Renewable Energy Grid

Integration
Jian Sun
Professor and Director

CFES 2011 Annual Conference

Grid Integration Issues

Cost, Reliability & Efficiency of Grid Interface

Grid Congestion, Weak Grids
Variability of Renewable Production
Bidirectional Power Flow in Distribution Networks,
Localized Voltage Stability Problems
Possible Solutions
Enhance Transmission Lines, Active Grid Control
Energy Storage: Large Scale (e.g. Pumped Hydro) for
Balance of Power; Fast Acting Storage for Stability
Load Management and Demand Response
CFES 2011 Annual Conference

Power Electronics as an Enabler

Renewable
Generation

Energy
Storage

Load
Manag.

Power Grid

CFES 2011 Annual Conference

AC Generation
Synchronous Generator

B()

v(t)

PWM VSC Converter

CFES 2011 Annual Conference

Generator Control

Large Wind
Generator

Traditional
Generator

Excitation
Excitation
Control
Control

Limited Controllability at
Low Frequencies
Complex Control at High
Frequencies

Prime
Prime Mover
Mover
Control
Control

DC-Link
DC-Link
Control
Control
Turbine
Turbine Speed
Speed
Control
Control

0.01

0.1

Grid
Grid Q
Q&
&V
V
Control
Control

Grid
Grid
Synchronization
Synchronization
Current
Current
Control
Control

10

Frequency (Hertz)

100

CFES 2011 Annual Conference

Semiconductor
Semiconductor
Switching
Switching

1000

10000
5

Research Areas and Projects

Overall Theme: Operation and Control of Power Grids with
Pervasive Power Electronics
Fundamental Research
Small-Scale System Demonstration

Wind Turbines Integration with Weak Grids (GE)

High-Voltage DC Transmission for Offshore Wind (Stanford)
DC Micro Grid for Integration of Renewable Energy and
Energy Storage (Ultralife, NYSERDA)
Smart Grid Voltage Stability and Control (NSF)
Multi-Terminal HVDC for Offshore Wind Farms and Bulk
Power Transmission (ARPA-E, GE, CURENT ERC)
CFES 2011 Annual Conference

Voltage Instability

CFES 2011 Annual Conference

Impedance-Based Method
Im
+

Zs
Vs

+
Vl

Zl

Source

Load

Vl ( s )
Z l (s)
1

Vs ( s ) Z l ( s ) Z s ( s ) 1 Z s ( s )
Z l (s)

Gain
Margin

Re

1
c

Phase
Margin

Partition System into a Source and a Load Subsystem

Determine Source Subsystem Output Impedance (Zs) and Load
Subsystem Input Impedance (Zl)
System is Stability if Zs/Zl Meets Nyquist Stability Criterion
CFES 2011 Annual Conference

Distributed Generation Test-Bed

Passive Impedance Bank
3 208 V
Utility-Grid

~/

Solar
Invert.

Reactors
Invert.
Invert.

Fuel Cell
Rect.

Filter

Active Grid Simulator

Wind

3 208 V
Simulated Grid

Load

A Simulated Distribution Grid with

Programmable Voltage, Frequency Variation, Harmonics
Programmable Grid Impedance

Various Distributed Generation Sources & Loads

CFES 2011 Annual Conference

Grid-Connected Inverter Modeling

ib

vb
ic

abc

PWM
Kd
abc

vqm

dq

vdm

Kd
Hi(s)
Hi(s)

vc
PLL

dq
HPLL(s)

id

abc

idr

dq
vd

Z p 0 s sL

iq

vq

Grid

va

Filter

ia

iqr

Vdc
H i ( s j 2 f )
2
V
Z n 0 s sL dc H i ( s j 2 f )
2

1 V1 H PLL ( s j 2f1 ) Vdc I1

H i ( s )
Z p s Z p 0 ( s )1
2 1 V1 H p ( s j 2 f1 ) V1

1 V1 H PLL ( s j 2 f1 ) Vdc I1

Z n s Z n 0 ( s )1
H i ( s )
2 1 V1 H p ( s j 2 f1 ) V1

CFES 2011 Annual Conference

10

High Inductive Grid Impedance Causes

Resonance with Capacitive Inverter
Output Impedance

Magnitude (dB)

Harmonic Resonance
50
40
30

Zp

Zg

Zn

20
10
100 Hz

1 kHz

10 kHz

Hz

Phase (deg.)

150
100
50
0
50
100
150
-

=175

100 Hz
CFES 2011 Annual Conference

1 kHz

10 kHz
11

Mitigating Harmonic Resonance

Increase Inverter Impedance to Avoid Intersection
with Grid Impedance
Inverter Currents with
Reshape Inverter Output
Reduced PLL Bandwidth
Impedance to Ensure
Sufficient Stability Margin
Current Compensator
PLL Design
Online Grid Impedance
Identification, Adaptive
Control
CFES 2011 Annual Conference

12

HVDC for Offshore Wind Farms

690 V

mech
PM

1600 rpm

7 km

Direct-Drive Technology

Speed
Source

mech
PM

1600 rpm

7 km

33kV AC
Bus

690 V
Speed
Source

mech
PM

1600 rpm

HVDC Rectifier HVDC

(VSC or LCC)

690 V

7 km

690 V
Speed
Source

mech
PM

1600 rpm

1600 rpm

400*2.5MW Turbines

Speed
Source

mech
PM

7 km

300
300 MVA
MVA
STATCOM
STATCOM

AC Bus
Bus
AC
Filters
Filters

Speed
Source

Stability & Control of AC Collection Bus

690 V

7 km

7km Cable
CFES 2011 Annual Conference

13

DC Micro Grid
Supervisory Control
Ultra
Caps

Hardware
Embedded Control
Switching
Protection
10-6

10-2

~
DC Bus

Loading/Unloading
Weather Change
1

Supervisory
Control & Com

Subsystem-Level
Autonomous Control

Function, Stability
Power Quality
10-4

102

CFES 2011 Annual Conference

Hourly, Daily &

Seasonal Variation
104

106

Second
108
14

Summary
Research Focus on Future Grid with Pervasive Power
Electronics
Renewable Energy
Energy Storage, Dynamic Load Management
Active Grid Control

AC, DC & Hybrid AC-DC Networks

Stability & Compatibility Over a Wide Frequency Range

Local Control with Predictable Global Effects

Impedance-Based Analytical Approach
Test-Bed as a Platform for System Demonstration
CFES 2011 Annual Conference

15