Basic C# OOP Concept

24/01/2015
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Basic C# OOP Concept

syed shanu, 23 Jan 2015
CPOL
4.67 98 votes
This Article will explain a very simple way to understand the basic C# OOP Concept
Download ShanuBasicCSharpOOPConceptV1.4.zip 1.4 MB
Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Class
Object
Variable
Method
Access Modifiers
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstract Class/Method
Virtual Method
Sealed Class/Method
Static Class/Method
Interface
Introduction
There are many explanations that we can find in internet about C# OOP, but here in my article I will give a very simple example.
In this article, I will use a House like the houses we live in as a realtime example for easy understanding of OOP Concept in
C#.
1. Class
Class is a like a Blueprint.
What is a blueprint?
Blueprint is outline drawing of our actual plan. For example if we plan to build our new home ,The Engineer will explain our new
house plan with a blue print as shown in the image below. Once we finalized the plan the engineer will start building the house
with same plan.
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Same like blueprint class is an outline of program. Using the class we can write our own method and declare the variables and
using the objects we can access the class Method and Variables. The class will be complete with Variables, Methods and Objects.
For more easy understanding of OOP with real world example here I have explained a class with House. We can imagine a House
as an example for a Class. In a house, we will have rooms like living room, bedroom, kitchen and items like TV, fridge etc. House
owner can access and use all the rooms and rooms' items. Same like this in a Class will have a group of Methods and Variables.
Rooms and Rooms' Items are example for Methods and Variables. So now, we have a complete house with all rooms and rooms'
items. House owner can access and use all the rooms and Rooms' Items. To access and use a Class, methods and variables here
we use Objects. Objects are instance of a class. We will see details about objects in the next section.
What will happen if there are no rooms and items in a House? It will be empty and no one can use the house until it has all the
rooms and Items. See the below image as an example for the empty house.
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Now this empty house is a Class .So what is the use of a Class without Methods and variable.
Now lets see an example for a Complete House with Rooms and items.
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So here, we have a complete house. Similarly, the Class will be complete with group of Variables, Methods and Objects. We can
see details of all this in next sections of this article.
Class and objects are the base concept of OOP Object Oriented Programming.
Here is an Example of Class > Class should be started with the Keyword class and next we give the name for our class we can
give any meaning full name as Class Name, next we will have the Open and close brackets.
classShanuHouseClass1
{
}
2. Object
As we have already seen that, House Owner will access and use all the Rooms of the House and its Items. Similarly, to access all
Class Method and Variable we use Objects. We can create one or many object for a same Class. Example we can say for a house
there might be one or many owners.
Here is an example of Object >Here objHouseOwner is the Object for a class which will be used to access all variable and
Method of a class.
ShanuHouseClass1objHouseOwner=newShanuHouseClass1();
3.Variable
Variables are used to store our value. Our value can be numeric or characters for example to store a Phone no we can use int type
variable and to store our name we can use string type variable with name for each variable.
Variables can be local or Global. For Example, we can say if we buy a new TV , TV Service man will come and setup the TV in our
home .He will give his contact number for future contacts .Usually what we do is take a memo paper and write his contact
number and keep it in a common place or in a wallet of ours. If we keep the memo in a Commonplace everyone who is visiting
our house can see that contact number. Global or public variables are similar to this. If we declared the variable as Global, All the
Methods inside the class can access the variable. If we store the memo Only in our wallet, we can see the contact number. Local
or private variables are similar to this.
Syntax for variable:
AccessModifiers DataType VariableName
By default the AccessModifiers are by private, we can also use public to variable.
Example of Variable:
intnoOfTV=0;
publicStringyourTVName;
privateBooleandoYouHaveTV=true;
//ExampleProgram
classShanuHouseClass
{
intnoOfTV=2;
publicStringyourTVName="SAMSUNG";
staticvoidMain(string[]args)
{
ShanuHouseClassobjHouseOwner=newShanuHouseClass();
Console.WriteLine("YouHavetotal"+objHouseOwner.noOfTV+"noofTV:");
Console.WriteLine("YourTVNameis:"+objHouseOwner.yourTVName);
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}
}
In Above example program I have declared two variables inside a class. In main method I have created object for class. Here we
can see using the object we can access the variable of a class and display the output.
Main Method is the default Method of C#, where every console and windows application will start the program execution, In the
Main Method, we can declare the Object for the class and use the object, and we can access all variables and Methods of a Class.
For example, we can say there will be entrance gate for every house. Using the entrance gate we can enter inside our house.
Similarly, to run our program there should be some default program execution starting Method. Main method will be useful in
this program execution starting point. Whenever we run our C# Console or windows application, first the Main method will be
executed .From the main method we can create an object for our other classes and call their Methods.
4. Method or Functions:
Method is a group of code statement .Now here we can see the above example program with method.
{
intnoOfTV=2;
publicvoidmyFirstMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("YouHavetotal"+noOfTV+"noofTV:");
Console.WriteLine("YourTVNameis:"+yourTVName);
Console.ReadLine();
}
{
objHouseOwner.myFirstMethod();
}
Note: Most of developers were wondering about what is the difference between the Method and Function, both Methods and
Functions are the same. Here in my article, I will use Method instead of functions. However, there is one difference in Methods
and Functions,In OOP Languages like C#, Java etc. We use the term Method while the nonOOP programming like C etc. we
use the term Function.
What is the use of Methods?
Another realtime example lets take our mobile phone, we can say as we have Mobile phone and store many Songs in it.
However, we always like to listen to the selected songs. It will be boring and hard for us to select our favorite song every time
and play it. Instead of doing the same work repeatedly, we use the playlist. In playlist, we can add allfavorite songs of ours. Just
click on the playlist of our collections and listen to the music. This will make our work easier and we dont need to do the same
thing again and again. Methods are used like a playlist where we can write all our repeated code in one Method and just call the
method wherever we needed.
Here we can see more details about the Method.
In a house, there might be one big room or multiple rooms but each room will have different facilities, similarly in a class we can
write one or multiple Methods. In a house, there might be two or three Bedrooms. Here the room name is Bedroom, but each
bedroom can be different by size, color etc. This means same Rooms with different type. Similarly, in a class we can create more
than one method with the same name but different parameter. In OOP its called as Polymorphism we can see details about
Polymorphism later on in this article.
Syntax for the Functions
AccessModifiers ReturnType MethodName ParameterList
AccessModifiers: We will see more details about this Topic later on.
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ReturnType: If our Method returns any value then we use the return Type with any Data Type as String, int etc., if our Method
does not return any value then we use the type Void.
MethodName: Here we give our Name for every Method, which we create
ParameterList: ParameterList or Arguments, which we pass to the function.
Here is an example of Method >
Method with Void Type: Void is a keyword which will not return any data from the Method, for example we can see the below
Method with void Type, here in this method we display all our output using the Console.WriteLine and have used the
Console.ReadLine; to get the Input. This Method has all Input and Output Operation but this method dont return any value.
//Functionwithvoidandnoparameterherevoidmeansnoreturntype
publicvoidveranda()
{
Console.WriteLine("WelcometoVeranda");
Console.WriteLine("HowManyChairsDoyouhaveinyourVeranda");
NoofChair=Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Ihavetotal"+NoofChair+"ChairsinmyVeranda");
}
Method with Return Type: Method with return type will return some result, which can be used in our program, for example,
here we have Method TVNAME with return Type as String. We can say in our home we might have a TV in our LivingROOM and
in the parents bedroom and also in kids bedroom .We might have different TV brand in each room, suppose if we want to know
each room TV Brand Name then we need to enter the same code 3 times. Instead of writing the same code again, we can use a
method with Return Type.
//FunctionwithReturntypeasString
publicstringTVNAME()
{
Console.WriteLine("EnterYourTVBrandNAME");
YOURTVName=Console.ReadLine();
returnYOURTVName;
}
Method with ParameterList: So far, we have seen methods without arguments. Arguments are used to pass some data to the
Method to do our process in a better way. For example, we can say we want to do a painting, to our bedrooms. We need to get
the opinions of all the member of the house in order to know there choices of color for each bedroom, we can pass the member
Name and their favorite color as parameter to a Method.
//Functionwithparameter
publicvoidBedRoom(StringnameandColor)
{
Console.WriteLine(nameandColor);
}
Same Method name with different arguments are called as Method over loading, here we can see below .Both Method has the
same name but it has different arguments.
//SameFunctionNamewithDifferentParamenter
publicvoidBedRoom(StringMemberName,StringColor)
{
Console.WriteLine(MemberName+"Like"+Color+"Color");
}
The Complete Class with Main Method Example:

classShanuHouseClass1
{
intNoofChair=0;
publicStringYOURTVName;
privateBooleanDoyouHaveTV=true;
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//Functionwithvoidandnoparameterherevoidmeansnoreturntype
publicvoidveranda()
{
Console.WriteLine("WelcometoVeranda");
Console.WriteLine("HowManyChairsDoyouhaveinyourVeranda");
NoofChair=Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Ihavetotal"+NoofChair+"ChairsinmyVeranda");
}
//FunctionwithReturntypeasString
publicstringTVNAME()
{
Console.WriteLine("EnterYourTVBrandNAME");
YOURTVName=Console.ReadLine();
returnYOURTVName;
}
{
}
{
}
{
ShanuHouseClass1objHouseOwner=newShanuHouseClass1();
objHouseOwner.veranda();
Stringreturnvalue=objHouseOwner.TVNAME();
Console.WriteLine("YourTVBRANDNAMEIS:"+returnvalue);
objHouseOwner.BedRoom("MyNameisShanuIlikeLavendercolor");
objHouseOwner.BedRoom("MyNameisAfrazIlikeLightBluecolor");
objHouseOwner.BedRoom("SHANU","Lavender");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
The Output of above class is here:
5. Access Modifiers:
Access Modifiers are nothing but the Usage and Limitation of our type like variable, Methods and Class. For Example we can say
it as a security limit.
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private
public
internal
protected
protected internal
This six are the basic Access modifiers which we used in our C# Class/method and in Variables.
Private:
Lets take our House Example .We will have a Security Guard in House, His duty is till the Entrance of the house. He cannot go inside the
house and access all the things. In this case we can create a SecurityGuardClass and declare the variable and method for Security as private
.
Public:
House Owners are public to the class where they can access all classes related to the House. They have no restrictions to access their
house.
Protected: Only the main class and derived class can have access of protected variable or method. For example servants and Guests are
example for the Protected. For Example Servants can go to all room and do cleaning and other activates. However, they have limitations of
access in the house, as they cannot take rest in a bed of house owner.
Internal: Access limit of variable or method is within a project. For example lets consider in our project we have more than one class and
we have declared a variable as internal in one class. Lets see an example program for internal variable.
publicclasssampleInternalClass
{
internalStringmyInternal="IamInternalVariable";
}
{
intnoOfTV=2;
{
}
{
sampleInternalClassintObj=newsampleInternalClass();
Console.WriteLine("InternalVariableExample:"+intObj.myInternal);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
Protected Internal: Protected Internal variable or Method has limitation with in a project of class or Derived class. Here is a sample
program for Protect Internal Variable .In this example I have used the Inheritance .we will see in detail about Inheritance more detail in this
article.
publicclasssampleProtectedInternalClass
{
protectedinternalStringmyprotectedInternal="IamProtectedInternalVariable";
publicvoidprotectedInternalMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("ProtectedInternalVariableExample:"+myprotectedInternal);
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}
}
publicclassderivedClass:sampleProtectedInternalClass
{
publicvoidderivedprotectedInternal()
{
Console.WriteLine("DerivedProtectedInternalVariableExample:"+myprotectedInternal);
}
}
{
intnoOfTV=2;
{
}
{
sampleProtectedInternalClassintObj=newsampleProtectedInternalClass();
intObj.protectedInternalMethod();
derivedClassproIntObj=newderivedClass();
proIntObj.derivedprotectedInternal();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
Note: The main and major things we need to know in OOP concept are Encapsulation, Abstraction, Polymorphism and
Inheritance. We will discuss them in detail in this article.
6. Encapsulation:
Encapsulation is to hide the member or variable to outside class. In our house example, I have already told that House security guard
limitation is till the entrance of the house. The security guard doesnt need to know about what is happening inside the house. Therefore,
the House Owner will hide all the happenings to Security guard for more safety. The hiding and limitation are called as Encapsulation.
For example, we have two Classes the first one is Houseclass and the other class as houseSecurityClass
Here we can see all the variables are wrap into a class where houseSecurityClass is set as public, so the Houseclass can access that, but
houseClass has both Public and private variable where the private variable of a class cannot be accessed outside of the class.
publicclasshouseSecurityClass
{
publicintnoofSecurity;
publicStringSecurityName=String.Empty;
}
publicclassHouseclass
{
privateintnoofLockerinHosue=2;
publicstringOwnerName=String.Empty;
}
7. Abstraction :
Abstraction is to show and share some common information to the user. Lets take our House example, in our house we
will have servant, servants can go to all rooms and do cleaning and other works. The house owner can give full rights or some partial rights
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to the servant for accessing his house. Here we can see an example program as private declared variables and Methods are not shared with
servant but the public variable and Methods are shared with servant.
publicclassHouseServerntClass
{
privateintSaftyLoackerKeyNo=10001;
publicStringroomCleanInstructions="CleanAllrooms";
privatevoidsaftyNos()
{
Console.WriteLine("MySaftyLoackerKeyNois"+SaftyLoackerKeyNo);
}
publicvoidroomCleanInstruction()
{
Console.WriteLine(roomCleanInstructions);
}
}
8. Inheritance:
Inheritance is used to reuse the code. In Protected Internal Access modifier section we have already seen an example program for
Inheritance. Inheritance is nothing but accessing and using all base class variable and methods in the Derived Class. Inheritance can be
Single level Inheritance: With one Base class and one derived Class for example.
publicclassbaseClass
{
privatevoidprivateMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("privateMethod");
}
publicvoidpublicMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("ThisMethodShared");
}
}
publicclassDerivedClass:baseClass
{
{
DerivedClassobj=newDerivedClass();
obj.publicMethod();
//obj.privateMethod();//ThiswillbeerrorasprivatemethodcannotbeaccessedinDerivedClass
}
}
Note: Some time users might be not clear of what Base class is and what Derived class is. Base class is the super class and derived class is
the classes which inherit the base class.
Here we can see a simple Inheritance where the base class is the GuestVist and derived class is the HouseOwnerClass. Here
HouseOwnerClass class inherits the base class of GuestVist
HouseOwnerClass.HereHouseOwnerClassclassinheritsthebaseclassofGuestVist
classGuestVist
{
publicvoidGuestwelcomemessage()
{
Console.WriteLine("WelcometoourHome");
}
publicvoidGuestName()
{
Console.WriteLine("Guestnameis:Shanu");
}
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}
classHouseOwnerClass:GuestVist
{
{
HouseOwnerClassobj=newHouseOwnerClass();
obj.Guestwelcomemessage();
obj.GuestName();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
Multi level Inheritance: With more than one Derived Class for example. Here we can see an example first base class is derived in
DerivedClass1 and then the DerivedClass1 is derived in DerivedClass2 .Now from DerivedClass2 we can access both baseClass
and DerivedClass1 variable and methods.
publicclassbaseClass
{
privatevoidprivateMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("privateMethod");
}
publicvoidpublicMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("ThisMethodShared");
}
}
publicclassDerivedClass1:baseClass
{
publicvoidDerivedClass1()
{
Console.WriteLine("DerivedClass1");
}
}
publicclassDerivedClass2:DerivedClass1
{
{
DerivedClass2obj=newDerivedClass2();
obj.publicMethod();
obj.DerivedClass1();
//obj.privateMethod();//ThiswillbeerrorasprivatemethodcannotbeaccessedinDerivedClass
}
}
Multiple Inheritance:
Will the .Net Support Multiple Inheritance?
The Answer to this Question is No. In C #, its not possible to write a Multiple Inheritance using Class.
What is Multiple Inheritance? Multiple Inheritance is nothing but we can have more than one class and we can inherit both
Classes in our derived class.
What will happen if I write a Multiple Class Inheritance Using C#?
Lets take our example House .Here we have the derived Class as HouseOwnerClass and have Two More classes as GuestVist
and FriendsandRelationsClass.
Now suppose for our house both Guest and Friend have visited. For this, we write above three classes and inherit the two classes
in our derived class.
When I write the Multiple Inheritance in C #, it will display the warning message during our code and execute our program. The
Warning message will be as Expected and interface
See the below image which shows the Warning error message while I write Multiple Inheritance.
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Then how can we use the Multiple Inheritance

Interface will be used for Multiple Inheritance.
9. Polymorphism :
Ploy means more than one form. In the beginning of the Article at Method Section, we have already seen an example of
Polymorphism. Same method name with different parameter is an example for the polymorphism.
Method Overloading and Method Overriding will be used in polymorphism. Polymorphism have two types of execution one is
Compile Time Polymorphism and the other one is called the Run time Polymorphism.
Method Overloading:
Method overloading are nothing but same Method name will be used for more than one method with different Argument .
Here is an example program for the Method Overloading .As we can see here Method name BedRoom has been used for two
Method but the parameter for both methods are different.
classHouseOwnerClass
{
{
}
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{
}
{
HouseOwnerClassobjHouseOwner=newHouseOwnerClass();
objHouseOwner.BedRoom("MyNameisShanuIlikeLavendercolor");
objHouseOwner.BedRoom("MyNameisAfrazIlikeLightBluecolor");
objHouseOwner.BedRoom("SHANU","Lavender");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
Method Overriding:
The difference between the Method Overloading and Overriding are.In Method Overloading we will have same method name
with different argument.
In Method Overriding we will have same Method Name same Argument and same type but method overriding can only be used
in the derived class, Method Overriding cannot be done in the same class.
We will see how Method Overriding can be used in Abstract Method, Virtual Method and in Sealed Method kindly refer to that
section in this article.
10. Abstract Class/Method:

Abstract Class: Abstract class will have a keyword abstract.
abstractclassGuestVist
{
}
The Abstract class will be as a super class for all our class. Abstract class cannot be accessed by an object, which means we
cannot create an object for an abstract class..
What will happen when we create an object for an Abstract Class?
Here we can see an error warning message as An instance of an abstract class cannot be created when I try to create an object
for my abstract class.
Abstract class can have both Abstract Method and normal Method. In Abstract Class at least one Abstract Method should be
declared. In addition, derived class should override the abstract method. To access the abstract method we should use the
override keyword in our derived class.
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What will happen if we create an abstract method but which is not override in derived class?
Here we can see an abstract class has an abstract method, But the abstract method is not override in the derived class. See the
below image for the warning message displaying as class must implement the abstract member.
Here we can see an example of Abstract Class and for Abstract Method in detail.
In this example, we can see an abstract class, which has normal Method and Abstract Method. Abstract Methods; do not have
body part in Abstract Class, which means we can only declare an Abstract Method at Abstract Class, There should be minimum
one Abstract Method in an Abstract Class.
{
{
Console.WriteLine("WelcometoourAbstractHome");
}
{
Console.WriteLine("Guestnameis:Abstract");
}
publicabstractvoidpurposeofVisit();
}
//derivedclasstoinherittheabstractclass
publicclassHouseclass:GuestVist
{
{
HouseclassobjHouse=newHouseclass();
objHouse.Guestwelcomemessage();
}
publicoverridevoidpurposeofVisit()
{
Console.WriteLine("AbstractjustcameforaMeetupandspendsometime");
}
}
11. Virtual Class/Method:

Virtual method is very useful in our daytoday programming.
What is virtual Method and what is the use of Virtual Method?
Take our House example one guest confirms, as today total five persons will visit your home. For this, we write a function as
message display as five Guest visiting our home. Once Guest visits, we see their total 20 persons have visited. In Some cases it
might be increase or decrease we will come to know when they reach us.
In that case, the guest will be as a Separate Class and House will be as separate class. Without changing the message in Guest
class how can we change the data in our Derived class?
What is the Difference between Abstract Method and Virtual Method?
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Both similarities use the override keyword. Abstract Method can only be declared in Abstract Class, which means no body part
for abstract method in Abstract class. However, for virtual it can have body part.
See the example program below. Here we have both Abstract Method and Virtual Method. In Abstract class, the virtual method
says as total five guests but in the derived Class program, the message was override as 20 guests. See the final output in below.
Guess what will be displayed for Virtual Method? Will the result be5 Guests or 20 Guests check for the output below the
program.
{
publicabstractvoidpurposeofVisit();//AbstractMethod
publicvirtualvoidNoofGuestwillvisit()//VirtualMethod
{
Console.WriteLine("Total5GuestwillVisityourHome");
}
}
classAbstractHouseClass:GuestVist
{
publicoverridevoidpurposeofVisit()//AbstractmethodOverride
{
Console.WriteLine("AbstractjustforaMeetupandspendsometime");
}
publicoverridevoidNoofGuestwillvisit()//Virtualmethodoverride
{
Console.WriteLine("Total20GuestVisitedourHome");
}
{
AbstractHouseClassobjHouse=newAbstractHouseClass();
objHouse.purposeofVisit();
objHouse.NoofGuestwillvisit();
Console.ReadLine();
}
The Complete Program :

{
{
Console.WriteLine("WelcometoourAbstractHome");
}
{
Console.WriteLine("Guestnameis:Abstract");
}
publicabstractvoidpurposeofVisit();//AbstractMethod
publicvirtualvoidNoofGuestwillvisit()//VirtualMethod
{
Console.WriteLine("Total5GuestwillVisityourHome");
}
}
classAbstractHouseClass:GuestVist
{
publicoverridevoidpurposeofVisit()//AbstractmethodOverride
{
Console.WriteLine("AbstractjustforaMeetupandspendsometime");
}
publicoverridevoidNoofGuestwillvisit()//Virtualmethodoverride
{
Console.WriteLine("Total20GuestVisitedourHome");
}
{
AbstractHouseClassobjHouse=newAbstractHouseClass();
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objHouse.Guestwelcomemessage();
objHouse.purposeofVisit();
objHouse.NoofGuestwillvisit();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
output:
12. Sealed Class/Method:

Sealed Class: As name says this class cannot be inherited by other classes.
Take our House Example. In a house, the Houseowner can have a secret room, as might be official or financial rooms. The owner
dont want others to access his official room. The sealed class will be useful in those cases.
Sealed class can be declared using the keyword Sealed. If one class is declared as Sealed, it cannot be inherited in other derived
classes.
What will happen when we inherit sealed class in our derived class?
Lets see an example when I try to inherit my sealed class from my derived class. It shows me the below warning message.
Here we can see an example program of Sealed Class.

publicsealedclassOwnerofficialRoom
{
publicvoidAllMyPersonalItems()
{
Console.WriteLine("AllItemsinthisroomsarepersonaltomenooneelsecanaccessorinheritme");
}
}
classHouseSealedClass
{
{
OwnerofficialRoomobj=newOwnerofficialRoom();
obj.AllMyPersonalItems();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
Sealed Method: If we declared a method as sealed that specific method cannot be override in the derived class.
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Lets see our house class here I have base class with Virtual Method and virtual Sealed method.
The Virtual method can be override in the derived class .But the Virtual Sealed Method cannot be override in sealed class.
//BaseClasswithSealedMethod
publicclassOwnerOfficialroomwithrestriction
{
publicvirtualvoidmessage()
{
Console.WriteLine("EveryonebelongstothishousecanaccessmyitemsinmyroomexceptmysealedItem");
}
publicvirtualsealedvoidmyAccountsLoocker()
{
Console.WriteLine("ThisLoockercannotbeinheritedbyotherclasses");
}
}
//DeraivedmethodwhichinheritsSelaedMethodclass
classHouseSealedClass:OwnerOfficialroomwithrestriction
{
publicoverridevoidmessage()
{
Console.WriteLine("overridedinthederivedclass");
}
publicoverridevoidmyAccountsLoocker()
{
Console.WriteLine("ThesealedmethodOverrides");
}
}
13. Static Class/Method :

We have already learned about what is Sealed Class in this Article; now lets see what are Static Class and Static Method.
Both Static and Sealed Class cannot be inherited.
What is the Difference between Static Class and Sealed Class?
We can create an Object instance for the Sealed Class, we can see in my sealed class section I have created a sample Sealed
class and in Main Method I have created an object to access the sealed Class. And in a Sealed Class both Static and nonStatic
methods can be written.
But for a Static Class its not possible to create an Object. In Static Class only Static members are allowed which means in a static
Class its not possible to write nonstatic method.
We can say our main method as an example for the Static method. When we create a console application in c# we can see each
class will have a default main method. In my article I have explained that when an Console or Windows application start execute
first the main method will be executed .There is no need to create an object for the main method since it was been declared as a
static method.
{
}
Another interesting one in Static class is that memory will be allocated for all static variable and methods during execution but
for the non static variable and methods memory will be allocated only when the object for the class are created.
Lets take our same sealed class Example for our static Class and method.
What will happen when we inherit Static class in our derived class?
Lets see an example when I try to inherit my static class from my derived class. It shows me the below warning message.
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What will happen when we declare nonStatic method in a Static class?

Lets see an example when I try to create a nonStatic method at my Static Class.
What will happen when we create an object for the Static class?
Lets see an example when I try to create an object for my Static Class.
When we run the program we get the error message as Can not create an instance of a static class .Sorry Im using the Korean
Version of Visual Studio so the error message in Korean language.
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How to call the Static Class Method and variable without creating the Object?
Its simple just we can use the ClassName.Variable or Method Name for example OwnerofficialRoom.AllMyPersonalItems;
See the below example with Static class
publicstaticclassOwnerofficialRoom
{
publicstaticvoidAllMyPersonalItems()
{
Console.WriteLine("AllItemsinthisroomsarepersonaltomenooneelsecanaccessorinheritme");
}
}
classHouseStaticClass
{
{
OwnerofficialRoom.AllMyPersonalItems();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
The Output for the above program is here.
Is that possible to create a Static Method in nonStatic Class?

The answer is yes. We can create a Static Method to the non Static class. No need to create an object to access the static method
in nonstatic class. We can directly use the class name to access the Static method.
See the below example with Static method in nonstatic Class.
publicclassOwnerofficialRoom
{
publicstaticvoidAllMyPersonalItems()
{
Console.WriteLine("Noneedtocreateobjectformejustusemyclassnametoaccessme:)");
}
publicvoidnon_staticMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine("YouneedtocreateanObjecttoAccessMe:(");
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}
}
classStaticmethodClass
{
{
//forstatcimethodnoneedtocreateobjectjustcalldirectlyusingtheclassname.
OwnerofficialRoom.AllMyPersonalItems();
//fornonstaticmethodneedtocreateobjecttoaccessthemethod.
OwnerofficialRoomobj=newOwnerofficialRoom();
obj.non_staticMethod();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
The Output for the above program is here.
14. Interface :
Interface is same like abstract class but in Interface we will have only method declaration but in abstract class we can have both method
declaration and method definition .Methods of Interface must be implemented in a implementing class
See the below Example program for an Interface. All the methods of Interface have been implemented in the class. As I have already told
you that c# dont support multiple inheritance for using multiple inheritance we can use Interface. This below program is an example for
multiple inheritance using Interface.
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interfaceGuestInterface
{
voidGuestWelcomeMessage();
voidNoofGuestes();
}
interfaceFriendsandRelationsInterface
{
voidfriendwelcomemessage();
voidFriendName();
}
classHouseOwnerClass:GuestInterface,FriendsandRelationsInterface
{
publicvoidGuestWelcomeMessage()
{
Console.WriteLine("Allguestsarewellcometoourhome");
}
publicvoidNoofGuestes()
{
Console.WriteLine("Total15Guesteshasvisited");
}
publicvoidfriendwelcomemessage()
{
Console.WriteLine("WelcometoourHome");
}
publicvoidFriendName()
{
Console.WriteLine("Friendnameis:Afraz");
}
{
obj.GuestWelcomeMessage();
obj.NoofGuestes();
obj.friendwelcomemessage();
obj.FriendName();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
The Output will be like this.
In some cases we need to have certain methods which will be used in many derived classes. Each derived can implement
different functionality for those Methods. In These cases, we can use the Interface.
We can say our Guest and house example. For Guest the Welcome Message and No of Guest Function are common, but it
will be different for different owners in the same house, Guest might a fathers guest, Mothers Guest, Childrens Guest or Family
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Guest. Each guest can have different welcome message subject, but the functions are same as Message .lets consider now Father
is a Class, Mother is a class and Children are one Class. Both guestWelcome Message and Noofguest method are same for all. In
this case, we can create an Interface and declare both methods in the Interface. All father, mother and Children Classes can
inherit the interface and write their own method details.
Interface is similar to Abstract class but the major difference between the Abstract Class and the Interface are .In Abstract Class
there can be both Abstract Method and Non Abstract methods .But in Interface all methods are abstract by default which means
there is no non Abstract type method in the Interface. All the Methods declared in Interface should be override in the derived
class.
What will happen when nonabstract methods with body part are declared in an Interface?
It will display the warning message as unexpected modifier in Access modifier part and Unexpected Method body error
warning at message Body. See the below image for the details.
Example program for Interface:

interfaceGuestInterface
{
voidGuestWelcomeMessage();
voidNoofGuestes();
}
classHouseOwnerClass:GuestInterface
{
publicvoidGuestWelcomeMessage()
{
Console.WriteLine("Allguestsarewellcometoourhome");
}
publicvoidNoofGuestes()
{
Console.WriteLine("Total15Guesteshasvisited");
}
{
obj.GuestWelcomeMessage();
obj.NoofGuestes();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
History
Initial release on 2014/11/05.
Article Updated on 2014/11/07
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24/01/2015
License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License CPOL
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About the Author
syed shanu
Team Leader
India
His Blog
Syed Shanu is basically from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.He was been working in South Korea for past 8 years. He started
programming with Basic Language and C language from his high school at 1999.In 2005 he completed his Master of Computer
Application. He started his working Career from Dec 2004 with ASP.
He has 9+ years of Experience in Microsoft Technologies.
His work experience with Language and Technology starts from ASP and SQL Server, Then VB.NET and C# for PDA Application,
Touch Screen Application Development, Desktop Application, ASP.NET Web Application Development, MVC and WPF.
He loves to work with Microsoft technology as he started to work on .Net Frame Work version from 1.0 to 4.5.
He had worked with HMI Human Machine Interface programs like PLC, Nutrunner Tools, and Sensor programs, RFID programs,
Barcode programs and etc.
He also worked with Dotnetnuke .
He had worked with Projects like, Restaurant management with PDA AND Desktop Development, Hospital management with
PDA, Desktop and Web development, Online Shopping Cart for web, Inventory Management for web, Asset Management for
desktop, SPC for Desktop, Factory Automation for Desktop, MES for both Web and Desktop, ERP for Both Web and Desktop.
He usually uses his free time to spend with his Family and go outing. He loves photography and Hiking.
Hes a Positive thinker, he always believes in Software field there is no problems with solution.
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The Complete Class with Main Method Example:

The Output of above class is here:

Then how can we use the Multiple Inheritance

10. Abstract Class/Method:

11. Virtual Class/Method:

The Complete Program :

12. Sealed Class/Method:

Here we can see an example program of Sealed Class.

13. Static Class/Method :

What will happen when we declare nonStatic method in a Static class?

The Output for the above program is here.

Is that possible to create a Static Method in nonStatic Class?

The Output for the above program is here.

The Output will be like this.

Example program for Interface:

He has 9+ years of Experience in Microsoft Technologies.

He also worked with Dotnetnuke .

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Article Copyright 2015 by syed shanu

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