTRY (603) 668-3210
SILICONIX (800) 554-5565
KOOL M IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF MAGNETICS, INC.
12
AN66 F07
AN66-7
Application Note 66
maximize the operating efficiency at low output currents,
Burst ModeTM operation is used to reduce switching losses.
Synchronous switching, combined with Burst Mode operation, yields very efficient energy conversion over a wide
range of load currents.
EFFICIENCY (%)
100
90
80
70
1
10
100
1000
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
10000
AN66 F08
AN66-8
Application Note 66
VIN
12V TO 36V
+
D1
1N4148
R4
220
CIN
1000F
63V
Q1
2N3906
R2
10k
C1
0.1F
2
C3
3.3F
5
16
10
0V = NORMAL
>2V = SHUTDOWN
C4
3300pF
X7R
R1
1k
CT
820pF
NPO
VIN
PGATE
VCC
VCC
P-DRIVE
D2
1N4148
1
4
C2
0.1F
R3
470
15 SHDN2
7 I
TH
6 CT
Q4
MTP30N06EL
Q3
VN2222LL
9
SENSE+
SENSE 8
L1
50H
R5
100
CAP LTC1149-5
SHDN1
Q2
2N2222
COUT
220F
10V
2
0.001F
R6
100
Q5
IRFZ34
D3
MBR160
5V
5A
C4
NGATE 13
11
RSENSE
0.02
14
Q4, Q5
D1, D2
D3
RSENSE =
L1 =
AN66 F09
100
90
12V
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
24V
70
36V
60
50
0.1
1
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
5
AN66 F10
AN66-9
Application Note 66
RegulatorsSwitching (Buck)
D1
1N5818
100F
5
V+
4
NC
C1
2.2F
VSW
LT1377
PFB
3.57k
1N4148 10
NFB
VC
VIN = 8V
90
SHDN
SG
VO = 5V
100
EFFICIENCY (%)
8V TO 30V
INPUT
PG
1.24k
100nF
80
VIN = 12V
70
VIN = 16V
60
2k
4.7nF
47nF
50
0
CTX20-2P*
5V
1A
+
MBRS130
150F
6.3V
OSCON**
400
600
IOUT (mA)
800
1000
AN66 F12
AN66-10
200
Application Note 66
HIGH OUTPUT VOLTAGE BUCK REGULATOR
by Dimitry Goder
High efficiency step-down conversion is easy to implement using the LTC1149 as a buck switching regulator
controller. The LTC1149 features constant off-time, current mode architecture and fully synchronous rectification. Current mode operation was selected for its
well-known advantages of clean start-up, accurate current
limit and excellent transient response.
Inductor current sensing is usually implemented by placing a resistor in series with the coil, but the common mode
voltage at the LTC1149s Sense pins is limited to 13V. If a
higher output voltage is required, the current sense resistor can be placed in the circuits ground return to avoid
VIN
26V TO 35V
C9
0.068F
C13
R9
100
C12
0.1F
1
2
C8
0.047F
3
4
C7
1F
5
6
C5
220pF
7
C6
3300pF 8
R4
510
P-GATE
CAP
16
15
U1
SHDN
VIN
LTC1149
14
RGND
VCC
13
N-GATE
P-DRIVE
12
VCC
PGND
11
CT
SGND
10
ITH
VFB
9
SENSE
SENSE+
C2
1000pF
Q2
RFD15P05
Q3
RFD14N05
L1
150H
D1
MBRS140
R8
0.05
R5
100
1%
R13
12k
1%
C1
D3
1N4148
R12
220k
1%
8
1
Q1
VN2222LL
C11
100pF
R6
100
1%
24V
2A
R9
100
C10
0.1F
U2A
LT1211
R10
100
AN66 F13
Figure 13. High Output Voltage Buck Regulator Schematic Using LTC1149
AN66-11
Application Note 66
Adjustable Output 3.6V and 5V Converter
100
LTC1267
VIN = 12V
5V SECTION
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
80
LTC1267
VIN = 12V
3.3V SECTION
70
60
0.001
0.01
0.1
OUTPUT CURRENT
1A 2A
AN66 F14
+ CIN3
100F
50V
VOUT3
3.3V
2A
33F
Q1
P-CH
Si9435DY
1N4148
4
0.1F
14
D1
MBRS140T3
1000pF
13
12
6
COUT3
220F
10V
2
VCC3 CAP3
PGATE3
VCC
5
RSENSE3
0.05
3.3F
0.15F
0.15F
L1
20H
Q2
N-CH
Si9410DY
R SENSE,:KRL SL-C1-1/2-R050J
L1:COILTRONICS CTX20-4
L2:COILTRONICS CTX33-4
27
26
28
PDRIVE5
SENSE+3
SENSE+5
LTC1267
24
SHDN3
SHDN5
NGATE3
PGND3 SGND3 CT3
11
ITH3
ITH5
15
RC5
1k
CT5
NGATE5
SGND5 PGND5
10
RC3
1k
16
CT3
270pF
CT5
CC3
CC5
3300pF 3300pF 270pF
20
22
100F
50V
Q3
P-CH
Si9435DY
L2
33H
RSENSE5
0.05
D2
MBRS140T3
COUT5
220F
10V
2
VOUT5
5V
2A
0.1F
18
SENSE5 17
SENSE3
1N4148
21
PDRIVE3
0V = RUN
>2V = SHUTDOWN
1000pF
19
23
Q4
N-CH
Si9410DY
0V = RUN
>2V = SHUTDOWN
Figure 15. LTC1267 Dual Output 3.3V and 5V High Efficiency Regulator
AN66-12
+ CIN5
AN66 F15
Application Note 66
5.5V < VIN < 28V
+ CIN1
100F
50V
1N4148
L1
20H
5
0.1F
RSENSE1
0.04
13
D1
MBRS140T3
1000pF
12
11
6
COUT1
220F
10V
2
R2
100k
1%
N-CH
Si9410DY
R1
52.3k
1%
VCC1 CAP1
PGATE1
VCC
27
26
1N4148
21
28
PDRIVE1
PDRIVE2
SENSE+1
SENSE+2
LTC1267-ADJ
P-CH
Si9435DY
L2
33H
24
SHDN1
NGATE2
10
14
ITH1
ITH2
15
RC1
1k
CT2
PGND2
VFB2
SGND2
9
RC1
1k
16
CT1
270pF
CC1
CT2
CC2
3300pF 3300pF 270pF
20
VOUT2
5V
2A
0.1F
1000pF
23
22
N-CH
Si9410DY
19
D2
MBRS140T3
COUT2
220F
10V
2
R2
150k
1%
R1
49.9k
1%
100pF
100pF
0V = RUN
>2V = SHUTDOWN
RSENSE2
0.05
18
SENSE2 17
SENSE1
NGATE1
VFB1 SGND1 CT1
100F
50V
3.3F
0.15F
0.15F
33F
P-CH
Si9435DY
VOUT1
3.6V
2.5A
+ CIN2
AN66 F16
Figure 16. LTC1267 Dual Adjustable High Efficiency Regulator Circuit. Output Voltages Set at 3.6V and 5V
VIN
4V TO 10V
0.1F
0V = NORMAL
>1.5V = SHUTDOWN
3
RC
1K
CC
3300pF
CT
120pF
1
VIN
8
PDRIVE
SHDN
LTC1147-3.3
5
SENSE +
SENSE
ITH
CT
GND
P-CH
Si9433DY
L1
10H
CIN
47F
16V
RSENSE
0.068
0.01F
VOUT
3.3V
1.5A
COUT
100F
10V
D1
MBRS130LT3
RS: KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R068J
L: SUMIDA
CDR74
(ALT: CD54)
AN66 F17
Figure 17. High Efficiency Controller Converts 5V to 3.3V in Minimum Board Area
AN66-13
Application Note 66
The LTC1147 SO-8 switching regulator controller accomplishes the 5V to 3.3V conversion with high efficiencies
over a wide load current range. The circuit shown in Figure
17 provides 3.3V at efficiencies greater than 90% from
50mA to 1.25A. Using all surface mount components and
a low value of inductance (10H) for L1, the circuit of
Figure 17 occupies only 0.6 square inches of PC board
area. The efficiency of the circuit in Figure 17 is plotted in
Figure 18.
95
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
LTC1147-3.3
SUMIDA CD54
VIN = 5V
75
70
65
60
1mA
LT1074/LT1076 ADJUSTABLE 0V TO 5V
POWER SUPPLY
by Kevin Vasconcelos
LTC1147-3.3
SUMIDA CDR74
VIN = 5V
85
10mA
100mA
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
1A 2A
AN66 F18
VIN = 10V
TO 20V
C4
0.1F
C1
330F
35V
FB
GND
3
R4
3.01k
1%
R2
3.65k
1%
LT1076
1
VC
2
R1
2.7k
C2
0.01F
D1
MBR340P
R3
10.65k
1%
C3
470F
50V
7
6
VSW
VOUT
L1
CTX100-5A-52
VIN
U1
LT1006
4
R6
2.2k
5%
R5
5k
25T
R5
220
1/4W
5%
AN66 F19
AN66-14
LT1029
Application Note 66
10
LT317
8
6
4
LT1076
2
0
0
2
3
4
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
AN66 F20
LTC1142
VIN = 8V
5V SECTION
85
80
75
70
LTC1142
VIN = 8V
3.3V SECTION
65
60
0.001
0.01
0.1
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
2.5
AN66 F21
AN66-15
Application Note 66
+
VIN
6.5V TO 14V
VOUT3
3.3V
2A
L1
33H
RSENSE 3
0.05
22F
25V
2
+
Q4
Si9430DY
23
1
24
VIN3
10
VIN5
SHDN5
P-DRIVE 5
SENSE + 3
SENSE + 5
Q2
Si9430DY
28
6
Q5
Si9410DY
SENSE 3
SENSE
N-DRIVE 3
N-DRIVE 5
ITH3
CT5
ITH5
27
13
510
SGND5 PGND5
11
17
18
VOUT5
5V
2A
T1
9
30H
RSENSE 5
0.04
15
100
LTC1142
D1
MBRS140
100F
10V
2
16
P-DRIVE 3
0.01F
22F
25V
2
1F
2
SHDN3
0V = NORMAL
>1.5V = SHUTDOWN
1F
1000pF
R1
100
14
D2
MBRS140
20
Q3
Si9410DY
510
Q1
VN2222LL
R5
18k
220F
10V
2
CT3
3300pF 3300pF CT5
390pF
200pF
12V ENABLE
0V = 12V OFF
>3V = 12V ON
(6V MAX)
22F
25V
+
20pF
R3
649k
1% 2
R4
294k
1%
VOUT
SHDN
ADJ
LT1121
D3
MBRS140
22
C9
22F
35V
12V
150mA
1000pF
VIN
GND
3
AN66 F22
AN66-16
inductor. The output from this additional winding is rectified by diode D3 and applied to the input of an LT1121
regulator. The output voltage is set by resistors R3 and R4.
A turns ratio of 1:1.8 is used for T1 to ensure that the input
voltage to the LT1121 is high enough to keep the regulator
out of dropout mode while maximizing efficiency.
The LTC1142 synchronous switch removes the normal
limitation that power must be drawn from the primary 5V
inductor winding in order to extract power from the
auxiliary winding. With synchronous switching, the auxiliary 12V output may be loaded without regard to the 5V
primary output load, provided that the loop remains in
continuous mode operation.
When the 12V output is activated by a TTL high (6V
maximum) on the 12V enable line, the 5V section of the
LTC1142 is forced into continuous mode. A resistor
Application Note 66
divider composed of R1, R5 and switch Q1 forces an
offset, subtracting from the internal offset at Pin 14. When
this external offset cancels the built-in 25mV offset, Burst
Mode operation is inhibited.
Introduction
The LTC1147 switching regulator controller is a high
efficiency step-down DC/DC converter. It uses the same
current mode architecture and Burst Mode operation as
the LTC1148/LTC1149 but without the synchronous
switch. Ideal for applications requiring up to 1A, the
LTC1147 shows 90% efficiencies over two decades of
output current.
High Efficiency 5V to 3.3V in a Small Area
The LTC1147 5V to 3.3V converter shown in Figure 23
has 85% efficiency at 1A output with efficiencies greater
than 90% for load currents up to 500mA. Using the
LTC1147 reduces the power dissipation to less than
VIN
(4V TO
12V)
VIN
0V = NORMAL 6
SHDN
PDRIVE
>1.5V = SHUTDOWN
LTC1147-3.3
3
RC
1k
CC
3300pF
CIN
15F
25V
2
0.1F
ITH
SENSE +
CT
SENSE
P-CH
Si943ODY RSENSE
0.1
VOUT
3.3V
1A
L
100H
1000pF
GND
CT
560pF
4
COUT
220F
D1
6.3V
MBRD330
AN66 F23
RS = KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100
L = COILTRONICS CTX100-4
COILTRONICS (407) 241-7876
KRL/BANTRY (603) 668-3210
AN66-17
Application Note 66
is the ideal application for the LTC1147. As the output
current increases the diode loss increases. At high inputto-output voltage ratios, the Schottky diode conducts
most of the time. In this situation, any loss in the diode will
have a more significant effect on efficiency and an LTC1148
might therefore be chosen.
100
LTC1147-3.3
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
VIN = 5V
80
70
60
0.001
0.01
0.1
LOAD CURRENT (A)
AN66 F24
100
I2R
AN66-18
95
LTC1147 IQ
SCHOTTKY DIODE
90
85
80
0.01
0.03
0.1
0.3
1
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
3
AN66 F25
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY/LOSS (%)
GATE CHARGE
ILOAD = 1A
80
ILOAD = 100mA
70
60
4
12
8
10
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
14
AN66 F26
Application Note 66
output currents and high input voltages the LTC1147s
efficiency can actually exceed that of the LTC1148.
Low Dropout 5V Output Applications
Because the LTC1147 is so well-suited for low input-tooutput voltage ratio applications it is an ideal choice for
low dropout designs. All members of the LTC1148/LTC1149
family (including the LTC1147) have outstandingly low
dropout performance. As the input voltage on the LTC1147
drops, the feedback loop extends the on-time for the
(5.5V
TO 12V)
0.1F
1
VIN
0V = NORMAL 6
8
PDRIVE
SHDN
>1.5V = SHUTDOWN
LTC1147-5
3
ITH
RC
1k
CC
3300pF
SENSE +
CIN
15F
25V
3
P-CH
Si943ODY
100
RSENSE
0.05
CT
SENSE
GND
L
50H
CT
470pF
RS = KRL SL-1-C1-0R050J
L = COILTRONICS CTX50-4
COILTRONICS (407) 241-7876
KRL/BANTRY (603) 668-3210
4
D1
MBRD330
COUT
220F
10V
2
LTC1147-5
VOUT
5V
2A
1000pF
2
95
EFFICIENCY (%)
+ VIN
VIN = 6V
90
VIN = 10V
85
80
75
AN66 F27
70
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
AN66 F28
AN66-19
Application Note 66
THE LT1432: 5V REGULATOR
ACHIEVES 90% EFFICIENCY
by Carl Nelson
An additional requirement for some systems is full shutdown of the regulator. It would be ideal if a simple logic
signal could cause the converter to turn off and draw only
a few microamperes of current.
The combination of battery form factors, their discrete
voltage steps and the use of higher voltage wall adapters
requires a switching regulator that operates with inputs
from 6V to 30V. Both of these voltages present problems
for a MOS design because of minimum and maximum gate
voltage requirements of power MOS switches.
C1
330F
35V
VIN
LT1271
FB
VC
C6
0.02F
GND
D2
1N4148
R1
680
C5
0.03F
C4
0.1F
C3
4.7F
TANT
VOUT
5V
3A
+
L1
50H
R2*
0.013
D1
MBR330P
VC
< 0.3V = NORMAL MODE
> 2.5V = SHUTDOWN
OPEN = BURST MODE
MODE INPUT
DIODE
VIN
VLIM
LT1432
MODE
200pF
V+
VOUT
GND
AN66-20
AN66 F29
C2
390F
16V
Application Note 66
an equivalent voltage and current overlap time of only
10ns. Drive to the switch is automatically scaled with
switch current, so drive losses are also low. Switch and
driver losses using an LT1271 with a 12V input and a 5V,
500mA load are only about 2%.
To reduce quiescent current losses, the LT1271 is powered from the 5V output rather than from the input voltage.
This is done by pumping the supply capacitor C3 from the
output via D2. Quick minded designers will observe that
this arrangement does not self-start; accordingly, a parallel path was included inside the LT1432 to provide power
to the IC switcher directly from the input during start-up.
Equivalent quiescent supply current is reduced to about
3.5mA with this technique.
Catch diode losses cannot be reduced with IC tricks
unless the diode is replaced with a synchronously driven
MOS switch. This is more expensive and still requires the
diode to avoid voltage spikes during switch nonoverlap
times. The question is, is it worth it?
The following formula was developed to calculate the
improvement in efficiency when adding a synchronous
switch.
(VIN VOUT)(Vf RFET IOUT)(E)2
Efficiency change =
(VIN)(VOUT)
With VIN = 10V, VOUT = 5V, Vf (diode forward voltage) =
0.45V, RFET = 0.1 and IOUT = 1A the improvement in
efficiency is only 2.8%. This does not take into account
the losses associated with MOS gate drive, so real
improvement would probably be closer to 2%. The
availability of low forward voltage Schottky diodes such
as the MBR330P makes synchronous switches less
attractive than they used to be.
To achieve higher efficiency during sleep, the LT1432 has
Burst Mode operation. In this mode the LT1271 is either
driven full on, or completely shut down to its micropower
state. The LT1432 acts as a comparator with hysteresis
instead of a linear amplifier. This mode reduces equivalent
input supply current to 1.3mA with a 12V battery. Battery
life with NiCd AA cells is over 300 hours with a 1mA 5V
load. Burst Mode operation increases output ripple, especially with higher output currents, so maximum load in this
mode is 100mA.
AN66-21
Application Note 66
RegulatorsSwitching (Buck)
Efficiency
Figure 30 shows a typical LTC1265-5 application circuit.
The efficiency curves for two different input voltages are
shown in Figure 31. Note that the efficiency for a 6V input
exceeds 90% over a load range from less than 10mA to
850mA. This makes the LTC1265 attractive for all battery
operated products and efficiency sensitive applications.
Positive-to-Negative Converter
Besides converting from a positive input to positive output, the LTC1265 can be configured to perform a positiveto-negative conversion. Figure 36 shows the schematic
for this application.
5V to 3.3V Converter
Figure 32 shows the LTC1265 configured for 3.3V output
with 1A output current capability. This circuit operates at
VIN
5.4V TO 12V
CIN
68F
20V
0.1F
10
VIN
SW
LTC1265-5
SHDN
5
6
3900pF
*COILTRONICS CTX33-4
**KRL SL-C1-OR100J
AVX TPSE227K010
AVX TPSE686k020
PGND
SGND
130pF
1k
13
14
L1*
33H
12
D1
MBRS130LT3
VIN = 6V
11
CT
ITH
SENSE
NC
1000pF
AN66 F30
COILTRONICS 407-241-7876
KRL/BANTRY 603-668-3210
COUT
220F
10V
VOUT = 5V
95
VIN = 9V
90
85
80
75
8
SENSE +
AN66-22
100
RSENSE**
0.1
EFFICIENCY (%)
VOUT
5V
1A
70
0.01
L = 33H
VOUT = 5V
RSENSE = 0.1
CT = 130pF
0.10
LOAD CURRENT (A)
1.00
AN66 F31
Application Note 66
VIN
5V
2
4
3
270pF
5
6
3900pF
1k
SW
LTC1265-3.3
LBIN
PGND
LBOUT
SGND
CT
SHDN
NC
ITHR
SENSE
13
SENSE +
0.1F
14
CIN
100F
10V
L1*
47H
VOUT
3.3V
1A
95
0.1**
D1
MBRS130LT1
12
100
COUT
220F
10V
11
10
SHUTDOWN
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
85
80
L1 = 47H
VOUT = 3.3V
RSENSE = 0.1
CT = 270pF
9
75
8
70
1000pF
1
AN66 F32
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
COILCRAFT 708-639-6400
KRL/BANTRY 603-668-3210
*COILCRAFT D03316-473
**KRL SL-C1-OR100J
AVX TAJD100K010
AVX TAJD226K010
1000
AN66 F33
VIN
5V
2
4
3
51pF
5
1k 6
3300pF
SW
LTC1265-3.3
LBIN
PGND
LBOUT
SGND
CT
SHDN
NC
ITHR
SENSE
13
SENSE +
0.1F
14
CIN
15F
10V 2
L1*
18H
D1
MBRS0520LT1
12
VOUT
3.3V
500mA
0.20**
90
11
10
SHUTDOWN
COUT
22F
6.3V
2
85
80
L1 = 18H
VOUT = 3.3V
RSENSE = 0.20
CT = 50pF
75
8
70
1000pF
1
AN66 F34
*SUMIDA CLS62-180
**KRL SL-C1-OR200J
AVX TAJB155K010
AVX TAJB225K06
95
EFFICIENCY (%)
SUMIDA 708-956-0666
KRL/BANTRY 603-668-3210
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
500
AN66 F35
AN66-23
Application Note 66
VIN
3.5V TO 7.5V
SHUTDOWN
1
2
4
3
220pF
5
2200pF
1k
6
7
13
0.1F
14
SW
LTC1265-5
LBIN
PGND
LBOUT
SGND
CT
SHDN
SENSE
D1
MBRS130LT3
12
RSENSE**
0.1
CIN
22F
25V
2
L1*
47H
VOUT
5V
11
AVX TPSD226K025
AVX TPSD106K010
100k
10
*L1 SELECTION
MANUFACTURER
COILTRONICS
COILCRAFT
DALE
SUMIDA
**KRL SL-C1-OR100J
NC
ITHR
TP0610L
COUT
100F/10V
SENSE +
1000pF
PART NO.
CTX50-4
D03316-473
LPT4545-500LA
CD75-470
AN66 F36
RegulatorsSwitching (Boost)
HIGH OUTPUT CURRENT BOOST REGULATOR
by Dimitry Goder
VIN
5V
L1
15H
C6
220F
10V
2
D2
BAT54
R5
100
D1
MBR735
C7
3.3F
R6
56k
1
2
3
C1
3300pF
C2
180pF
R1
510
PDRIVE
VIN
CT
ITH
U1
LTC1147
SENSE
GND
VFB
SENSE +
Q3
TP0610L
Q2
IRL2203
R2
11.5k
1%
Q1
VN2222LL
C5
150F
16V
2
5
R4
100
R7
0.01
2%
R3
100
AN66-24
R8
100k
1%
C4
100pF
C3
0.01F
C5, C6 SANYO 0S-CON
EFFICIENCY AT 3A 90%
VOUT
12V/3A
3.5A PEAK
AN66 F37
Application Note 66
architecture, eliminating the need for external slope compensation. Current mode control allows fast transient
response and cycle-by-cycle current limiting. A maximum
voltage of only 150mV across the current-sense resistor
R7 optimizes performance for low input voltages.
When Q2 turns on, current starts building up in inductor
L1. This provides a ramping voltage across R7. When
this voltage reaches a threshold value set internally in the
LTC1147, Q2 turns off and the energy stored in L1 is
RegulatorsSwitching (Boost)
Low Power (<1A)
Boost Converter
D1
MBRS120T3
L1*
4.7H
VOUT
12V
5
OFF
VIN
ON 4 S/S
VSW
LT1372/LT1377
C1**
22F
FB
GND
6, 7
R1
53.6k
1%
VC
R2
6.19k
1%
C2
0.047F
R3
2k
C3
0.0047F
AN66 F38
100
VIN = 5V
90
C4**
22F
EFFICIENCY (%)
5V
80
70
60
MAX IOUT
L1
IOUT
4.7H 0.25A
10H 0.35A
50
0.01
0.1
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
1
AN66 F39
AN66-25
Application Note 66
Dual Output Flyback with Overvoltage Protection
Multiple-output flyback converters offer an economical
means of producing multiple output voltages, but the
power supply designer must be aware of cross regulation
issues, which can cause electrical overstress on the supply and loads. Figure 41 is a dual-output flyback converter
with overvoltage protection. Typically, in multiple-output
flyback designs only one output is voltage sensed and
regulated. The remaining outputs are quasi-regulated by
the turns ratios of the transformer secondary. Cross
regulation is a function of the transformer used and is a
measure of how well the quasi-regulated outputs maintain
VIN
2.7V TO 16V
C1
22F
5
ON 4
OFF
VIN
S/S
VSW
D2
P6KE-15A
D3
1N4148
2 T1 4
3
D1
MBRS130LT3
LT1372
NC
FB
NFB
GND
VC
1
IOUT
0.3A
0.5A
0.75A
6, 7
C2
0.047F
VIN
3V
5V
9V
C4
47F
VOUT
R2 5V
2.49k
1%
R3
2.49k
1%
VIN = 5V
25
20
VOUT
15
10
5
0
5
10
AN66 F40
VOUT
15
T1 = COILTRONICS CTX10-2
COILTRONICS (407) 241-7876
R1
2k
C3
0.0047F
30
VOUT (V)
20
25
30
1
R2
1.21k
1%
30
OFF
VOUT
15V
2, 3
P6KE-20A
5
VIN
8
VSW
FB
S/S
LT1372
NFB
GND
VC
1
C2
0.047F
C3
0.0047F
R3
2k
1N4148
6, 7
5
4
8
+
+
1
MBRS140T3
6, 7
20
C5
47F
VOUT
R4 15V
12.1k
1%
VOUT
15
C4
47F
10
VOUT (V)
C1
22F
VIN = 5V
25
MBRS140T3
T1
ON 4
AN66 F42
R1
13k
1%
100
VIN
2.7V TO 13V
10
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
5
0
5
10
15
VOUT
20
25
T1 = DALE LPE-4841-100MB
DALE (605) 665-9301
R5
2.49k
1%
30
1
10
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
100
AN66 F41
AN66 F43
AN66-26
Application Note 66
85
30
20
EFFICIENCY (%)
10
5
0
5
10
VIN = 9V
80
VOUT
15
VOUT (V)
VOUT = 15V
VIN = 5V
25
VIN = 5V
75
VIN = 3V
70
VOUT
15
65
20
25
60
30
1
10
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
100
10
100
200
AN66 F44
RegulatorsSwitching
(Buck/Boost)
5V CONVERTER USES OFF-THE-SHELF
SURFACE MOUNT COIL
By Mitchell Lee and Kevin Vasconcelos
VIN = 9V
FB
LT1176CS-5
VSW
VIN
VC
GND
+
100F
CTX100-5P
2k
10nF
5V
800mA
+
470F
1N5818
+
1N5818
470F
5V
100mA
AN66 F46
AN66-27
Application Note 66
SWITCHING REGULATOR PROVIDES
CONSTANT 5V OUTPUT FROM 3.5V TO 40V
INPUT WITHOUT A TRANSFORMER
by Brian Huffman
A common switching regulator requirement is to produce
a constant output voltage from an input voltage that varies
above or below the output voltage. This is particularly
important for extending battery life in battery-powered
applications. Figure 47 shows how an LT1171 switching
regulator IC, two inductors and a flying capacitor can
generate a constant output voltage that is independent of
input voltage variations. This is accomplished without the
use of a transformer. Inductors are preferred over transformers because they are readily available and more
economical.
The circuit in Figure 47 uses the LT1171 to control the
output voltage. A fully self-contained switching regulator
IC, the LT1171 contains a power switch as well as the
control circuitry (pulse-width modulator, oscillator, reference voltage, error amplifier and protection circuitry). The
power switch is an NPN transistor in a common-emitter
configuration; when the switch turns on, the LT1171s
VSW pin is connected to ground. This power switch can
handle peak switch currents of up to 2.5A.
C2
150F
50V
VSW
LT1171
FB
GND
3
C1
56F
50V
VOUT
5V
0.5A
L2
50H
VIN
VIN
(3.5V
TO 40V)
D1
MBR350
L1
50H
R2
3.01k
1%
VC
C3
470F
16V
1
R1
1k
C4
1F
R3
1.00k
1%
AN66 F47
A = 1A/DIV
IL1, IC1
B = 1A/DIV
IL2
C = 10V/DIV
VSW
D = 1A/DIV
ISW
AN66-28
5s/DIV
AN66 F48
Application Note 66
80
1.2
75
1.0
EFFICIENCY
IOUT(MAX)
0.8
70
0.6
65
0.4
60
0.2
55
0.0
10
15 20 25 30
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
35
EFFICIENCY (%)
IOUT(MAX) (A)
50
40
AN66 F49
pin swings between the input voltage (VIN) and the negative output voltage ( VOUT). (The ability of the LT1074s
VSW pin to swing below ground is unusualmost other
5-pin buck switching regulator ICs cannot do this.) Trace
A shows the waveform of the VSW pin voltage and Trace B
is the current flowing through the power switch.
While the LT1074 power switch is on, current flows from
the input voltage source through the switch, through
capacitor C2 and inductor L1 (Trace C), and into the load.
A portion of the switch current also flows into inductor L2
(Trace D). This current is used to recharge C2 and C4
during the switch OFF time to a potential equal to the
positive output voltage (VOUT). The current waveforms for
both inductors occur on top of a DC level.
The waveforms are virtually identical because the inductors have identical values and because the same voltage
potentials are applied across them during the switching
cycles.
AN66-29
Application Note 66
C2
470F
25V
5
VIN
VSW
4
L2
50H
GND
VIN
8V
TO 40V
C1
1000F
50V
VC
FB
L1
50H
VR1
LT1074
C6
0.01F
D1
MUR410
R4
20k
2
R1
3.3k
C5
0.01F
VOUT
15V
0.5A
C7
0.01F
R5
20k
R2
7.50k
1%
C3
470F
25V
C4
470F
25V
R3
1.30k
1%
D2
MUR410
VOUT
15V
0.5A
AN66 F50
A = 20V/DIV
VSW
B = 2A/DIV
ISW, IC1
C = 1A/DIV
IL1, IC3
D = 1A/DIV
IL2
E = 1A/DIV
ID1, IC3
15.3
15.2
G = 1A/DIV
IC2
VOUT (V)
15.1
IOUT = 0.5A
15.0
5s/DIV
AN66 F51
AN66-30
14.9
14.8
IOUT = IOUT
14.7
14.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
IOUT (A)
AN66 F52
Application Note 66
output voltage tracks the positive supply (VOUT) within
200mV for load variations from 50mA to 500mA. Negative
output load current should not exceed the positive output
load by more than a factor of 4; the imbalance causes loop
instabilities. For common load conditions the two output
voltages track each other perfectly.
Figure 54 shows the circuits 5V load regulation characteristics and Figure 55 shows its efficiency.
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.4
VOUT (V)
5.3
IOUT = 1A
5.2
5.1
5.0
IOUT = IOUT
4.9
4.8
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
IOUT (A)
AN66 F54
70
65
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
70
60
65
60
55
55
50
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
AN66-31
Application Note 66
C2
680F
16V
5
VSW
VIN
GND
VIN
8V
TO 40V
C1
1000F
50V
VC
FB
L1
50H
+
L2
50H
VR1
LT1074
D1
MBR360
C7
0.01F
C6
0.01F
R4
20k
R5
20k
R1
2k
C5
0.033F
VOUT
5V
1A
R2
2.80k
1%
C3
680F
16V
C4
680F
16V
R3
2.21k
1%
D2
MBR360
AN66 F56
VOUT
5V
1A
RegulatorsSwitching
(Inverting)
HIGH EFFICIENCY 12V TO 12V CONVERTER
by Milton Wilcox and Christophe Franklin
It is difficult to obtain high efficiencies from inverting
switching regulators because the peak switch and inductor currents must be roughly twice the output current.
Furthermore, the switch node must swing twice the input
voltage (24V for a 12V inverting converter). The adjustable
version of the LTC1159 synchronous stepdown controller
is ideally suited for this application, producing a combination of better than 80% efficiency, low quiescent current
and 20A shutdown current.
The 1A circuit shown in Figure 57 exploits the high inputvoltage capability of the LTC1159 by connecting the controller ground pins to the 12V output. This allows the
simple feedback divider between ground and the output
(comprising R1 and R2) to set the regulated voltage, since
the internal 1.25V reference rides on the negative output.
The inductor connects to ground via the 0.05 currentsense resistor.
AN66-32
Application Note 66
INPUT
+30%
12V 10%
1N4148
0.1F
Q1
Si9435
330F
35V
NICHICON
UPL1V331M
0.15F
2
3
PGATE
VIN
15
6
CT
390pF
7
6800pF
VCC
CT
1N5818
SGND
ITH
VFB
SENSE
SENSE +
MBRS140
Q2
Si9410
10
200pF
1k
100
OUTPUT
12V
1A
R1
10.5k
Q4
2N7002
Q3
TP0610L
L1
100H
DALE
TJ4-100-1
11
1000pF
5V OR 3.3V
R2
90.9k
150F
16V
OS-CON
2
100
0.05
20k
510k
SHDN2
16
14
EXT VCC
LTC1159
4
13
PDRIVE
NGATE
3.3F
5
12
PWR GND
VCC
0.1F
SHUTDOWN
CAP
5.1V
1N5993
AN66 F57
100
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
70
60
50
10
100
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
1000
AN66 F58
AN66-33
Application Note 66
REGULATED CHARGE PUMP POWER SUPPLY
by Tommy Wu
The circuit shown in Figure 59 uses an LTC1044A charge
pump inverter to convert a 5V input to a 1.7V potential as
required for a certain LCD panel. Output regulation is
provided by a novel feedback scheme, which uses components Q1, R1 and R2. Without feedback the charge pump
would simply develop approximately 5V at its output.
With feedback applied, VOUT charges in the negative
direction until the emitter of Q1 is biased by the divider
comprising R1 and R2. Current flowing in the collector
tends to slow the LTC1044As internal oscillator, reducing
the available output current. The output is thereby maintained at a constant voltage.
In this application less than 5mA output current is required. As a result, charge pump capacitor C1 is reduced
to 1F from the usual 10F. Curves of output voltage with
and without feedback are shown in Figure 60. The equivalent output impedance of the charge pump is reduced from
approximately 100 to 5.
A variety of output voltages within the limits of the curve
in Figure 60 can be set by simply adjusting the VBE
multiplier action of Q1, R1 and R2. Tighter regulation or
a higher tolerance could be obtained by adding a reference or additional gain, at the expense of increased
complexity and cost.
5
VIN = 5V
4
8
7
C1
1F
3
4
LTC1044A
5V
INPUT
1F
Q1*
ZTX384
5
R1
47k
R2
100k
1.7V
OUTPUT
2
WITH FEEDBACK
10F
0
AN66 F59
NO FEEDBACK
OUTPUT (V)
10
LOAD (mA)
15
20
AN66 F60
AN66-34
Application Note 66
95
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN = 6V
90
85
80
75
70
10
100
200
6
VIN
3
2
5V Output Applications
VIN = 9V
LBIN
+
SHDN
100F*
20V
0.1F
LTC1174-5
1
LBOUT
VOUT
IPGM
SW
GND
4
100H
1N5818
5V
425mA
220F*
10V
* SANYO OS-CON
COILTRONICS CTX100-4
COILTRONICS (407) 241-7876
AN66 F63
100
VIN
3
100F*
20V
0.1F
LBIN
SHDN
LTC1174-5
2
1
LBOUT
VOUT
7
IPGM
SW
GND
4
100H
+
1N5818
EFFICIENCY (%)
95
VIN
9V
90
VIN = 6V
VIN = 9V
85
80
5V
175mA
220F*
10V
AN66 F61
* SANYO OS-CON
COILTRONICS CTX100-4
COILTRONICS (407) 241-7876
L = 100H
VOUT = 5V
IPGM = VIN
COILTRONICS = CTX100-4
75
70
1
10
100
500
AN66-35
Application Note 66
More Applications
A 5V to 3.3V Converter
Positive-to-Negative Converter
6
VIN
INPUT VOLTAGE
4V TO 12.5V
15F*
25V
3
0.1F
8
IPGM
SHDN
LTC1174-3.3
3
1
LBIN
VOUT
INPUT VOLTAGE
4V TO 7.5V
4.7k
+
0.1F
VIN
270k
LOWBATTERY
INDICATOR
7
2
3
IPGM
SHDN
33F*
16V
2
LBOUT
SW
GND
4
LTC1174-5
1
LBOUT
VOUT
LBIN
SW
GND
4
39k
1N5818
VOUT
3.3V
450mA
33F**
16V
2
COILTRONICS CTX50-4
COILTRONICS (407) 241-7876
50H
1N5818
50H
* AVX TPSD336K016
COILTRONICS CTX50-4
COILTRONICS (407) 241-7876
33F*
16V
VOUT
2
5V
150mA
AN66 F66
100
AN66 F65
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN = 5V
80
70
L = 50H
VOUT = 3.3V
IPGM = VIN
COILTRONICS = CTX50-4
60
50
1
10
100
500
AN66-36
Application Note 66
90
RegulatorsSwitching
(Power Factor Corrected)
300W
Typical Application
80
90
60
75
40
60
20
45
30
20
15
40
100
1K
10K
FREQUENCY (Hz)
150W
80
75
10
EFFICIENCY (%)
85
0
100K
AN66 F69
5A/DIV
0.5A/DIV
AN66 F85
30W
70
100
150
200
VIN (AC)
250
300
AN66 F71
AN66-37
20k
1%
20k
1%
11
GND1
3
GND2
IAC
OVP
4700pF
"Y"
0.1
"X"
0.047F
14 VSENSE
0.47F
0.0047F
0.1
"X"
CSET
0.001F
15k
15
RSET
15V
16
SS1
200F
17
VCC
1.2V
1F
FILM
Figure 68. Schematic Diagram of 300W 24VDC Output Power Factor Corrected Universal Input Supply
Danger!! Lethal Voltages Present
20
VREF
2k
18
VC
RAMP 19
GTDR2
+
330F
35V
0.01F
CNY17-3
2N2222A
100pF
1N5819
220
2N2222A
LT1431
1k
100pF
C1
1F
400V
GND-S
5
0.1F
3
V+
20k
20
10:15
TURNS
RTOP
7
REF 8
RMID
100
OUTPUT COM
3.4k
1%
1F
63V
FILM
IRF840
MUR150
2000pF
10,
2W
0.51, 2W
RG ALLEN
RPS2
( 2)
67H
39T 12AWG
T150-52
4700pF
"Y"
MUR150
IRF840
470F, 50V
NICHICON
PL12,5X25
( 3)
20k
2220pF
"Y"
20k
15V
1N965
( 2)
30.1k
1%
10k
1%
24.9k
1%
VREF
10
0.0022F
2N2907
10
1F FILM
T3
470F
450V
382VBUS
220
GND-F COMP
6
2
1
COLL
2.2k
2.2k
470
IRFP450
MURH860CT
(DUAL)
330
FUJI
ERA82-004
0.6A/40VR
20k
15V
1N5819
20
2.2F
50V
2.2F
50V
6
1
CAOUT GTDR1
ERA82-004
ERA82-004
T1
20k
0.047F
7
ISENSE
0.001F
300pF
4.02k
1%
91k
2W
T1
1F
FILM
LT1509
13
SS2
4.02k
1%
R1
0.15
5W
8
PKLIM MOUT
10k
12
VREF
0.1F
1.8k
BR1
VREF
0.001F
10
RT1
VAOUT
330k
0.1
"X"
499k
1%
499k
1%
499k
1%
382VBUS
499k
1%
VIN
90VAC TO 1M
264VAC 1/2W
6A
FAST
4700pF
"Y"
AN66-38
VIN
T2
AN66 F68
T2 7 TURNS
0.9" 0.005" Cu
ETD44-P
LPRI = 3.1mH
G1
FEP
30DP
(DUAL)
1000pF
10
1W
24VOUT
12.5A
17 TURNS
26AWG
TRI-FILAR
17 TURNS
26AWG
TRI-FILAR
Application Note 66
Application Note 66
RegulatorsSwitching
(Discussion)
ADDING FEATURES TO THE BOOST TOPOLOGY
by Dimitry Goder
A boost-topology switching regulator is the simplest solution for converting a 2- or 3-cell input to a 5V output.
Unfortunately, boost regulators have some inherent disadvantages, including no short-circuit protection and no
shutdown capability. In some battery-operated products,
external chargers or adapters can raise the battery voltage
to a potential higher than the 5V output. Under this
condition a boost converter cannot maintain regulation
the high input voltage feeds through the diode to the
output.
The circuit shown in Figure 72 overcomes these problems.
An LT1301 is used as a conventional boost converter,
preserving simplicity and high efficiency in the boost
mode. Transistor Q1 adds short-circuit limiting, true shutdown and regulation when there is a high input voltage.
When the input voltage is lower than 4V and the regulator
is enabled, Q1s emitter is driven above its base, saturating
the transistor. As a result, the voltages on C1 and C2 are
roughly the same and the circuit operates as a conventional boost regulator.
R1
1.5k
100
VIN
2V TO 9V
+ C3
33F
BOOST
RANGE
MBR0520L
VOUT
5V
100mA
Q1
ZTX788B
6
VIN
SW
2
SHUTDOWN
4
SENSE
SELECT
LT1301
3
5
ILIM
SHDN
8
PGND
GND
C1
47F
C2
100F
R2
3.3k
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
L1
22H
80
70
60
50
2
4
5
6
7
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
9
AN66 F73
AN66 F72
AN66-39
Application Note 66
SENSING NEGATIVE OUTPUTS
by Dimitry Goder
Various switching regulator circuits exist to provide positive-to-negative conversion. Unfortunately, most controllers cannot sense the negative output directly; they require
a positive feedback signal derived from the negative output. This creates a problem. The circuit presented in Figure
74 provides an easy solution.
The LT1172 is a versatile switching regulator that contains
an onboard 100kHz PWM controller and a power switching transistor. Figure 74 shows the LTC1172 configured to
provide a negative output using a popular charge pump
technique. When the switch turns on, current builds up in
the inductor. At the same time the charge on C3 is
transferred to output capacitor C4. During the switch offtime, energy stored in the inductor charges capacitor C3.
A special DC level-shifting feedback circuit consisting of
Q1, Q2, and R1 to R4 senses the negative output.
Under normal conditions Q1s base is biased at a level
about 0.6V above ground and the current through resistor
R3 is set by the output voltage. If we assume that the base
current is negligible, then R3s current also flows through
R2, biasing Q2s collector at a positive voltage proportional to the negative output.
L1
47H
5
C2
22F
C5
0.1F
1
3
VIN
VSW
R4
1M
U1
LT1172
Q2
2N5210
VC
GND
VFB
R1
51k
C1
100pF
Q1
2N5210
C3
D3
33F 1N5819
+
R2
11k R3
1% 221k
1%
AN66-40
C4
33F
D2
1N5819
VOUT
24V
100mA
VIN
(10V
TO 20V)
DN66 F74
R3
VBE
R2
Application Note 66
RegulatorsSwitching
(Micropower)
feedback network R3 to R5 biases the low-battery comparator input (LBI) 20mV below the reference. In this
mode the circuit operates as a conventional boost converter, sensing output voltage at the FB pin.
+ C1
33F
6
5
D1
MBR0520L
L1
20H
VIN
2.5V TO 8V
SW
VIN
Q1
Si9433
+ C2
R1
100k
33F
+ C3
R2
100
330F
2
VOUT
3.3V
300mA
R3
200k
1%
4
U1
FB
LT1303
3
2
LBO
SHDN
1
LBI
GND
PGND
R4
1.96k
1%
R5
121k
1%
AN66 F75
AN66-41
Application Note 66
linear regulator. An LTC1145 (winner of EDNs IC Innovation of the Year Award) provides micropower isolated
feedback.
The LT1111 is a micropower device that operates on only
400A (max). This micropower operation is important for
energy-conscious applications. It works well with surface
mount inductors such as the Coiltronics OCTA-PAC shown
in the schematic. Although the LT1111s internal power
switch handles up to 1A, a 100 resistor (R1) limits the
peak switch current to approximately 650mA. This maximizes converter efficiency. One side benefit of limiting the
peak switch current is that the circuit becomes insensitive
to inductance. The circuit operates satisfactorily with an
inductance in the range of 20H to 50H.
It is important that capacitor C2 have low effective series
resistance (ESR) and inductance (ESL) to minimize output
ripple voltage. Although aluminum capacitors are abundant and inexpensive, they will perform poorly in this
switcher application because of their relatively high ESR
and ESL. Two good choices that meet C2s low ESR and
ESL requirements are the AVX TPS and Sanyo OS-CONTM
capacitor series.
Circuit Operation
The LT1111 is configured to operate as a flyback converter. The voltage on the transformers secondary is
rectified by D2, filtered by C2 and applied to the LT1121s
input. As the LT1121s input voltage continues to rise, its
output will regulate at 5V. The LT1121s input voltage
continues increasing until the differential between input
and output equals approximately 600mV. At this point Q1
begins conducting, turning on the LTC1145 isolator. The
output of the LTC1145 goes high, turning off the converter. The feedback from the LTC1145 gates the LT1111s
oscillator, controlling the energy transmitted to the
transformers secondary and the LT1121s input voltage.
The oscillator is gated on for longer periods as the LT1121s
load current increases. Q1s gain and the feedback through
the LTC1145 force the converter loop to maintain the
LT1121 just above dropout, resulting in the best efficiency. The LT1121 provides current limiting as well as a
tightly regulated low noise output.
OS-CON is a trademark of SANYO Electric Co., LTD.
500VRMS
ISOLATION BARRIER
5V
R1
100
1
2
Z1
1N5355
D1
MUR120
C1
10F
3
4
C2
47F
C3
10F
D2
1N5818
IC2
LT1121CZ5
IC1
LT1111
ILIM
FB
VIN
SET
SW1
A0
SW2
GND
5V
8
7
R2
30k
TR1*
Q1
2N3906
D3
1N4148
9
8
GND2 OSC IN
7
NC
1
DIN
IC3
LTC1145
DOUT
OSOUT
10
11
C5
0.1F
VCC
12
GND1
18
*COILTRONICS CTX20-1Z
AN66 F76
AN66-42
Application Note 66
LOW NOISE PORTABLE COMMUNICATIONS
DC/DC CONVERTER
by Mitchell Lee
Portable communications products pack plenty of parts
into close proximity. Digital clock noise must be eliminated not only from the audio sections but also from the
antenna, which, by the very nature of the product, is
located only inches from active circuitry. If a switching
regulator is used in the power supply, it becomes another
potential source of noise. The LTC1174 stepdown converter is designed specifically to eliminate noise at audio
frequencies while maintaining high efficiency at low
output currents.
Figure 77 shows an all surface mount solution for a 5V,
120mA output derived from five to seven NiCd or NiMH
cells. Small input and output capacitors are used to
conserve space without sacrificing reliability. In applications where it is desired, a shutdown feature is available;
otherwise, short this pin to VIN.
5- TO 7-CELL
INPUT
VSW
SHDN
OFF
L1
CTX33-1
VIN
MBR0520L
LTC1174CS8
IPGM
R1
91k
C2
6.8nF
+ C3
5V
120mA
OUTPUT
33F
20V
100
100
FB
GND
R2
30k
90
The LTC1174s internal switch, which is connected between VIN and VSW, is current controlled at a peak threshold of approximately 340mA. This low peak threshold is
one of the key features that allows the LTC1174 to minimize system noise compared to other chips that carry
significantly higher peak currents, easing shielding and
filtering requirements and decreasing component stress.
10
80
70
1
EFFICIENCY (%)
AN66 F77
FREQUENCY (kHz)
ON
C1
15F
12.5V
60
0.1
0.1
1
10
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
50
100
AN66 F78
AN66-43
Application Note 66
APPLICATIONS FOR THE LT1302
MICROPOWER DC/DC CONVERTER
by Steve Pietkiewicz
put voltage rises above the comparator threshold. Undershoot at load step is less than 5%. The circuits efficiency
at various input voltages is shown in Figure 81.
2- or 3-Cell to 5V Converter
VOUT
100mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
ILOAD
525mA
25mA
AN66 F80
200ms/DIV
NC
L1
10H
6
7
C3
0.1F
2 CELLS
D1
C1
100F
5
ILIM
VIN
SHDN
SW
SHUTDOWN
PGND
FB
GND
CC
6800pF
82
VIN = 3V
80
78
VIN = 2V
74
VC
RC
20k
84
76
LT1302
8
1
C2
100F
EFFICIENCY (%)
86
72
R1
100k
1%
R2
301k
1%
200pF
70
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
AN66 F81
1 SEC
AN66 F79
9 SEC
550mA
50mA
AN66 F82
AN66-44
Application Note 66
5
4
BATTERY/OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
PEN A
OUTPUT
PEN B
BATTERY
2
PEN B
BATTERY
0
150
120
90
60
TIME (MINUTES)
30
0
`AN66 F83
PEN A
OUTPUT
4
3
PEN B
BATTERY
2
0
9
5
4
3
TIME (HOURS)
150
120
90
60
TIME (MINUTES)
30
0
`AN66 F100
PEN A
OUTPUT
0
AN66 F84
AN66-45
Application Note 66
NC
L1*
3.3H
7
+
2 CELLS
C3
0.1F
C1
100F
D1
VIN
ILIM
C2
33F
SHUTDOWN
LT1302
8
PGND
GND
SHDN
SW
FB
VC
2
RC
20k
C2
33F
CC
0.02F
12V
120mA
OUTPUT
R1
100k
1%
100pF
R2
866k
1%
D1 = MOTOROLA MBRS130LT3
COILCRAFT (708) 639-2361
L1 = COILCRAFT DO3316-332
FOR 3.3V/5V INPUT USE 22H (DO3316-223)
AN66 F86
Figure 86. 2-Cell to 12V DC/DC Converter Delivers 120mA. Changing L1s Value Allows Operation from 3.3V/5V Supply
85
90
88
VIN = 2.5V
VIN = 3V
86
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
75
VIN = 2V
70
VIN = 5V
84
82
80
78
VIN = 3.3V
76
65
74
72
60
1
70
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1
AN66 F87
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
2.00 2.20
AN66-46
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
AN66 F89
generate 12V at over 120mA from a 2-cell battery. Operating the converter in continuous mode requires a higher
duty cycle than the LT1302 provides, so a very low
inductance (3.3H) must be used in order to provide
enough output current in discontinuous mode. Efficiency
for this circuit is in the 70% to 80% range, as Figure 87s
graph shows. Battery life at this power level would be short
with a continuous load but the most common application
for this voltage/current level, flash memory programming,
has a rather low duty factor. Maximum output current
versus input voltage is shown in Figure 88. To operate this
circuit from a 3-cell battery change L1s value to 6.8H.
This will result in lower peak currents, improving efficiency substantially.
Application Note 66
L1
3.3H
5V
175mA
OUTPUT
D1
220
10
100k
1.5V
CELL
R1
301k
1%
2N3906
(169k FOR 3.3V)
100k
IL
SET
100k
VIN
VIN
SW1
GND
FB
SW
LT1073
56.2k
1%
LT1302
AO
FB
SHDN
VC
IL
SW2
PGND
C1
47F
C2
220F
GND
100pF
20k
4.99k
1%
+
0.1F
0.01F
36.5k
1%
AN66 F90
L1 = COILCRAFT DO3316-332
D1 = MOTOROLA MBRS130LT3
C1 = AVX TPSD476M016R0150
C2 = AVX TPSE227M010R0100
Figure 90. Single Cell to 5V Converter Delivers 150mA. Changing R1 to 169k Provides 3.3V at 250mA
72
70
VIN = 1.5V
68
EFFICIENCY (%)
66
64
VIN = 1.2V
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
AN66 F91
AN66-47
Application Note 66
VIN
2.5V TO 8V
2
SHUTDOWN
SHDN
T1D
T1E
+ C3
47F
16V
D2
SW
100k
1%
+ C1
IL
GND
13V
0.1F
LT1302
VC
200pF
VIN
FB
169k
1%
100F
16V
PGND
D1
24k
4700pF
T1C
T1A
2
IN
T1B
12V
120mA
OUT
+ 22F
25V
330k
1%
LT1121
ADJ
SHDN
+ C2
3.3F
GND
330F
6.3V
150k
1%
10
AN66 F92
3.3V OUTPUT
400mA
T1 =
D1, D2 =
C1 =
C2 =
C3 =
DALE LPE-6562-A069
MOTOROLA MBRS130LT3
AVX TPSE107016R0100
AVX TPSE337006R0100
AVX TPSD476016R0150
Figure 92. 3-Cell to 3.3V Buck/Boost Converter with Auxiliary 12V Regulated Output
80
VIN = 3.5V
75
VIN = 2.5V
EFFICIENCY (%)
70
65
60
VIN = 4.5V
55
50
45
40
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1000
AN66 F93
AN66-48
Application Note 66
VIN
R2
C3
R3
2
L1
3
LT1302
C1
D1
R1
200pF
SHUTDOWN
RC
CC
C2
VOUT
GND (BATTERY AND LOAD RETURN)
AN66 F94
Circuit operation is best understood by temporarily ignoring the flip-flop and assuming that the LT1107 regulators
AOUT and FB pins are connected. When the output voltage
decays, the Set pin drops below VREF, causing AOUT to fall.
This causes the internal comparator to switch high, biasing the oscillator and output transistor into conduction. L1
receives pulsed drive and its flyback events are deposited
into the 100F capacitor via the diode, restoring output
voltage. This overdrives the Set pin, causing the IC to
switch OFF until another cycle is required.
The frequency of this oscillatory cycle is load dependent
and variable. If a flip-flop is interposed in the AOUT/FB pin
path as shown, the frequency is synchronized to the
system clock. When the output decays far enough (trace
A, Figure 96) the AOUT pin (trace B) goes low. At the next
clock pulse (trace C) the flip-flop Q2 output (trace D) sets
low, biasing the comparator-oscillator. This turns on the
power switch (VSW pin is trace E), which pulses L1. L1
AN66-49
Application Note 66
VIN 2V TO 4V
47
100k
5VOUT
ILIMIT
VIN
AOUT
L1
1N5817
VREF
SW1
AMPLIFIER
221k*
+
PRE1
Q1
Q1
CLR2 PRE2
100F
VCC
D2
VREF
1.25V
74HC74
D1
OSCILLATOR
LT1107
82.5k*
SET
COMPARATOR
CLR1
CLK1
GND
Q2
CLK2
FB
100k*
SW2
GND
47k
AN66 F95
100kHz CLOCK
POWERED FROM 5V OUTPUT
Figure 95. A Synchronizing Flip-Flop Forces Switching Regulator Noise To Be Coherent with the Clock
AN66-50
A = 50mV/DIV
(AC COUPLED)
B = 5V/DIV
C = 5V/DIV
D = 5V/DIV
E = 5V/DIV
AN66 F96
20s/DIV
Application Note 66
BATTERY-POWERED CIRCUITS USING THE
LT1300 AND LT1301
by Steve Pietkiewicz
A = 20mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
B = 5V/DIV
5V from 2 Cells
Figure 97s circuit provides 5V from a 2-cell input. Shutdown is effected by taking the Shutdown pin high. VIN
current drops to 10A in this condition. This simple boost
topology does not provide output isolation, and in shutdown the load is still connected to the battery via L1 and
D1. Figure 98 shows the efficiency of the circuit with a
range of input voltages, including a fresh battery (3V) and
an almost-dead battery (2V). At load currents below a
few milliamperes, the 120A quiescent current of the
device becomes significant, causing the fall off in efficiency detailed in the figure. At load currents in the 20mA
to 200mA range, efficiency flattens out in the 80% to 88%
range, depending on the input. Figure 99 details circuit
operation. VOUT is shown in trace A. The burst repetition
L1*
10H
SHUTDOWN
2 AA
CELLS
SELECT
SHDN
VIN
SW
D1
1N5817
LT1300
NC
+
100F
ILIM
GND
SENSE
PGND
C1
100F
AN66 F97
EFFICIENCY (%)
86
84
VIN = 3.0V
82
VIN = 2.5V
80
VIN = 2.0V
78
76
74
1
5V
200mA
OUTPUT
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
500
AN66 F98
C = 1A/DIV
AN66 F99
20s/DIV
AN66-51
Application Note 66
90
5.0
OUTPUT
88
2 E91
ALKALINE
4.0
2 L91
LITHIUM
3.0
2.5
VIN = 3V
86
3.5
EFFICIENCY (%)
4.5
BATTERY
2.0
1.5
84
VIN = 2.5V
82
VIN = 2V
80
78
1.0
76
0.5
74
0
0
4 5 6 7
TIME (HOURS)
9 10 11
10
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
AN66 F100
AN66 F103
4.5
5.0
OUTPUT/BATTERY VOLTAGE (V)
4.5
OUTPUT
4.0
2 E91
ALKALINE
2 L91
LITHIUM
3.5
100
3.0
4.0
2 E91
ALKALINE
3.5
2 L91
LITHIUM
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
BATTERY
0.5
2.5
BATTERY
2.0
0
0
1.5
1.0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
TIME (HOURS)
AN66 F104
0.5
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
TIME (HOURS)
AN66 F101
L1*
22H
2 AA
CELLS
SHUTDOWN
SELECT
SHDN
VIN
SW
A 4-Cell Application
LT1300
+
47F
ILIM
GND
SENSE
PGND
D1
MBRS140T3
5V
50mA
OUTPUT
33F
*COILCRAFT 1608-223
AN66 F102
AN66-52
Figure 104 shows battery life at a 50mA load. Note that the
L91 lithium battery lasts only about 40% longer than the
alkaline. The higher cost of the lithium cells makes the
alkaline cells more cost effective in this application. A pair
of Eveready AAA alkaline cells (type E92) lasts 96.6 hours
with 5mA load, very close to the rated capacity of the
battery.
Application Note 66
step the voltage either up or down depending on the state
of the batteries. A flyback topology with a costly custom
designed transformer could be employed but Figure 105s
circuit gets around these problems by using a flying
capacitor scheme along with a second inductor. The
circuit also isolates the input from the output, allowing the
output to go to 0V during shutdown. The circuit can be
divided conceptually into boost and buck sections. L1 and
the LT1300 switch comprise the boost or step-up section
and L2, D1 and C3 comprise the buck or step-down
section. C2 is charged to VIN and acts as a level shift
between the two sections. The switch node toggles between ground and VIN + VOUT, and the L2/C2 diode node
toggles between VIN and VOUT + VD. Figure 106 shows
efficiency versus load current for the circuit. All four
energy storage elements must handle power, which accounts for the lower efficiency of this circuit compared to
the simpler boost circuit in Figure 97. Efficiency is directly
L1*
27H
C2**
+100F
NC
5V/3.3V
4 AA
CELLS
ILIM
SELECT
VIN
SW
L2*
27H
1N5817
LT1300
SHUTDOWN
C1**
100F
SHDN
GND
SENSE
PGND
C3**
100F
5V OR
3.3V
220mA
3.3V
OR 5V
INPUT
SHUTDOWN
100F
1N5817
SENSE
PGND
12V OUTPUT
47F
AN66 F107
84
90
82
88
VIN = 5V
80
86
78
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN
SW
LT1301
ILIM
GND
AN66 F105
SELECT
SHDN
76
VIN = 3V
74
72
VIN = 4V
70
68
66
VIN = 3.3V
82
80
VIN = 5V
78
VIN = 6V
76
64
1
84
74
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
1
AN66 F106
10
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
100
AN66 F108
AN66-53
Application Note 66
BATTERY-POWERED CIRCUITS USING THE
LT1304 MICROPOWER DC/DC CONVERTER
WITH LOW-BATTERY DETECTOR
by Steve Pietkiewicz
A 2-Cell to 5V Converter
A compact 2-cell to 5V converter can be constructed using
the circuit in Figure 109. Using the LT1304-5 fixed output
device eliminates the need for external voltage setting
resistors, lowering component count. As the battery voltage drops, the circuit continues to function until the
LT1304s undervoltage lockout disables the part at approximately VIN = 1.5V. 200mA is available at a battery
voltage of 2.0V. As the battery voltage decreases below
2V, cell impedance starts to quickly increase. End-of-life is
usually assumed to be around 1.8V, or 0.9V per cell.
MBRS130L
22H*
VIN
LBI
5V
200mA
ILOAD
200mA
0
LT1304-5
100F
2 CELLS
SW
SENSE
100s/DIV
LB0
GND
SHDN
IL
R1
1M
C1
1F
100F
SHUTDOWN
*SUMIDA CD54-220
(708) 956-0666
AN66 F109
IIN
500mA/DIV
VSHDN
10V/DIV
1ms/DIV
90
DN66 F112
VIN = 3.3V
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
DN66 F111
VIN = 2.5V
70
VIN = 1.8V
VOUT 2V/DIV
60
IIN
500mA/DIV
VSHDN
10V/DIV
50
40
0.1
1
10
100
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
500
AN66 F110
AN66-54
1ms/DIV
DN66 F113
Application Note 66
A 4-Cell to 5V Converter
A 4-cell to 5V converter is more complex than a simple
boost converter because the input voltage can be either
above or below the output voltage. The single-ended
primary inductance converter (SEPIC) shown in Figure
114 accomplishes this task with the additional benefit of
output isolation. In shutdown conditions, the converters
output will go to zero, unlike the simple boost converter,
where a DC path from input to output through the inductor
and diode remains. In this circuit, peak current is limited
to approximately 500mA by the addition of 22k resistor
R1. This allows very small low profile components to be
used. The 100F capacitors are D-case size with a height
of 2.9mm and the inductors are 3.2mm high. The circuit
can deliver 5V at up to 100mA. Efficiency is relatively flat
across the 1mA to 100mA load range.
100F
22H*
3.5V TO 6.5V
IQ 15A
MBR0530
SW
LBI
5V
100mA
+
47F
22H*
SHUTDOWN
100F
LBI
+
330F
FB
SHDN
GND
IL
6
R2
1.21M
47k
22k
AN66 F114
*SUMIDA CD54-330
(708) 956-0666
AN66 F116
85
90
80
VIN = 3V
80
VIN = 3V
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN = 4V
75
EFFICIENCY (%)
LB0
R1
3.83M
+
100F
*SUMIDA CD43-220
(708) 956-0666
4
SW
LT1304
2
SHDN
GND
R1
22k
3
VIN
2 CELLS
LT1304-5
LB0
IL
0.01F
47k
SENSE
4 CELLS
5V
80mA
200k
Q1
2N3906
+
VIN
MBR0530
70
65
VIN = 6V
VIN = 5V
60
70
VIN = 2V
60
50
55
50
1
10
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
100
AN66 F115
40
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
100
AN66 F117
AN66-55
Application Note 66
117. The converter is approximately 70% efficient at a
100A load, 20 points higher than the circuit of Figure 109.
Even at a 10A load, efficiency is in the 40% to 50% range,
equivalent to 100W to 120W total power drain from the
battery. In contrast, Figure 109s circuit consumes approximately 300W to 400W unloaded.
An output capacitor charging cycle or burst is shown in
Figure 118, with the circuit driving a 50mA load. The slow
response of the low-battery detector results in the high
number of individual switch cycles or hits within the
burst.
Figure 119 depicts output voltage at the modest load of
100A. The burst repetition rate is around 4Hz. With the
load removed, the repetition rate drops to approximately
0.2Hz or one burst every 5 seconds. Systems that spend
a high percentage of operating time in sleep mode can
benefit from the greatly reduced quiescent power drain of
Figure 116s circuit.
(5ns) will confirm the need for good PC board layout. The
200MHz ringing of the switch voltage is attributable to lead
inductance, switch and diode capacitance, and diode turnon time. Switch turn-on is shown in Figure 122. Transition
time is similar to that of Figure 121. Adherence to the
layout suggestions will result in working DC/DC converters with a minimum of trouble.
1Instrumentation for oscillographs of Figures 121 and 122 include Tektronix P6032 active probe,
Type 1S1 sampling unit and type 547 mainframe.
SHUTDOWN
1
2
VIN
8
LT1304
+ CIN
VOUT
+COUT
VOUT 100mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
VSW
5V/DIV
IL
1A/DIV
AN66 F120
VIN = 2.5V
IL = 50mA
50s/DIV
DN66 F118
VOUT 100mV/DIV
AC COUPLED
50ms/DIV
50ms/DIV
DN66 F119
DN66 F121
Figure 121. LT1304 Switch Rise Time Is in the 5ns Range. These
Types of Edges Emphasize the Need for Proper PC Board Layout
Layout
The LT1304 switch turns on and off very quickly. For best
performance we suggest the component placement in
Figure 120. Improper layouts will result in poor load
regulation, especially at heavy loads. Parasitic lead inductance must be kept low for proper operation. Switch turnoff is detailed in Figure 1211. A close look at the rise time
AN66-56
VSW 1V/DIV
50ms/DIV
DN66 F122
Figure 122. Switch Fall Time. Lower Slope in Second and Third
Graticules Shows Effect of Lead and Bond Wire Inductance
Application Note 66
AUTOMATIC LOAD SENSING SAVES POWER
IN HIGH VOLTAGE CONVERTER
by Mitchell Lee
The maximum switch voltage for many micropower devices is 50V. For higher outputs the circuit shown in Figure
123 is often recommended. It combines a boost regulator
and a charge pump tripler to produce an output voltage of
up to 150V. The output is sensed through a divider
network, which consumes a constant current of about
12A. This doesnt seem like much, but reflected back to
the 3V battery it amounts to over 3mA. Together with the
63V
47F
6.3V
100F
63V
100nF
R5
10k
MUR120
VIN
R1
47
63V
100nF
L1
33H
SW1
63V
100nF
250V*
1F
Q2
MMBTA92
LT1107CS8
ILIM
3mA
128V
Q1
MMBTA92
63V
100nF
390pF
FB
GND SW2
R2
1M
3V
2 ALKALINE
D CELLS
R3
100k
R4
9.1M
AN66 F123
AN66-57
Application Note 66
RegulatorsSwitching
(Micropower)
Backlight
HIGH EFFICIENCY EL DRIVER CIRCUIT
by Dave Bell
Electroluminescent (EL) lamps are gaining popularity as
sources of LCD backlight illumination, especially in small,
handheld products. Compared with other backlighting
technologies, EL is attractive because the lamp is thin,
lightweight, rugged and can be illuminated with little
power.
EL lamps are capacitive in nature, typically exhibiting
around 3000pF/in2, and require a low frequency (50Hz to
1kHz) 120VRMS AC drive voltage. Heretofore, this has
usually been generated by a low frequency blocking oscillator using a large transformer.
Figure 124 depicts a high efficiency EL driver that can
drive a relatively large (12 in2) EL lamp using a small high
frequency transformer. The circuit is self-oscillating and
delivers a regulated triangle wave to the attached lamp.
Very high conversion efficiency may be obtained using
this circuit, even matching state-of-the-art CCFL backlights at modest brightness levels (10 to 20 foot-lamberts).
Since an EL lamp is basically a lossy capacitor, the
majority of the energy delivered to the lamp during the
charge half-cycle is stored as electrostatic energy
(1/2CV2). Overall conversion efficiency can be improved
by almost 2:1 if this stored energy is returned to the battery
during the discharge half-cycle. The circuit of Figure 124
operates as a flyback converter during the charge halfcycle, taking energy from the battery and charging the EL
capacitance. During the discharge half-cycle the flyback
converter operates in the reverse direction, taking energy
back out of the EL lamp and returning it to the battery.
Nearly 50% of the energy taken during the charge halfcycle is returned during the discharge half-cycle; hence
the 2:1 efficiency improvement.
During the charge half-cycle, the LT1303 operates as a
flyback converter at approximately 150kHz, ramping the
current in T1s 10H primary inductance to approximately
1A on each switching pulse. When the LT1303s internal
AN66-58
Application Note 66
flyback converter, light output remains relatively constant
with changes in the battery voltage. In addition, since EL
lamp capacitance decreases with age, the circuit tends to
minimize brightness reduction with lamp aging. C5, R9,
and R10 maintain a zero average voltage across the EL
lamp terminalsan essential factor for reliable lamp
operation.
Two options exist for EL lamps with different characteristics. Larger lamps can be supported by specifying an
LT1305 instead of the LT1303 shown in Figure 124. The
LT1305 will terminate switch cycles at 2A instead of 1A,
C4
47F
16V
VBATT
R2
2.2M
R3
2.2M
C5
4.7F
160V
T1
4,5
1,2
10
R9
1M
10H
Q1
2N3906
5V
D1
MBRS140T3
R6
10
R4
470
6
VIN
SHDN
D
Q
U2A
HC74
3
4
R1
18k
Q
SHDN
SW
LBI
LBO
GND
C1
220pF
C2
10pF
R5
47k
Q2A
1/2
Si9955
R7
4.7k
D3
MURS160T3
C6
0.022F
D2
MURS160T3
R11
10
U1
LT1303
FB
R10
1M
1:15
R14
10
C3
0.1F
EL
LAMP
(12IN2)
VBATT
Q3
2N7002
Q4
IRFRC20
PGND
8
R8
2.2k
Q
U2B
HC74
Q
Q2B
1/2
Si9955
R13
680
R12
15
Q5
2N3904
C7
1000pF
AN66 F124
AN66-59
Application Note 66
The Royer converter oscillates at a frequency set primarily
by T1s characteristics (including its load) and the 0.068F
capacitor. L1 sets the magnitude of the Q1-to-Q2 tail
current, and hence, T1s drive level. The 1N5817 diode
maintains L1s current flow when the LT1301s switch is
off. The 0.068F capacitor combines with L1s characteristics to produce sine wave voltage drive at the Q1 and Q2
collectors. T1 furnishes voltage step-up and about 1400VP-P
appears at its secondary. Alternating current flows through
the 22pF capacitor into the lamp. On positive half cycles
the lamps current is steered to ground via D1. On negative
half cycles the lamps current flows through Q3s collector
and is filtered by C1. The LT1301s ILIM pin acts as a zero
summing point with about 25A bias current flowing out
of the pin into C1. The LT1301 regulates L1s current to
maintain equality of Q3s average collector current, representing one-half the lamp current, and R1s current,
represented by VA/R1. When VA is set to zero the ILIM pins
bias current forces about 100A bulb current.
T1
7
22pF
3kV
VIN
2V TO 6V
0.068F
120
1N5817
Q1
ZTX849
SW
SENSE
LT1301
0.1F
SHDN
GND
+ C1
1F
SHUTDOWN
T1 = COILTRONICS CTX110654-1
L1 = COILCRAFT D03316-473
AN66 F125
R1
7.5k
1%
VA
0VDC TO 5VDC IN
INTENSITY ADJUST
100A TO 2mA BULB CURRENT
AN66-60
10F
Q3
2N3904
ILIM
PGND
CCFL
Q2
ZTX849
WIMA
MKP20
L1
47H
SELECT
VIN
NC
D1
1N4148
Application Note 66
ALL SURFACE MOUNT EL PANEL DRIVER
OPERATES FROM 1.8V TO 8V INPUT
by Steve Pietkiewicz
VIN
1.6V
TO 8V
4, 5
C3
47F
R1
10
C3
0.1F
1, 2
VIN
MUR160
6
10
D1
1N5818
SW
LT1303
SHDN
FB
GND
PGND
C2
50pF
R2
3.3M
R2
3.3M
R2
3.3M
51k
R3
25k
INTENSITY
ADJUST
C1
4.7F
160V
TRACE A
200V/DIV
1k
TRACE B
20V/DIV
EL
PANEL
TRACE D
10V/DIV
1N4148
Q1
MPSA42
500s/DIV
A) HIGH VOLTAGE OUTPUT
B) SWITCH PIN
C) INPUT CURRENT
D) 400Hz DRIVE
10k
OPERATE SHUTDOWN
T1 = DALE LPE5047-A132
(605) 665-9301
TRACE C
500mA/DIV
400Hz
SQUARE WAVE DRIVE
0 TO VIN
AN66 F127
AN66-61
Application Note 66
A DUAL OUTPUT LCD BIAS VOLTAGE GENERATOR
by Jon A. Dutra
With the many different kinds of LCD displays available,
systems manufacturers often want the option of deciding
the polarity of the LCD bias voltage at the time of manufacturing.
The circuit in Figure 128 uses the LT1107 micropower
DC/DC converter with a single inductor. The LT1107
features an ILIM pin that enables direct control of maximum inductor current. This allows the use of a smaller
inductor without the risk of saturation. The LT1111 could
also be used with a resulting reduction in output power.
Circuit Operation
The circuit is basically an AC-coupled boost topology. The
feedback signal is derived separately from the outputs, so
loading of the outputs does not affect loop compensation.
Since there is no direct feedback from the outputs, load
regulation performance is reduced. With 28V out, from
10% to 100% load (4mA to 40mA), the output voltage
sags by about 0.65V. From 1mA to 40mA load, the output
voltage sags by about 1.4V. This is acceptable for most
displays.
VBATTERY
4V to 16V
(OPTION
SEE TEXT)
10F
16V
100k
30
VIN
AO
10F
16V
SW2
5V CONTRAST ADJ
1M POT
D2
+
C3
SW1
VO
24V TO 32V
(0mA TO 40mA)
100k
C2
D1
ILIM
D4
LT1107CS8
FB
C1
L1
D3
1N4148
VIN
3V to 12V
100k
C4
VO
24V TO 32V
(0mA TO 40mA)
SET
GND
1.25V
1.43M
0.01
2.32M
1N4148
10k
SHUTDOWN IN
1 = OFF
100k
Figure 128. LT1107 Dual Output LCD Bias Generator Schematic Diagram
AN66-62
AN67 F128
Application Note 66
Use a rated tantalum or a rated electrolytic for longer
system life. At lower output currents or higher frequencies, using monolithic ceramics is also feasible.
One could replace the 1N5819 Schottky diodes with 1N4148
types for lower cost, with a reduction in efficiency and load
regulation characteristics.
Shutdown
The circuit can be shut down in several ways. The easiest
is to pull the Set pin above 1.25V; however, this consumes
300A in shutdown conditions. A lower power method is
to turn off VIN to the LT1107 by means of a high side switch
D1
1N5818
L1*
100H
R1
100
SW1
3V
2 AA
CELLS
R4
2.21M
VIN
ILIM
U1
LT1173
C1
0.1F
C2
4.7F
FB
GND
SW2
R3
100k
D3
1N5818
D2
1N5818
D4
1N4148
OPERATE SHUTDOWN
* TOKO 262LYF-0092K
R2
120k
C3
AN67 F129
22F
OUTPUT
12V TO 24V
AN66-63
Application Note 66
RegulatorsSwitching
(Micropower)
VPP Generator
AN66-64
1
0.22F
0.22F
C1
+
SHDN
FROM MICROPROCESSOR
GND
LTC1262
6
3
VOUT
C2
4
5
VCC
C2+
C1
FLASH
MEMORY
VPP
+
4.7F
4.7F
VCC
VCC
(4.75V TO 5.5V)
AN66 F130
SHDN
5V/DIV
VOUT
2V/DIV
1ms/DIV
AN66 F131
Application Note 66
regulator gets its DC feedback directly from the output at
Q1s collector. Minor slew aberrations are due to Q1s
switching characteristics.
Even with the additional losses introduced by Q1, efficiency is 83% with a 60mA load. Line and load regulation
are both less than 1%. Output ripple is about 100mV under
5k
L1
33H
1N4148
1N5818
SHDN
5V/DIV
C1
22F
C2
22F
VIN
SW
LT1109A-12
SHDN
VPP
5V/DIV
Q1
2N4403
SENSE
GND
SHUTDOWN PROGRAM
C3
1F
VPP
12V
60mA
0
AN67 F133
AN66 F132
Figure 132. Boost Mode Switching Regulator with Low RON Pass
Transistor for Flash Memory Programming
RegulatorsLinear
LOW NOISE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
POWER SUPPLY
by Mitchell Lee and Kevin Vasconcelos
Shown in Figure 134 is a 5V power supply we designed for
a synthesizer oscillator. The original design used a
3-terminal regulator but the regulators voltage noise contributed to excessive phase noise in the oscillator, leading
us to this solution. Of prime importance is noise over the
10Hz to 10kHz band. Careful measurements show a 40dB
improvement over standard 3-terminal regulators.
The regulator is built around a 5V buried-Zener reference.
It is the buried Zeners inherently low noise that makes the
finished supply so quiet. Measured over a 10Hz to 10kHz
band the 5V output contains just 7VRMS noise at full load.
The 10Hz to 10kHz noise can be further reduced to
2.5VRMS by adding a 100H, 1000F output filter. The
noise characteristics of the reference are tested and guaranteed to a maximum of 11V over the band of interest.
An external boost transistor, the ZBD949, provides gain to
meet a 200mA output current requirement. Current limit-
Figure 133. Input and Output Waveforms for the Flash Memory
Programming Circuit
+
220
RED LED**
4.7
47F
ZBD949*
IN
10
1/2W 5V
200mA
OUTPUT
2
LT1021-5
OUT
GND
10F
TANT
AN66-65
Application Note 66
AN LT1123 ULTRALOW DROPOUT 5V REGULATOR
by Jim Williams and Dennis ONeill
Switching regulator post regulation, battery-powered apparatus and other applications often require low VIN/VOUT
or low dropout linear regulators. For post regulators this
is needed for high efficiency. In battery circuits lifetime is
significantly affected by regulator dropout. The LT1123, a
new low cost reference/control IC, is designed specifically
for cost effective duty in such applications. Used in conjunction with a discrete PNP power transistor, the 3-lead
TO-92 unit allows very high performance positive regulator designs. The IC contains a 5V bandgap reference, error
amplifier, NPN Darlington driver and circuitry for current
and thermal limiting.
A low dropout example is the simple 5V circuit of Figure
135 using the LT1123 and an MJE1123 PNP transistor. In
operation, the LT1123 sinks Q1 base current through the
Drive pin to servo control the FB (feedback) pin to 5V. R1
provides pull-up current to turn Q1 off and R2 is a drive
limiter. The 10F output capacitor (COUT) provides frequency compensation. The LT1123 is designed to tolerate
a wide range of capacitor ESR so that low cost aluminum
electrolytics can be be used for COUT. If the circuit is
located more than six inches from the input source, the
optional 10F input capacitor (CIN) should be added.
INPUT
Q1**
CIN*
10F
R1
600
5VOUT
COUT
10F
R2
20
DRIVE
U1
FB
LT1123
3.0
GND
2.5
AN66 F135
AN66-66
LT138
2.0
1.5
LT1084
1.0
LT1123/2N4276
LT1185
0.5
LT1123/MJE1123
0
0
Application Note 66
RegulatorsLinear
(Microprocessor Power)
Circuit Examples
5V
5
3.3V
VIN
VCONT
U1
LT1580
SENSE
ADJ
C3
22F
25V
C2
220F
10V
VOUT
1
VOUT = 2.5V
VCC
2
R1
110
1%
C4
0.33F
R2
110
1%
100F
10V
2
1F
25V
10
MICROPROCESSOR
SOCKET
C1
100F
10V
VSS
RTN
AN66 F137
AN66-67
Application Note 66
50mV/DIV
50mV/DIV
2A/DIV
2A/DIV
AN66 F138
50s/DIV
50s/DIV
AN66 F139
Q1
Si9407DY
5V
R3
10k
3.3V
VIN
VCONT
U1 SENSE
LT1580
SHUTDOWN
ADJ
C3
22F
25V
2
C2
220F
10V
C4
0.33F
VOUT
VOUT = 2.5V
R1
110
1%
C1
R2
110 100F
10V
1%
LOAD
RTN
AN66 F140
AN66-68
Figure 141 shows the kind of response that can and must
be achieved if these microprocessors are to operate reliably. Figure 142 details the first several microseconds of
VOUT
50mV/DIV
IOUT
2A/DIV
AN66 F141
Application Note 66
the transient in Figure 141. The load change in this case is
3.8A in about 20ns. Two parasitic elements dominate the
transient performance of the system. Both are controlled
by the type, quantity and location of the decoupling
capacitors in the system.
Anatomy of a Load Transient
The instantaneous droop at the leading edge of the transient is the result of the sum of the effects of the equivalent
series resistance (ESR) and the equivalent series inductance (ESL) from the output capacitor(s) terminal(s) to the
load connection. Note that these contributions also include
the lead trace parasitics from the capacitor(s) to the load.
The resistive component is simply I ESR. The droop to
point A, 23.6mV, is the ESR contribution. Calculating ESR:
23.6mV/3.8A = 0.0062
The effects of inductance are predicted by the formula V =
LdI/dt. The voltage from point A to the bottom of the
trough is the inductive contribution (13.4mV). ESL is
calculated to be 0.07nH. After the load current stops rising
the inductive effects end, bringing the voltage to point B.
At this point the curve settles into a gentle droop. The
5V
NOMINAL VO
C1 TO C2
220F
10V
SANYO
OS-CON
2
23.6mV
A
U1 VOUT
LT1585CT
GND
2
3
C9 TO C18
1F
SMD
10
C3 TO C8
220F
10V
AVX TYPE TPS
6
LOAD
AN66 F143
13.4mV
B
VIN
AN66 F142
AN66-69
Application Note 66
Battery Chargers
2.465
(2000) (when Q1 ON)
R1||R2
2.465
(2000) (when Q1 OFF)
R1
30H
SW
C1
0.22F
VCC
1N5819 OR
MBRD340
BOOST
WALL
ADAPTOR
1N5819 OR
MBRD340
10F
PROG
1F
LT1510S8
D1
1N914
GND
R1
50K
300
0.1F
1K
VC
SENSE
R2
5.6K
Q1
VN2222
BAT
+
22F
ON: IBAT = 1A
OFF: IBAT = 0.1A
IBAT
2V TO 20V
AN66 F144
VCC
1N5819 OR
MBRD340
BOOST
PROG
LT1510S16
D1
1N914
SENSE
*OPTIONAL
NOTE: PRIMARY Li-Ion
BATTERY PROTECTION
MUST BE PROVIDED
BY AN INDEPENDENT
CIRCUIT
1F
GND
OVP
11V TO 25V
DC WALL
ADAPTOR
10F 1N5819 OR
MBRD340
0.1F
300
1K
3.83k
VC
BAT
+
+
22F
4.2V
Q3*
VN2222
4.2V
R3
59K
R4
25K
AN66 F145
AN66-70
Application Note 66
Typical Charging Algorithms
The following algorithms are representative of current
techniques:
Lithium-Ion charge at constant voltage with current
limiting set to protect components and to avoid overloading the charging source. When the battery voltage reaches
the programmed voltage limit, current will automatically
decay to float levels. The accuracy of the float voltage is
critical for long battery life. Be aware that lithium-ion
batteries in series suffer from walk away because of the
required constant float voltage charging technique. Walk
away is a condition where the batteries in the series string
wind up in different states of the charge/discharge cycle.
They may need to be balanced by redistributing charge
from one battery to another. This phenomenon is minimized by carefully matching the batteries within a pack.
Nickel-Cadmium charge at a constant current determined by the power available or by a maximum specified
AN66-71
Application Note 66
VIN
(6V TO 14V)
R14
5.1k
+
Q1
Si9430
1
2
3
4
C1
270pF
VIN
PDR
CT
ITH
U1
LTC1147
VFB
VREF
C3
33F
25V
AVX TPS
U2
LT1009-2.5
L1*
50H
CTX50-4
8
6
D2
MURS320
R13
0.1
D1
MBRS130
5
SENSE +
SENSE
VOUT**
4.2V
1A MAX
GND
C4
220F
10V
AVX TPS
R15
170k
0.25%
7
1000pF
R1
1k
R12
20k
1%
R11
20k
1%
100
VIN
Q3
2N7002
R3
51k
1%
VREF
U3A
3
R4
22k
Q2
2N7002
+
5
R9
20k, 1%
R8
475k, 1%
LT1014
LT1014
D3
1N4148
U3B
R2
24.9k
1%
R10
100
C2
3300pF
C5
0.1F
VIN
C7
0.1F
R5
100
VREF
R7
20k, 1%
0.1F
4
8
C6
0.1F
D4
1N4148
10
U3C
11
LT1014
R6
22k
VREF
R16
249k
0.25%
AN66 F146
AN66-72
Application Note 66
voltage is less than about 4V. Under either of these
circumstances, unlimited current flows from the 5V input
supply, through D1 and Q1s base-emitter junction, frying
at least Q1.
This circuit is useful for four to six cells and the output
current can be modified somewhat by changing sense
resistor R1. A reasonable range is from very low currents
(1mA or less) up to 100mA. The current will diminish as
Q1s VBE drops about 0.3%/C with temperature.
D1
MBR0520L
VIN = 5V
C1
22F
10V
C2
47nF
R2
2k
VIN
VSW
SHDN/SYNC
FB
C3
100F
16V
LT1377
1
VC
GND
R1
12
Q1
2N3906
D2
10V
400mW
R3
1k
Q2
Si9400DY
50mA
(11V MAX)
GND
C4
1nF
AN66 F147
AN66-73
Application Note 66
A PERFECTLY TEMPERATURE-COMPENSATED
BATTERY CHARGER
by Mitchell Lee and Kevin Vasconcelos
Battery charging circuits are usually greeted with a yawn,
but this lead-acid charger offers a combination of features
that sets it apart from all others. It incorporates a low
dropout regulator, temperature compensation, dual-rate
charging, true negative ground and consumes zero standby
current.
The LT1083 family of linear regulators exhibits dropout
characteristics of less than 1.5V as compared to 2.5V in
standard regulators. A smaller regulator drop allows for
lower input voltages and less power dissipation in the
regulator. In this application the regulator is used to control
charging voltage and limit maximum charging current.
The temperature compensation employed in this circuit,
unlike diode-based straight-line approximations, follows
the true curvature of a lead-acid cell. This prevents over or
undercharging of the battery during periods of extended
low or high ambient temperatures. Temperature compensation is conveniently provided by a Tempsistor as
shown in Figure 148. The Tempsistor is used to generate
a temperature-dependent current, which, in turn, adjusts
+
D1
1N4001
VIN 16.0V
+
R1
1k
C1
10F
TANT
ADJ
C3
47F
ALUM
TO LOAD
RS
0.2
LT1086
IN
OUT
R3
300
R4
12
Q1
2N3906
C2
10F
TANT
RTH
1K821J
R8
1k
1%
R9
124k
1%
R10
1k
12V
GELCELL
TO VIN
+
LT1012
R5
2210
1%
R6
250
R7
110
R2
10k
Q2
VN2222
Q3
VN2222
RS = 10mV/ITH
= THERMODISC: 1K821J.
TEL: (616) 777-4100
R11
1M
AN66 F148
Figure 148. Battery Charger Follows Temperature Coefficient of a Lead-Acid Cell Very Accurately
AN66-74
Application Note 66
Both the float and charging voltages can be trimmed by
R6; R7 sets the 600mV difference between them.
C1
22F
25V
C2
0.1F
VSW
0.8A
20mA
0.5
LT1086
1.5A
50mA
0.2
LT1085
3.2A
100mA
0.1
5.5A
200mA
0.05
24Ah to 48Ah
LT1083
8.0A
400mA
0.025
L1
50H
VFB
2
VOUT
3
D1
MBRS130LT3
SHDN
LBIN
LT1117
LT1084
LTC1174
3
SENSE
RESISTOR
(SHUNT)
6Ah to 12Ah
VIN
IPGM
3Ah to 6Ah
DEVICE
FLOAT
CURRENT
THRESHOLD
12Ah to 24Ah
6
7
3Ah
MAXIMUM
CHARGING
CURRENT
VIN
8V TO 12.5V
BATTERY
CAPACITY
LBOUT
GND
R1
182k
1%
D2
MBRS130LT3
C3
100F
10V
VBATT
4 CELLS
R2
39.2k
1%
AN66 F149
Figure 149. 4-Cell, 300mA LTC1174 Battery Charger Implemented with All Surface Mount Components
AN66-75
Application Note 66
connected to the input voltage. This power switch handles
peak currents of 600mA. The LTC1174s architecture
allows it to achieve 100% duty cycle, forcing the internal
P-channel MOSFET on 100% of the time.
When the batteries are being charged, the resistor divider
network (R1 and R2) forces the LTC1174s Feedback pin
(VFB) below 1.25V, causing the LTC1174 to operate at the
maximum output current. An internal 0.1 resistor senses
with efficiency exceeding 90%. This circuit can be modified easily to handle up to eight NiCd cells.
+
VIN
8V TO
15V
C1
1F
C2
0.1F
3
VIN
P-DRIVE
0V = NORMAL
>1.5V = SHUTDOWN
10
6
R1
51
1
TRICKLE
CHARGE
Q3
VN2222LL
R2
1k
C4
3300pF
X7R
4
C5
200pF
NPO
SHDN
8
SENSE +
LTC1148
7
SENSE
ITH
VFB
CT
N-DRIVE
SGND
11
PGND
12
Q1
Si9430DY
1
4
C3
22F
25V
2
L1
50H
2
3
R3
0.01
D2
MBRS340T3
VOUT
C6
0.01F
R4
274k
1%
9
14
C7
100pF
R5
49.9k
1%
Q2
Si9410DY
VBATT
4 CELLS
C8
220F
10V
D1
MBRS140T3
AN66 F150
C1 = (TA)
C3 = AVX (TA) TPSD226K025R0200 ESR = 0.200 IRMS = 0.775A
C8 = AVX (TA) TPSE227M010R0100 ESR = 0.100 IRMS = 1.149A
Q1 = SILICONIX PMOS BVDSS = 20V RDSON = 0.125 CRSS = 400pF QG = 25nC JA = 50C/W
Q2 = SILICONIX NMOS BVDSS = 30V RDSON = 0.050 CRSS = 160pF QG = 50nC JA = 50C/W
D1, D2 = MOTOROLA SCHOTTKY VBR =40V
R3 = KRL SP-1/2-A1-0R100J Pd = 0.75V
L1 = COILTRONICS CTX50-4 DCR = 0.175 IDC = 1.350A KOOL M CORE
Figure 150. 4-Cell, 1.3A Battery Charger Implemented in Surface Mount Technology
AN66-76
Application Note 66
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
2
R1 (k)
4
AN66 F151
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
1.0
0.5
1.5
THRESHOLD PIN VOLTAGE (V)
2.0
AN66 F152
AN66-77
Application Note 66
HS = JA SYSTEM JC FET = 55C/5W 1.25C/W
Power Management
= 9.75C/W
RSENSE
0.2
1k
LT1004-1.2
0.0033F
100
1/2 LT1366
RP
10k
Q1
MTP23P06
IOUT
40k
Q2
2N4340
AN66 F153
The circuit can operate over a wide supply range (5V < VCC
< 30V). At low input voltage, circuit operation is limited by
the MOSFETs gate-drive requirements. At high input
voltage, circuit operation is limited by the LT1366s absolute maximum ratings and the output power requirements.
In this example the circuit delivers 1A at 200mV of sense
voltage. With a 5V input supply the power dissipation is
5W. For operation at 70C ambient temperature, the
MOSFETs heat sink must have a thermal resistance of:
AN66-78
RS
0.2
1/2 LT1366
Q1
TPO610L
+
IIN
R2
20k
R2
VO = IIN R S
R1
= IIN 20
AN66 F154
Application Note 66
AN ISOLATED HIGH SIDE DRIVER
by James Herr
Introduction
The LTC1146 low power digital isolator draws only 70A
of supply current with VIN = 5V. Its low supply current
feature is well suited for battery-powered systems that
require isolation, such as an isolated high side driver. The
LTC1146A is rated at 2500VRMS and is UL approved. The
LTC1146 is intended for less stringent applications and is
rated at 500VDC.
Theory of Operation
Optoisolators available today require supply currents in
the milliampere range even for low speed operation (less
than 20kHz). This high supply current is another drain on
the battery. Figure 155 shows the alternative of using an
LTC1146A to drive an external power MOSFET (IRF840) at
speeds to 20kHz with V + = 300V.
R1
1.5k
INPUT
SIGNAL
+
VCC
C1
100F
25V
VIN
C2
0.1F
CER
TL4426
LTC1146A O
S
GND1
GND2
C3
180F
400V
IRF840
D2
1N752A
OUTPUT
SIGNAL
GROUND
ISOLATION
BARRIER
D3
MUR1560
RL
SYSTEM GROUND
CL
AN66 F155
AN66-79
Application Note 66
LTC1163: 2-CELL POWER MANAGEMENT
by Tim Skovmand
D1
L1
2-CELL
BATTERY
PACK
SHUTDOWN
CIN
STEP-UP
SWITCHING
REGULATOR
LOAD
+
COUT
AN66 F156
+ 2-CELL
BATTERY
PACK
IN1
CONTROL
LOGIC
OR P
VS
RFD14N05LSM
OUT1
100F
6.3V
LTC1163
IN2
RFD14N05LSM
OUT2
IN3
RFD14N05LSM
OUT3
GND
100H
MBRS120T3
3.3V
22H
22H
MBRS120T3
MBRS120T3
12V
47
1
2
3
5V
LT1173CS8
7
LT1109CS8-12
4
10F
20V
LT1109CS8-5
4
22F
16V
39k
+
24k
4
220F
6.3V
AN66 F157
Figure 157. Complete 2-Cell to 3.3V, 5V and 12V Power Management System
AN66-80
Application Note 66
LTC1157 SWITCH FOR 3.3V PC CARD POWER
by Tim Skovmand
Computers designed to accept PC cardsplug-in modules specified by the Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association (PCMCIA)have special hardware features to accommodate these pocket-sized cards.
PCMCIA-compliant cards require power management electronics that conform to the height restrictions of the three
standard configurations: 3.3mm, 5mm and 10.5mm. These
height limitations dramatically reduce the available options for power management on the card itself. For example, high efficiency switching regulators to convert the
incoming 5V down to 3.3V for the on-card 3.3V logic
require relatively large magnetics and filter capacitors,
which are not always available in packaging thin enough to
meet the tight height requirements.
One possible approach to the problem of supplying power
to a 3.3V PC card is to switch the input supply voltage from
5V to 3.3V after the card has been inserted and the
attribute ROM has informed the computer of the cards
voltage and current requirements. The switching regulator, housed in the computer, switches the power supplied
to the connector from 5V to 3.3V.
5V
3.3V
ATTRIBUTE
ROM
R1
150k
1%
+
3
2
R2
49.9k
1%
6
R3
100k
1%
R5
510
R4
100k
1/2
LT1017
Q1
MTD3055EL
C2
10F
6.3V
IN1
VS
R6
5.1M
G1
LTC1157
IN2
SENSITIVE
3.3V
LOGIC
GND
1/2
LT1017
G2
Q2
MTD3055EL
7
SW ON/OFF
C1
FROM P
0.1F
LT1004-1.2
SENSITIVE
3.3V
LOGIC
AN66 F158
AN66-81
Application Note 66
THE LTC1157 DUAL 3.3V
MICROPOWER MOSFET DRIVER
by Tim Skovmand
The LTC1157 dual micropower MOSFET driver makes it
possible to switch either supply- or ground-referenced
loads through a low RDS(ON) N-channel switch. The
LTC1157s internal charge pump boosts the gate drive
voltage 5.4V above the positive rail (8.7V above ground),
fully enhancing a logic level, N-channel MOSFET for 3.3V
high side switching applications.
10F
VS
IN1
P OR
CONTROL
LOGIC
100k
AN66-82
1k
IRLR024
G2
GND
3.3V LOAD
0.1F
The LTC1155 is a new micropower MOSFET driver specifically designed for low voltage, high efficiency switching
applications such as those found in laptop or notebook
computers. Three applications for this versatile part are
detailed here.
3.3V LOAD
LTC1157
IN2
IRLR024
G1
LARGE
SUPPLY
CAPACITOR
AN66 F159
VS = 4.5V TO 18V
RSENSE
0.02
RDLY
300k
5A MAX
DS1
0.03
MOSFET
TTL, CMOS
INPUT
CDLY
0.1F
10 F
VS
DS2
G1
LTC1155
G2
IN1
GND
IN2
CDLY
0.1F
RDLY
300k
RSEN
0.02
0.03
MOSFET
TTL, CMOS
INPUT
POWER BUS
P
SYSTEM
DISK
DRIVE
DISPLAY
PRINTER,
ETC.
GND
AN66 F160
Application Note 66
as shown in Figure 162. The LTC1155 charge pump
boosts the gate voltage above the supply rail and continuously charges a 0.1F reservoir capacitor. The LT1431
works against this capacitor and the 100k series resistor
to control the MOSFET gate voltage and maintain a constant 5V at the output.
10F
0.02
0.1F
VS
300k
DS2
5V
LTC1155
100k
CMOS
OR TTL
LOGIC
IN1
IRLZ24
GATE 1
GND
200pF
10A
STANDBY
CURRENT
10k
0.1F
LT1431
5V/3A
+
470F*
AN66 F162
VS = 4.75 TO 5.25V
1A MAX
CDLY
0.1F
RDLY
30k
10F
DS1
VS
DS2
G1
LTC1155
G2
IN1
GND
IN2
SIMILAR
CIRCUIT
RSENSE
0.1
1N5817
IRLR024 OR
EQUIVALENT
RFB
100k
1 SEC
FROM
P
1N4148
PROTECTED
TERM. POWER
1N4148
OR
510k
10F
1F
2.85V TO TERM.
RESISTORS
LT1117-2.85
1/6 74C14
47F
GND
AN66 F161
AN66-83
Application Note 66
A CIRCUIT THAT SMOOTHLY SWITCHES
BETWEEN 3.3V AND 5V
by Doug La Porte
5V 3.3V 1F
5V
+
2
0 = 5V
1 = 3.3V
1k
3.3V
5V
IC1
LTC1470
3.3V
0.1F
IC2
LT1011
500mV/DIV
51k
3
2
5V
EN1
VOUT
EN0
VOUT
5V/DIV
TO
SUBSCRIBER
220F
TANTALUM
HOLDING
CAPACITOR
AN66 F163
AN66-84
0V
2ms/DIV
AN66 F164
Application Note 66
A FULLY ISOLATED QUAD 4A HIGH SIDE SWITCH
by Milton Wilcox
24V
CT
0.33F EA
5V
4.7k
NEC PS2501-4
RS
0.01 EA
+
V+
T1
V+
DS1
T2
DS2
T3
DS3
T4
10F
50V
DS4
LT1161
INPUTS
4.7k
IN1
G1
4.7k
IN2
G2
4.7k
IN3
G3
MM74HC266A
2k
N-CHANNEL
MOSFETS:
IRFZ44
OR
MTP50N06E
OR
RFP50N05
IN4
G4
GND GND
ROL
2.2k EA
100k
CONNECT FOR
OPEN-LOAD
DETECTION
4N28
FAULT
OUTPUT
100k
100k
100k
AN66 F165
OUTPUTS
Figure 165. Protected Quad High Side Switch Has Isolated Inputs and Fault Output
AN66-85
Application Note 66
The highest MOSFET dissipation occurs with a soft short
(one in which the current is above the normal operating
level but still below the current limit threshold). This can
cause dissipation in Figure 165s circuit to rise, in the
worst-case to 2W, requiring modest heatsinking. When an
output is directly shorted to ground the average dissipation is very low because the MOSFET conducts only during
brief restart attempts.
Fault indication is provided by a low cost exclusive NOR
gate. In normal operation a low on the LT1161 input forces
a low on the output and a high forces a high. If an input is
high and the corresponding output is low (i.e., short
circuited), the output of the exclusive NOR gate activates
5V
ON/OFF
CT
0.22F, Z5U
TO P
AN66-86
VS
CD
0.01F
LTC1153
CT
DS
FLT
GND
SD
RSEN*
0.1
RD
100k
51k
IRLR024
51k
5V
SENSITIVE
5V LOAD
70C**
PTC
10
RSEN = 0.1
RD = 100k
CD = 0.01F
IN
0.1
0.01
1
2
50
5
10
20
CIRCUIT BREAKER CURRENT (A)
100
AN66 F167
Application Note 66
RC time constant. Note that the trip time is 0.63ms at 2A,
but falls to 55s at 20A. This characteristic ensures that
the load and the MOSFET switch are protected against a
wide range of overload conditions.
The autoreset time is typically set in the range of 10s of
milliseconds to a few seconds by selecting the timing
capacitor, CT. The autoreset period for the circuit in Figure
190 is 200ms, i.e., the circuit breaker is automatically
reset (retried) every 200ms until the overload condition is
removed.
An open-drain fault output is provided to warn the host
microprocessor whenever the circuit breaker has been
tripped. The microprocessor can either wait for the
autoreset function to reset the load, or shut the switch OFF
after a fixed number of retries.
The shutdown input interfaces directly with a PTC thermistor to sense overtemperature conditions and trip the
circuit breaker whenever the load temperature or the
MOSFET switch temperature exceeds a safe level. The
thermistor shown in Figure 166 trips the circuit breaker
when the load temperature exceeds approximately 70C.
LTC1153: DC Motor Protector
5V
ON/OFF
CT
0.47F, Z5U
TO P
IN
VS
LTC1153
CT
DS
FLT
GND
SD
CD
0.22F
RD
100k
51k
RSEN
0.02
IRLR024
51k
5V
70C
PTC
D.C.
1N5400
AN66 F168
inadvertently diverted to sensitive (and expensive) integrated circuits that cannot tolerate either overvoltage or
overcurrent conditions even for short periods of time.
AN66-87
Application Note 66
5V
C1
1F
1
2
R1
510k
NC
VOUT
VIN1
VIN2
CLOAD
100F
LTC1477CS8
LTC699CS8
VOUT
VOUT,
ISC = 2A
VIN2
VIN3
EN
GND
DISABLE
3
Q1
2N7002
AN66 F169
The LTC1477 protected high side switch provides extremely low RDS(ON) switching (typically 0.07) with
built-in 2A current limiting and thermal shutdown, all in an
8-pin SO package.
Miscellaneous
grounding the OSC pin (Pin 7). When off the LTC1044
draws only 2A.
AN66-88
Application Note 66
7.2V
(6 NiCd CELLS)
R3
1M
R4
1M
V+
BOOST
8
C2
100nF
CAP
VOUT
OFF
ON
Q1
C3
1F
C7
1nF
C6
220nF
R6
5.1M
GND
R2
10k
IC2
LT1004CS8-2.5
R1
3.3k
C1
1F
7
CAP+ IC1 OSC
LTC1044CS8
3
6
GND
LV
C5
100nF
C4
1F
VS
7
CT
IC3 DS
LTC1153CS8
3
6
STATUS GATE
Q3*
Q2*
IN
SHDN
C8
10F
GaAsFET
AMPLIFIER
FAULT
R7
0.05
R5
1k
Q4
IRFR024
VDD
RF
OUT
GATE BIAS
R8
1M
AN66 F170
AN66-89
Application Note 66
24V
470F*
2
5V
V+
10
BOOST DR
V+
BOOST
10F
47k
5
FAULT
4
ENABLE
6
INPUT
3
BIAS
1N4148
1N4148
16
15
T GATE DR
14
T GATE FB
13
T SOURCE
0.1F
Q1**
IRFZ44
33
1N5819
9
B GATE DR
8
B GATE FB
GND
Q3**
IRFZ44
0.1F
33
15
T GATE DR
14
T GATE FB
13
T SOURCE
1N5819
SENSE+
12
C1
0.01F
11
SENSE
Q2**
IRFZ44
33
33
9
B GATE DR
8
B GATE FB
160
R1
0.0075
3W
TWISTED PAIR
12
5V
+
10F
47k
5
FAULT
4
ENABLE
6
INPUT
3
BIAS
U2
LT1158
Q4**
IRFZ44
R3
100
R2
100
2
V+
10
V+
1
BOOST DR
16
BOOST
DC MOTOR
(15A CONT)
U1
LT1158
0.01F
470F*
0.01F
7
GND
SENSE+
270
C2
0.01F
TWISTED PAIR
11
SENSE
100
39k
5V
220k
U3A
15
1000pF
5V
REXT/CEXT
74HC221 Q 13
14
CEXT
1
A
4
2
Q
B
3
CLR
1N4148
5
6
5V
U4B
74HC02
7
4
0.047F
PWM (MAGNITUDE)
4.7k
8
9
1N4148
U4C
74HC02
4.7k
U4A
74HC02
10
11
12
DIRECTION (SIGN)
4.7k
5V
REXT/CEXT
6
CEXT
9
A
10
B
11
CLR
Q
Q
5
12
10k***
U3B
74HC221
13
U4D
74HC02
Figure 171. H-Bridge Motor Driver with Ground Referenced Current Sensing
AN66-90
the on-resistance of Q2 and Q4 in series. In this application, turning both lower MOSFETs on is preferable to
forcing all four MOSFETs off, as it provides a low resistance recirculation path for the motor current. This reduces motor and supply ripple currents, as well as MOSFET
dissipation. At the end of U3As 40ms timeout the Hbridge turns on again. If the overload still exists, the
current quickly builds up to the U1 FAULT trip point again
and the 40ms timeout repeats. This feedback loop holds
the motor current approximately constant at 15A for any
combination of supply voltage and duty cycle that would
otherwise cause an excess current condition. When the
motors current draw falls below 15A, the circuit resumes
normal operation.
Application Note 66
Opening the Loop on Shorts
A Final Note
As a class, sign/magnitude H-bridge systems are susceptible to MOSFET and/or motor damage if the motor velocity is accelerated rapidly, or the state of the DIRECTION line
is switched while the motor is rotating. This is especially
true if the motor/load system has high inertia. The circuit
of Figure 171 is designed to provide protection under
these conditions: the motor may be commanded to accelerate and to change direction with no precautions. For the
case of deceleration, however, its generally best to use a
controlled velocity profile. If a specific application requires
the ability to operate with no restrictions upon the rate of
change of duty cycle, there are straightforward modifications to Figure 171 that allow this. Please contact the
factory for more information.
0.1F
0.1F
1N4148
BAT82
15
IRFZ34
T DR
1N4148
BAT82
10V TO 30V
BOOST
BOOST
DR
BOOST
(2) 500F
LOW ESR
IRFZ34
T DR
T FB
T FB
SRC
SRC
LT1158
SENSE+
LT1158
SENSE+
0.015
0.015
SENSE
SENSE
15
B DR
IRFZ34
2.4k
2.4k
IRFZ34
15
B DR
B FB
B FB
IN
PWM
INPUT
BOOST
DR
15
IN
AN66 F172a
1/2
74HC132
Figure 172a. 10A Locked Antiphase Full-Bridge Circuit Operates Over Wide Supply Range
AN66-91
Application Note 66
5V
1/2 74HC132
5k
0.01F
FROM LT1158
FAULT PINS
TO LT1158
ENABLE PINS
RT
150k
CT
0.1F
1N4148
AN66 F172b
AN66-92
VIN
5V
10%
1/4 CD4066
C
ENABLE
CIN
10F
16V
VO
0V, 3.3V,
5V, 12V
0mA TO
60mA
1N5819
1/4 CD4066
T1*
CTX33-4
C1
1F
16V
COUT
56F
35V
30
100k
VIN
+
165k
1%
ILIM
FB
SW1
LT1107
(1.25V)
AO
SET
SW2
GND
29.4k
1%
1/4 CD4066
1N5819 OR
MBRS140
*COILTRONICS (407) 241-7876
121k
1%
100k
1%
1/4 CD4066
A
AN66 F173
Application Note 66
Circuit Operation
The circuit is basically a gated-oscillator flyback topology.
The SET pin of the LT1107 is held at 1.25V by negative
feedback. Summing currents into the SET pin to zero for
the three different output states yields three equations
with three unknown resistor values. The resistor values
are easily solved for using Mathametica, MathCad or
classical techniques. Table 1 shows the output voltage
truth table.
Table 1
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
ENABLE
VO
NOTE
0V
Off
12V
12V
5V
5V
10.3V
Not Used
3.3V
3.3V
VTERMINAL
R2 (RS)
R3
RM
IM = T/KT
VREF
R1 + R2
R1
SPEED
REGULATOR
VM = K V (n)
MOTOR
AN66 F174
RM
V
n = TERMINAL T
KV
(KT)(KV)
(1)
AN66-93
Application Note 66
terminal voltage by an amount equal to (IM)(RM). Depending on the value of R3, the speed can be made to increase,
decrease or stay the same under load. If R3 is just right, the
motor speed will remain constant until the LT1170 reaches
full power and the circuit runs out of steam.
3V TO 20V
INPUT
L1
50H
+ C1
C2
+330F
1000F
VIN
R2
6490
1%
VSW
LT1170
R3
309
1%
L2
50H
FB
R1A
619
1%
GND
MBRD340CT
VC
R5
1k
+
LT1006
C5
2.2F
R4
1k
C4
1F
10k
1%
R1B
619
1%
AN66-94
1000F
RM
+
M VM
10k
1%
+ C3
RS
0.1
COPPER
AN67 F175
Application Note 66
IMAX = motor current at full load
VREF = 1.244V
R1 = series combination of 619 + 619 = 1238
RS 1/IMAX (drops less than 1V at maximum load)
R2 = (VM R1/VREF) R1
(2)
(3)
AN66-95
Application Note 66
Short-Circuit ProtectIf a source-to-ground short is
detected on either Q1 or Q2, the on-chip fault detection
and protection circuitry of the LT1161 will shut off the
MOSFET at risk for the programmed interval and then
attempt to turn the circuit back on.
C1
10F
6.3V
C2
10F
6.3V
U5
74HC02
24V
10F
35V
U3
74HC14
11
20
V+
2
4
3
C5
1F
6.3V
SENSE1
TIMER2
SENSE2
INPUT1
GATE1
19
5
U6
74HC02
NC
NC
6
8
7
9
INPUT2
GATE2
TIMER3
SENSE3
TIMER4
SENSE4
INPUT3
GATE3
INPUT4
GATE4
GND
1
D1
BAT85
18
D2
BAT85
16
R2
0.01
Q1
IRFZ34
Q2
IRFZ34
D3
1N4148
15
470F
35V
RETURN
D4
1N4148
13
14
12
NC
NC
GND
10
U2
74HC14
1N4148
Q3
IRLZ34
POINT A
10k
R1
0.01
R4
10k
17
LT1161
U4
74HC14
C6
1F
6.3V
R3
10k
V+
TIMER1
1M
C3
1nF
1M
C4
1nF
1N4148
Q4
IRLZ34
U1
74HC14
POINT B
10k
AN66-96
AN66 F176
Application Note 66
logic will reverse these conditionsbut only after C3 has
discharged to the point where the output of U2 can go high
to turn Q3 on. This is the shoot-through prevention
mentioned previously.
There are two exceptions to the symmetry of the logic: if
both point A and point B are low, both upper MOSFETs are
turned off while both lower MOSFETs are turned on. Under
these conditions, the kinetic energy stored in the motor
and its load is used to drive the motor as a generator. This
produces a current through the motor winding, Q3 and Q4.
In this plugging braking mode, the motors energy is
largely dissipated as I2R losses and a rapid stop occurs. If
point A and point B are both high, all four MOSFETs will be
turned off and the motor is essentially disconnected from
the electrical circuit. Although primarily included as a
cross-conduction interlock in the event that both inputs
should ever be high at the same time (things do happen on
the test bench), this can also be useful in situations where
it is desirable that the motor coast down from a higher
velocity to a lower one.
Just a Few Grams But Lots of Protection
In addition to its level translation and charge pump features, the LT1161 also provides comprehensive protection features via its Sense 1 and Sense 2 pins. Each Sense
pin is the () input to an on-chip comparator, with the (+)
input to that drivers comparator fixed at a level 65mV
(nominal, 50mV minimum) below the LT1161s V + input.
If a Sense pin goes more than 65mV below V +, several
things happen: the corresponding Gate output is rapidly
pulled to ground, the capacitor on the Timer pin is dumped
to ground and the charge pump is shut off. The charge
pump will remain shut off, and the Gate pin will remain
clamped to ground until the Timer capacitor has charged
back up to 3V from an on-chip 14A current source. When
the capacitor reaches this 3V threshold, the internal charge
pump starts up again and the clamp from the Gate pin to
AN66-97
Application Note 66
SIMPLE THERMAL ANALYSIS A REAL COOL
SUBJECT FOR LTC REGULATORS
by Alan Rich
VIN
VOUT
ILOAD
Introduction
Linear Technology Corporation applications engineers get
lots of calls saying, that $X%#@& voltage regulator is so
hot I cant touch it! The purpose of the article is to show
you, the design engineer, how to perform simple thermal
calculations to determine regulator temperature and select the proper package style and/or heat sink. In addition,
it will show an alternate method of specifying thermal
parameters on LTC voltage regulators.
Definition of Terms
JA (C/W)
LT1005CT
5.0
LT1083MK
1.6
LT1129CT
5.0
50
AN66-98
AN66 F177
For example, consider a circuit using an LT1129CT operating in a 50C enclosure with an input voltage of 8VDC, an
output voltage of 5VDC and a load current of 1A1.
1
The LT1129CT is guaranteed for 700mA, but could be selected to output 1A.
Application Note 66
The power dissipated by the LT1129CT is:
P = (VIN VOUT)(ILOAD) = (8V 5V)(1a) = 3W
The first question is, does this circuit need a heat sink?
Since we have assumed no heat sink on the LT1129CT for
the purpose of this calculation, we must use thermal
resistance from junction to ambient, JA = 50C/W.
TJ = P(JA) + TA = 3W(50C/W) + 50C
= 150C + 50C = 200C
The junction temperature, TJ, that we just calculated is
greater than the LT1129CTs maximum junction temperature specification of 125C; therefore this circuit must use
a heat sink.
Now the task at hand is to calculate the correct heat sink
to use. The selected heat sink must hold the junction
temperature at less than 125C for the LT1129CT.
TJ = P(TOTAL) + TA
125C = 3W(TOTAL) + 50C
TOTAL = 25C/W and
TOTAL = JC + CS + SA
For this configuration:
JC = 5C/W (LT1129CT data sheet)
CS = 0.2C/W (typical for heat sink mounting)
SA = heat sink specification
Plugging in these numbers:
25C/W = 5C/W + 0.2C/W + SA
SA = 19.8C/W
Therefore, the heat sink selected must have a thermal
resistance of less than 19.8C/W to hold the LT1129CT
junction temperature at less than 125C. Obviously, the
lower the heat sink thermal resistance, the lower the
LT1129CT junction temperature. A lower junction temperature will increase reliability.
Now, lets consider a circuit using an LT1129CT operating
in a 50C enclosure with an input voltage of only 6VDC, an
output voltage of 5VDC, and a load current of 1A.
The power dissipated by the LT1129CT is:
Does this circuit need a heat sink? Again, for the purposes
of the calculation, we must use thermal resistance from
junction to ambient, JA= 50C/W for the LT1129CT.
TJ = P(JA) + TA = 1W(50C/W) + 50C
= 50C + 50C = 100C
The junction temperature TJ that we just calculated is now
less than the LT1129CTs maximum junction temperature
specification of 125C. Therefore this circuit does not
need a heat sink. This illustrates the advantage of a low
dropout regulator like the LT1129CT.
An Alternative Method for
Specifying Thermal Parameters
Linear Technology Corp. has introduced an alternative
method to specify and calculate thermal parameters of
voltage regulators. Previous regulators, with a single
thermal resistance junction-to-case (JC), used an average of temperature rise of the control and power sections.
This could easily allow excessive junction temperature
under certain conditions of ambient temperature and heat
sink thermal resistance.
Several LTC voltage regulators include thermal resistance
and maximum junction temperature specifications for
both the control and power sections, as shown in
Table 2. Two Examples Showing Thermal Resistance of Control and
Power Sections of LTC Regulators
CONTROL
POWER
JC
TJMAX
JC
TJMAX
LT1083MK
0.6C/W
150C
1.6C/W
200C
LT1085CT
0.7C/W
125C
3.0C/W
150C
DEVICE
AN66-99
Application Note 66
JC = 0.7C/W (LT1085CT data sheet)
CA = 0.2C/W (typical)
SA = 10C/W
TOTAL = JC + CA + SA = 0.7C/W + 0.2C/W +
10C/W = 10.9C/W
To determine the control section junction temperature:
TJ = P(TOTAL) + TA = 3W(10.9C/W) + 50C
= 82.7C (TJ MAX = 125C)
To calculate the power section of the LT1085CT:
JC = 3C/W (LT1085CT data sheet)
TOTAL = JC + CA + SA = 3C/W + 0.2C/W +
10C/W = 13.2C/W
To determine the power section junction temperature:
TJ = P(TOTAL) + TA = 3W(13.2C/W) + 50C
= 89.6C (TJ MAX = 150C)
In both cases, the junction temperature is below the
maximum rating for the respective section; this ensures
reliable operation.
AN66-100
Conclusion
This article is an introduction to thermal analysis for
voltage regulators; however, the techniques also apply to
other devices, including operational amplifiers, voltage
references, resistors, and the like. For the more advanced
student of thermal analysis, it can be shown that there is
a direct analogy between electronic circuit analysis and
thermal analysis, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. analogy Between Thermal Analysis
and Electronic Circuit Analysis
THERMAL WORLD
ELECTRICAL WORLD
Power
Current
Temperature Differences
Voltage
Thermal Resistance
Resistance
Application Note 66
ALPHABETICAL INDEX (BY MAJOR CATEGORIES)
BATTERY CHARGERS
Charging NiMH/NiCd or Li-Ion with the LT1510 ............................................................................................... 70
Lithium-Ion Battery Charger ............................................................................................................................. 71
Simple Battery Charger Runs at 1MHz ............................................................................................................. 73
A Perfectly Temperature Compensated Battery Charger ................................................................................... 74
A Simple 300mA NiCd Battery Charger ............................................................................................................ 75
High Efficiency (>90%) NiCd Battery Charger Circuit Programmable for 1.3A Fast Charge
or 100mA Trickle Charge.................................................................................................................................. 76
MISCELLANEOUS
Protected Bias for GaAs Power Amplifiers ....................................................................................................... 88
LT1158 H-Bridge Uses Ground Referenced Current Sensing for System Protection........................................ 89
LT1158 Allows Easy 10A Locked Antiphase Motor Control .............................................................................. 91
All Surface Mount Programmable 0V, 3.3V, 5V and 12V VPP Generator for PCMCIA ...................................... 92
A Tachless Motor Speed Controller .................................................................................................................. 93
LT1161...And Back and Stop and Forward and RestAll with No Worries at All ............................................ 95
Simple Thermal AnalysisA Real Cool Subject for LTC Regulators ............................................................... 98
POWER MANAGEMENT
LT1366 Rail-to-Rail Amplifier Controls Topside Current .................................................................................. 78
An Isolated High Side Driver ............................................................................................................................ 79
LTC1163: 2-Cell Power Management ............................................................................................................... 80
LTC1157 Switch for 3.3V PC Card Power ........................................................................................................ 81
The LTC1157 Dual 3.3V Micropower MOSFET Driver ...................................................................................... 82
The LTC1155 Does Laptop Computer Power Bus Switching, SCSI Termination Power or
5V/3A Extremely Low Dropout Regulator ......................................................................................................... 82
A Circuit That Smoothly Switches Between 3.3V and 5V.................................................................................. 84
A Fully Isolated Quad 4A High Side Switch ...................................................................................................... 85
The LTC1153 Electronic Circuit Breaker ........................................................................................................... 86
LTC1477: 0.07 Protected High Side Switch Eliminates Hot Swap Glitching ............................................... 87
REGULATORSLINEAR
Low Noise Wireless Communications Power Supply ....................................................................................... 65
An LT1123 Ultralow Dropout 5V Regulator ...................................................................................................... 66
REGULATORSLINEAR
Microprocessor Power
LT1580 Low Dropout Regulator Uses New Approach to Achieve High Performance ....................................... 67
LT1585: New Linear Regulator Solves Load Transients ................................................................................... 68
REGULATORSSWITCHING (BOOST)
Medium Power (1A to 4A)
High Output Current Boost Regulator............................................................................................................... 24
Low Power (<1A)
Applications for the LT1372 500kHz Switching Regulator ............................................................................... 25
AN66-101
Application Note 66
REGULATORSSWITCHING (BUCK)
High Power (>4A)
Big Power for Big Processors: The LTC1430 Synchronous Regulator ............................................................... 4
Applications for the LTC1266 Switching Regulator ............................................................................................ 5
A High Efficiency 5V to 3.3V/5A Converter ......................................................................................................... 7
High Current, Synchronous Step-Down Switching Regulator ............................................................................ 8
Medium Power (1A to 4A)
1MHz Step-Down Converter Ends 455kHz IF Woes ......................................................................................... 10
High Output Voltage Buck Regulator ................................................................................................................ 11
The LTC1267 Dual Switching Regulator Controller Operates from High Input Voltages................................... 12
High Efficiency 5V to 3.3V/1.25A Converter in 0.6 Square Inches .................................................................... 13
LT1074/LT1076 Adjustable 0V to 5V Power Supply ........................................................................................ 14
Triple Output 3.3V, 5V and 12V High Efficiency Notebook Power Supply ........................................................ 15
The New SO-8 LTC1147 Switching Regulator Controller Offers High Efficiency in a Small Footprint ............... 17
The LT1432: 5V Regulator Achieves 90% Efficiency ........................................................................................ 20
Low Power (<1A)
Applications for the LTC1265 High Efficiency Monolithic Buck Converter ........................................................ 22
REGULATORSSWITCHING (BUCK/BOOST)
5V Converter Uses Off-the-Shelf Surface Mount Coil..................................................................................... 27
Switching Regulator Provides Constant 5V Output from 3.5V to 40V Input Without a Transformer ................ 28
Switching Regulator Provides 15V Output from an 8V to 40V Input Without a Transformer ......................... 29
REGULATORSSWITCHING (DISCUSSION)
Adding Features to the Boost Topology............................................................................................................ 39
Sensing Negative Outputs ................................................................................................................................ 40
REGULATORSSWITCHING (FLYBACK)
Applications for the LT1372 500kHz Switching Regulator ............................................................................... 25
REGULATORSSWITCHING (INVERTING)
High Efficiency 12V to 12V Converter ............................................................................................................ 32
Regulated Charge Pump Power Supply ............................................................................................................ 34
Applications for the LTC1265 High Efficiency Monolithic Buck Converter ........................................................ 22
LTC1174: A High Efficiency Buck Converter ..................................................................................................... 35
REGULATORSSWITCHING (MICROPOWER)
Backlight
High Efficiency EL Driver Circuit....................................................................................................................... 58
A Low Power, Low Voltage CCFL Power Supply .............................................................................................. 60
All Surface Mount EL Panel Driver Operates from 1.8V to 8V Input ................................................................. 61
A Dual Output LCD Bias Voltage Generator ...................................................................................................... 62
LCD Bias Supply............................................................................................................................................... 63
AN66-102
Application Note 66
REGULATORSSWITCHING (MICROPOWER)
Switched Capacitor
Regulated Charge Pump Power Supply ............................................................................................................ 34
REGULATORSSWITCHING (MICROPOWER)
VPP Generator
LTC1262 Generates 12V for Programming Flash Memories Without Inductors ............................................... 64
Flash Memory VPP Generator Shuts Down with 0V Output ............................................................................. 64
REGULATORSSWITCHING (POWER FACTOR CORRECTED)
The New LT1508/LT1509 Combines Power Factor Correction and a PWM in a Single Package ...................... 37
AN66-103
Application Note 66
U.S. Area Sales Offices
NORTHEAST REGION
Linear Technology Corporation
3220 Tillman Drive
Suite 120
Bensalem, PA 19020
Phone: (215) 638-9667
FAX: (215) 638-9764
SOUTHEAST REGION
Linear Technology Corporation
17000 Dallas Parkway
Suite 219
Dallas, TX 75248
Phone: (214) 733-3071
FAX: (214) 380-5138
SOUTHWEST REGION
Linear Technology Corporation
21243 Ventura Blvd.
Suite 227
Woodland Hills, CA 91364
Phone: (818) 703-0835
FAX: (818) 703-0517
NORTHWEST REGION
Linear Technology Corporation
1900 McCarthy Blvd.
Suite 205
Milpitas, CA 95035
Phone: (408) 428-2050
FAX: (408) 432-6331
CENTRAL REGION
Linear Technology Corporation
Chesapeake Square
229 Mitchell Court, Suite A-25
Addison, IL 60101
Phone: (708) 620-6910
FAX: (708) 620-6977
KOREA
Linear Technology Korea Co., Ltd
Namsong Building, #403
Itaewon-Dong 260-199
Yongsan-Ku, Seoul 140-200
Korea
Phone: 82-2-792-1617
FAX: 82-2-792-1619
GERMANY
Linear Technology GmbH
Oskar-Messter-Str. 24
85737 Ismaning
Germany
Phone: 49-89-962455-0
FAX: 49-89-963147
SINGAPORE
Linear Technology Pte. Ltd.
507 Yishun Industrial Park A
Singapore 2776
Phone: 65-753-2692
FAX: 65-754-4113
JAPAN
Linear Technology KK
5F NAO Bldg.
1-14 Shin-Ogawa-cho Shinjuku-ku
Tokyo, 162 Japan
Phone: 81-3-3267-7891
FAX: 81-3-3267-8510
TAIWAN
Linear Technology Corporation
Rm. 602, No. 46, Sec. 2
Chung Shan N. Rd.
Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Phone: 886-2-521-7575
FAX: 886-2-562-2285
UNITED KINGDOM
Linear Technology (UK) Ltd.
The Coliseum, Riverside Way
Camberley, Surrey GU15 3YL
United Kingdom
Phone: 44-1276-677676
FAX: 44-1276-64851
SWEDEN
Linear Technology AB
Sollentunavgen 63
S-191 40 Sollentuna
Sweden
Phone: 46-8-623-1600
FAX: 46-8-623-1650
World Headquarters
Linear Technology Corporation
1630 McCarthy Blvd.
Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
Phone: (408) 432-1900
FAX: (408) 434-0507
FAX
TELEX
0896
LT/GP 0896 5K PRINTED IN USA