Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Mechanical Engineering
UNITIII
v
Condensation
b)
Boiling
c)
d)
Sublimation
Heat transfer occurs, in which respective latent heat is released. Phase change
occurs in constant temperature & Heat transfer coefficient is high.
3.1
Bond number Bo
Mechanical Engineering
Surface tension
g(e1 ev)L2
Modes of condensation:
a) Drop arise condensation & b) Film wise condensation
Film wise Condensation: The condensate wets the surface and forms a liquid
film on the surface that slides down under the influence of gravity.
The thickness of the liquid film increases in the flow direction as more vapour
condenses on the film.
Drop wise condensation: The condensed vapour forms droplets on the
surface instead of a continuous film and the surface is covered by countless
droplets of varying diameters.
3.2
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
3.3
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
3.4
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
Nusslets Theory: Exception of liquid metals, this theory is still widely used
to better understand heat transfer during condensation.
Assumptions made for Nusselt Theory
Heat transfer occurs the condensate layer is pure conduction and the liquid
temperature profile is linear.
The liquid temperature at the interface is that of saturated vapour.
Heat transfer is at steady state.
Condensate flow is under the action of gravity and is laminar
The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of the vapour Tf . The vapour
is pure, dry and saturated.
3.5
( as x )
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
Pool boiling: If the heating surface is submerged in the liquid and if there is
no bulk motion of fluid, then the boiling process is known as pool boiling.
3.6
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
3.7
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
3.8
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
Heat Exchanges
Heat is transferred from one fluid to another. The hot fluid gets cooled and the fluid
is heated.
Types of heat exchanges
1. Transfer type heat Exchanges or recuperators,
2. Storage type heat Exchanges or recuperators,
3. Direct contact type heat exchangers or mixers.
In transfer type or recuperator, the two fluids are kept separate and they do not mix.
Heat is transferred through the separating walls.
In storage type heat exchanger or a regenerator, hot and cold fluid flow alternately
through a solid matrix of high heat capacity.
During heating period, hot fluid flows through the matrix, values A and B are kept
open, C and D are closed.
During cooling period, values A, B are closed and C, D is open.
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
3.9
Mechanical Engineering
Parallel flow
both the hot and cold fluids flow in same direction.
ii)
Counter flow
both the fluids flows in opposite direction.
3.10
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
Shell and tube heat exchangers contain a large number of tubes packed in a
each other, and such flow configuration is called cross flow. The cross flow is
further classified as unmixed and mixed flow, depending on the flow configuration.
3.11
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
3.12
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
1
hi Ai
ln(D0/ Di)
2kL
3.13
ho Ao
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
1 2
1
2
3.14
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
For parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers the log mean temperature
difference Tlm is best suited , but for cross flow and multipass shell and tube heat
exchangers it I convenient to relate the equivalent temperature difference as ,
Tlm
FTlm,cf
F is the correction factor, which depends on the geometry od the heat exchanger
and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluid systems. Tlm,cf is the
log mean temperature difference for the case of a counter flow.
The correction factor F for a heat exchanger is a measure of deviation of the Tlm
from the corresponding values for the counter flow case.
The correction factor F for common cross flow and shell and tube heat exchanger
versus two temperature ratios P and R defined as
P = t2 t1
T1 t1
R = T1 T2
t2 t1
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
F < 1 for a cross flow and multipass shell and tube heat exchangers.
3.16
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
3.17
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
3.18
Mechanical Engineering
If the type and size of heat exchangers are specified then effectiveness NTU method
analysis is preferred.
&
'
'()*
Heat Exchanged,
% $+,"1 -1
T1 - hot fluid entry temp
t1 - cold fluid entry temp
The effectiveness relations of the heat exchangers typically involve the dimensionless
group
./0
1(23
expressed as
4"5
./0
1(23
(
./0
16(23
Capacity Ratio c,
7
1(23
1()*
(86()*
NTU is proportional to As
Thus, larger the NTU larger the heat
NTU is a measure of the heat transfer
exchanger %
surface area. As
% is a function of
4"59 7 :,7-+;,
3.19
./0
1(23
1(23
1()*
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
Mechanical Engineering
With standard data book the fouling factors can be assumed, in the surface to be
coated with 0.2 mm of limestone as a starting point to account for the effects of
fouling.
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
3.20
Mechanical Engineering
Notes:
References
1. Heat Transfer - A Practical Approach by Yugnus A Cengel.
2. Sachdeva R C, Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer
New Age International, 1995.
3. Nag P.K, Heat Transfer, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2002
Ajai S | Lecturer/MECH
3.21