Indian constitution is the largest constitution in the world

it contains originally 395 Articles, 22 parts, and 8

schedules. And presently it has 448 articles, 22 parts, and
12 schedules.
Part 1- Art. 1 to art. 4:
Art.1- Name and territory of the union.
Art.2 - Admission and Establishment of the new state.
Art.3- Formation of new states and alteration of areas,
boundaries, and name of existing states.
Part 2- Art. 5 to art. 11:
Art.5 - Citizenship at the commencement of the
constitution.
Art.6- Rights of citizenship of certain person who have
migrated to India from Pakistan.
Art.10- continuance of rights of citizenship.
Art.11- Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by
law.
Part 3- Art.12 to art.35
Art.12- Definition of the state
Art.13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the
fundamental rights.
Originally, constitution provided for 7 basic fundamental
rights, now there is only six rights, one Right to property
U/A 31 was deleted from the list of fundamental rights by
44th amendment act 1978. It made a legal right U/A 300-A
in Part XII of the constitution.
Some important Fundamental Rights are as:
Right to Equality: Art. 14 to Art. 18
Art.14- Equality before the law.
Art.15- Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of
religion, race, caste, sex. Or place of birth.
Art.16- Equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment.
Art.17- Abolition of the untouchability.

 Art.18- Abolition of titles

Right to Freedom: Art. 19 to art. 22
Art.19 guarantees to all the citizens the six rights
(a) Right to freedom of speech and expression.
(b) Right to assemble peacefully and without arms.
(c) Right to form associations or unions.
(d) Right to move freely throughout the territory of
India.
(e) Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory
of India.
(f) Right to practice any profession or to carry on any
occupation, trade, and business.
Art.20- Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
Art.21-Protection of life and personal liberty.
Art .22- Protection against arrest and detention in
certain cases.
Right against Exploitation: Art.23 & art. 24
Art. 23- Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced
labour.
Art.24- Prohibition of employment of children in factories
and mines. Under age of 14.
Right to Freedom of Religion: Art.25 to art. 28
Art.25- Freedom of conscience and free profession ,
practice and propagation of religion.
Art.26- Freedom to manage religious affairs.
Art.27- Freedom as to pay taxes for promotion of any
particular religion.
Art.28- Freedom from attending religious instruction.
Cultural and Educational Rights:Art.29 & art. 30
Art. 29- Protection of interest of minorities.
Art.30- Right of minorities to establish and administer
educational institutions.

 Art.32- Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental

Rights.
Part.4 Directive Principal of states Policy: Art 36 to art.
51
Art.36- Definition
Art.37- Application of DPSP
Art.39A- Equal justice and free legal aid
Art.40- Organisation of village panchayat
Art.41- Right to work , to education, and to public
assistance in certain cases
Art.43- Living Wages, etc. for Workers.
Art.43A- Participation of workers in management of
industries.
Art.44- Uniform civil code.( applicable in Goa only)
Art.45- Provision for free and compulsory education for
children.
Art.46- Promotion of educational and economic interest
of scheduled castes, ST,and OBC.
Art.47-Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition
and the standard of living and to improve public heath.
Art.48-Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Art.49- Protection of monuments and places and objects
of natural importance.
Art.50- Separation of judiciary from executive.
Art.51- Promotion of international peace and security.
Fundamental Duties: Part IV-A- Art 51A
It contains, originally 10 duties, now it contains 11
duties by 86thamendments act 2002.
Part.5- The Union Executive:
Art.52- The President of india
Art.53- Executive Power of the union.
Art.54- Election of President

 Art.61- Procedure for Impeachment of the President.

Art.63- The Vice-president of India.
Art.64- The Vice-President to be ex-officio chairman the
council of States.
Art.66-Election of Vice-president.
Art.72-Pradoning powers of President.
Art.74- Council of minister to aid and advice President.
Art.76- Attorney-General for India.
Art.79- Constitution of Parliament
Art.80- Composition of Rajya Sabha.
Art.81- Composition of Lok Sabha.
Art.83- Duration of Houses of Parliament.
Art.93- The speakers and Deputy speakers of the house
of the people.
Art.105- Powers, Privileges,etc of the House of
Parliament.
Art.109- Special procedure in respects of money bills
Art.110- Definition of Money Bills.
Art.112- Annual Financial Budget.
Art.114-Appropriation Bills.
Art.123- Powers of the President to promulgate
Ordinances during recess of parliament.
Art.124- Establishment of Supreme Court.
Art.125- Salaries of Judges.
Art.126- Appointment of acting Chief justice.
Art.127- Appointment of ad-hoc judges.
Art.128-Attendence of retired judge at sitting of the
Supreme Court.
Art.129- Supreme court to be court of Record.
Art.130- Seat of the Supreme court.
Art.136- Special leaves for appeal to the Supreme Court.
Art.137- Review of judgements or orders by the Supreme
court.
Art.141-Decision of the Supreme Court binding on all the

courts.
Art.148- Comptroller and Auditor- General of India
Art.149- Duties and Powers of CAG.
Art.153- Governors of State
Art.154- Executive Powers of Governor.
Art.161- Pardoning powers of the Governor.
Art.165-Advocate-General of the State.
Art.213- Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances.
Art.214- High Courts for states.
Art.215- High Courts to be court of record.
Art.226- Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
Art.233- Appoinment of District judges.
Art.235- Control over Sub-ordinate Courts.
Art.243A- Gram Sabha
Art.243B- Constitution of Panchayats
Art.280- Finance Commission
Art.300-A- Right to property.
Art.301-Freedom to trade, commerce, and intercourse.
Art.302- Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on
trade, commersce, and intercourse.
Art.312- All- India-Service.
Art.315- Public service commissions for the union and for
the states
Art.320- Functions of Public Service Commission.
Art.323A- Administrative Tribunals
Art.324-Superintendence, direction and control of
Elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
Art.325- No person to be ineligible for inclusion in or to
claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds
of religion, race, caste, or sex.
Art.326- Elections to the house of the people and to the
legislative assemblies of states to be on the basis of adult
suffrage.
Art.338- National Commission for the SC, & ST.

 Art.340- Appointment of a commission to investigate the

conditions of backward classes.
Art.343- Official languages of the Union.
Art.345- Official languages or languages of a states.
Art.348- Languages to be used in the Supreme Court and
in the High Courts.
Art.351-Directive for development of the hindi
languages.
Art.352- Proclamation of emergency ( National
Emergency).
Art.356- State Emergency
Art.360- Financial Emergency
Art.361- Protection of President and Governors
Art.368- Powers of Parliaments to amend the
constitution.
Art.370-Special provision of J&K.
Art.393-Constituion of India.
Amendments to The Constitution-Important
The first Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution was
made in the year 1951
According to it, Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342,
376 were amended and Articles 31A and 3IB inserted and
Ninth Schedule was added.
The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971: It affirmed
the power of the Parliament to amend any part of the
Constitution. After this amendment, the President is
bound to assent to Constitution Amendment Bill.
Education was transferred to the Concurrent List by this
amendment.
The Constitution (36th Amendment) Act, 1975: By this Act,
Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: The Bill

was passed by the Lok Sabha on August 7 and received

Presidential assent on August 9,1975. The Act places
beyond challenge in courts the election to Parliament of a
person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and
the election of President and Vice-President.
The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985: The Act
has made defection to another party, after elections
illegal. Any member defecting to another party after
elections will be disqualified from being member of
Parliament or State Legislature.
The Constitution (53rd Amendment) Act, 1986: It confers
Statehood on Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary
interference by the Central Government with the laws
relating to spheres of social relationship and community
conduct applicable to Mizoram.
The Constitution (55th Amendment) Act, 1987: It grants
Statehood to Arunachal Pradesh which consequently
became the 24th State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987: It confers
Statehood on Goa and forms a new Union Territory of
Daman and Diu. Goa thus became the 25th State of the
Indian Republic.
The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987: It made a
special provision for the setting up of the new State of
Goa. Consequently Daman and Diu were separated from
the former to form a Union Territory.
The Constitution (59th Amendment) Act, 1988: It
empowered the Central Government to impose Emergency
in Punjab when deemed necessary. Under the amendment,
Presidents rule can be extended upto three years. Earlier
maximum period was two years.
The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989: It lowered

the voting age from 21 to 18.

The Constitution (62nd Amendment) Act, 1989: It provided
for the extension by another 10 years of reservation of
seats in the Parliament and State Assemblies for the
Scheduled Castes and Tribes and reservation for Anglo
Indian community by nomination.
The Constitution (64th Amendment) Act, 1990: It extended
the Presidents rule in Punjab by six months.
The Constitution (66th Amendment) Act, 1990: To bring
land reforms within the purview of 9th Schedule of the
Constitution.
The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991: Delhi made
National Capital Region. The Act also made provision for
Legislative assembly and a council of ministers for Delhi.
The Constitution (70th Amendment) Act, 1992: Before this
act was made Article 54 relating to the election of the
President provided for an electoral college consisting only
of the elected members of Parliament as well as the
legislative assemblies of the States (not of Union
Territories). The amendment provide for inclusion of
members of legislature of Pondicherry and Delhi.
The Constitution (71st Amendment) Act, 1992: The act
amends the 8th Schedule to the Constitution to include
Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali Languages in the 8th
Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (72nd Amendment) Act, 1992: To make
temporary provision for the determination of the number
of seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the State
assembly of Tripura, until the re-adjustment of seats is
made on the basis of the first census after the year 2000
under article 170 of the Constitution.

The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992: To ensure

direct election to all seats in Panchayats; to reserve seats
for SCs and STs in proportion to their population; and for
reservation of not less than one third of the seats in
Panchayats for women.
The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992: was made
to ensure direct election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and
Municipalities.
The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994: It relates
to the Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and
of appointments or posts in the Services under a State, for
Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes. The Supreme Court had ruled on November 16,
1992, that the total reservations under Article 16(40) of
the Constitution should not exceed 50 per cent.
The Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995: According
to this Act, the Government have decided to continue the
existing policy of reservation in promotion for the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (78th Amendment) Act, 1995: It includes
land reform laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they
cannot be challenged before the courts.
The Constitution (79th Amendment) Act, 1999: It extends
the reservation of seats for SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in
the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies for next 10
years.
The Constitution (81st Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides
that the unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST
kept for being filled up in a year as per Article 16, shall be
considered separately for filling vacancies in the
succeeding year and the previous list will not be
considered for filling the 50% quota of the respective year.

The Constitution (82nd Amendment) Act, 2000: It provides

that nothing in the Article 355 shall prevent the State
from making any provisions in favour of the members of
SC/ST for relaxation in qualifying marks with respect to
examination/job/promotion.
The Constitution (83rd Amendment) Act, 2000: The Act
amended Article 243 M to provide that no reservation in
Panchayats be made in favour of SC/ST in Arunachal
Pradesh where the whole population is tribal.
Important Articles of Indian Constitution and their Subject
Matter
Covered Under Part 1 of the Indian Constitution - Union
and States of India - (Article 1 - 4)

Article 1 of the Indian Constitution - Name and Territory of

the Union.

(a) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States

(b) The States and the territories thereof shall be as

specified in the First Schedule

(c) The territory of India shall comprise the territories of

the States, the Union territories specified in the First
Schedule and such other territories as may be acquired.

Article 2 of the Indian Constitution - Admission or

establishment of new States: Parliament may by law admit
into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and
conditions, as it thinks fit.

Article 3 of the Indian Constitution - Formation of new

states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of
existing states. In detail it contains below provisions -

# form a new State by separation of territory from any

State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States
or by uniting any territory to a part of any State

# increase the area of any State

# diminish the area of any State

# alter the boundaries of any State

# alter the name of any State

Article 4 of the Indian Constitution - Laws made under

Articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First
and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental
and consequential matters that is any law referred to in
Article 2 or Article 3 shall contain such provisions for the
amendment of the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule

as may be necessary to give effect to the provisions of the

law.

Covered Under Part 2 of the Indian Constitution Citizenship - (Article 5 - 11)

Article 5 of the Indian Constitution - Citizenship at the

commencement of the Constitution.

Article 6 of the Indian Constitution - Rights of citizenship

of certain persons who have migrated to India from
Pakistan.

Article 7 of the Indian Constitution - Rights of citizenship

of certain migrants to Pakistan.

Article 8 of the Indian Constitution - Rights of citizenship

of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.

Article 9 of the Indian Constitution - Persons voluntarily

acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.

Article 10 of the Indian Constitution - Continuance of the

rights of citizenship.

Article 11 of the Indian Constitution - Parliament to

regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Covered Under Part 3 of the Indian Constitution Fundamental Rights - (Article 12 - 35)

Article 13 of the Indian Constitution - Laws inconsistent

with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.

Article 14 of the Indian Constitution - Equality before law.

Article 16 of the Indian Constitution - Equality of

opportunity in matters of public employment.

Article 17 of the Indian Constitution - Abolition of

Untouchability.

Article 19 of the Indian Constitution - Protection of certain

rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution - Protection of life and

personal liberty.

Article 21A of the Indian Constitution - Right to

elementary education.

Article 25 of the Indian Constitution - Freedom of

conscience and free profession, practice and propagation
of Religion.

Article 30 of the Indian Constitution - Right of minorities

to establish and administer educational institutes.

Article 31C of the Indian Constitution - Certain Directive

Principles were given power and effect.

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution - Remedies for

enforcement of fundamental rights including writs.

Covered Under Part 4 of the Indian Constitution - Directive

Principles of State Policy - (Article 36 - 51)

Article 38 of the Indian Constitution - State to secure a

social order for the promotion of welfare of people.

Article 40 of the Indian Constitution - Organization of

Village Panchayats.

Article 44 of the Indian Constitution - Uniform Civil Code

for the Citizens.

Article 45 of the Indian Constitution - Provision for early

childhood care and education to children below the age of
6 years.

Article 46 of the Indian Constitution - Promotion of

educational and economic interests of scheduled castes,
scheduled tribes and other weaker sections.

Article 50 of the Indian Constitution - Separation of

Judiciary from Executive.

Article 51 of the Indian Constitution - Promotion of

International Peace and Security.

Covered Under Part 4-A of the Indian Constitution Fundamental Duties

Article 51A of the Indian Constitution - Fundamental

Duties.

Covered Under Part 5 of the Indian Constitution - Union

Government - (Article 52 - 151)

Article 72 of the Indian Constitution - Power of President

to grant pardons, etc. and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases.

Article 74 of the Indian Constitution - Council of Ministers

to aid and advise the President.

Article 78 of the Indian Constitution - Duties of Prime

Minister as the furnishing of information to the President
and if the President so requires, to submit for the
consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on
which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which
has not been considered by the Council.

Article 110 of the Indian Constitution - Definition of Money

Bills.

Article 112 of the Indian Constitution - Annual financial

statement that is the Budget.

Article 123 of the Indian Constitution - Power of President

to promulgate ordinances during recess of Parliament.

Article 143 of the Indian Constitution - Power of President

to consult Supreme Court.

Covered Under Part 6 of the Indian Constitution - State

Government - (Article 152 - 237)

Article 155 of the Indian Constitution - Appointment of the

Governor by the President.

Article 161 of the Indian Constitution - Power of Governor

to grant pardons, etc and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases.

Article 163 of the Indian Constitution - Council of Ministers

to advise and aid the Governor.

Article 167 of the Indian Constitution - Duties of Chief

Minister with regarding to the furnishing of information to
the Governor.

Article 169 of the Indian Constitution - Abolition and

creation of legislative council in states.

Article 200 of the Indian Constitution - Assent to bill by

Governor including the reservation of the bill for the
consideration of the President if the Governor feels the
need of this.

Article 213 of the Indian Constitution - Power of Governor

to promulgate ordinances during recess of State
Legislatures.

Article 226 of the Indian Constitution - Power of High

Courts to issue certain writs.

Covered Under Part 7 of the Indian Constitution -

Article 238 of the Indian Constitution - It was repealed by

7th Amendment Act 1956 which contained provisions
related to A and B category of States.

Covered Under Part 8 of the Indian Constitution Administration of Union Territories - (Article 239 - 241)

Article 239AA of the Indian Constitution - Special

Provisions with respect to Delhi.

Covered Under Part 9 of the Indian Constitution -

Article 242 - 243 of the Indian Constitution - It was

repealed by 7th Amendment Act 1956 which contained
provisions related to C and D category of States.

Later by 73rd and 74th Amendment Act 1992, Article 243

was added which is now comprised of provisions related to
Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Covered Under Part 10 of the Indian Constitution -

Article (244 - 244 A) of the Indian Constitution - Provision

of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.

Covered Under Part 11 of the Indian Constitution Relation between Union and States - (Article 245 - 263)

Article 249 of the Indian Constitution - Power of

Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the
State List in the national interest.

Article 262 of the Indian Constitution - Adjudicating of

disputes relating to waters of inter-state rivers or river
valleys.

Article 263 of the Indian Constitution - Provisions with

respect to an inter state council.

Covered Under Part 12 of the Indian Constitution Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits - (Article 264 - 300)

Article 265 of the Indian Constitution - Taxes not be

imposed save by authority of law.

Article 275 of the Indian Constitution - Grants from the

Union to certain states.

Article 280 of the Indian Constitution - Finance

Commission.

Article 300 of the Indian Constitution - Suits and

proceedings.

Article 300A of the Indian Constitution - Persons not to be

deprived of property save by authority of law that is Right
to Property. This right was initially a fundamental right
but later it was removed from the list of fundamental
rights.

Covered Under Part 13 of the Indian Constitution - (Article

301 - 307)

Trade, Commerce and Travel.

Covered Under Part 14 of the Indian Constitution Services Under the Union and States - (Article 308 - 323)

Article 311 of the Indian Constitution - Dismissal, removal

or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil
capacities under the Union or a State.

Article 312 of the Indian Constitution - All India Services.

Article 315 of the Indian Constitution - Public Service

Commission for the Union and for the States.

Article 320 of the Indian Constitution - Functions of Public

Service Commissions.

Covered Under Part 14-A of the Indian Constitution -

Article 323-A and Article 323-B of the Indian Constitution Central Administrative Tribunals (CAT).

Covered Under Part 15 of the Indian Constitution Elections and the Election Commission - (Article 324 - 329)

Article 324 of the Indian Constitution - Superintendence,

direction and control of elections to be vested in an
Election Commission.

Covered Under Part 16 of the Indian Constitution - Special

status related to SC, ST and Anglo Indians - (Article 330 342)

Article 330 of the Indian Constitution - Reservation of

seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the
House of People.

Article 335 of the Indian Constitution - Claims of Schedules

Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.

Covered Under Part 17 of the Indian Constitution - Official

Languages - (Article 343 - 351)

Covered Under Part 18 of the Indian Constitution Emergency Provisions - (Article 352 - 360)

Article 352 of the Indian Constitution - Proclamation of

Emergency that is National Emergency.

Article 356 of the Indian Constitution - Provisions in case

of failure of Constitutional machinery in States that leads
to the imposition of President's Rule.

Article 360 of the Indian Constitution - Provisions as the

Financial Emergency.

Covered Under Part 19 of the Indian Constitution - Judicial

immunity to the President and the Governor - (Article 361
- 367)

Article 365 of the Indian Constitution - Effect of failure to

comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the
Union.

Covered Under Part 20 of the Indian Constitution -

Article 368 of the Indian Constitution - Power of

Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure
thereof.

Covered Under Part 21 of the Indian Constitution Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions - (Article
369 - 392)

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution - Temporary

provisions with respect to the state of Jammu and
Kashmir.

Covered Under Part 22 of the Indian Constitution - Short

title and commencement of the Constitution - (Article 393
- 395)