Complex Sentences

(Adjective Clause)
Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak
kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun
atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan
penjelasan di bawah ini:
Contoh Adjective Clause pada Complex Sentence:
Simple
Sentence

The book is
interesting.

Complex Sentence Keterangan

The bookthat he
has read is
interesting.

The book: noun (phrase),

that: relative pronoun,
that he has read: adjective clause yang menjelaskan the
book. Merupakan klausa karena terdiri dari subject (he)
dan verb (has read) dan merupakanadjective clause karena
menjelaskan noun.

Rumus Adjective Clause

Complex Sentence:
Subject (+be/verb+Noun/Pronoun) + Adjective
Clause
Adjective Clause:
Relative Pronoun +/- S*+V
Keterangan: *Relative pronoun (who, which, that) dapat berfungsi sebagai subject jika
tidak ada subject

Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Adjective Clause

Beberapa fungsi relative pronoun di dalam adjective clause berikut contohnya adalah
sebagai berikut :
Fungsi

Relative Pronoun

Contoh Adjective
Clause

Pembuktian

Subject

who, that, which

that was made of

cheddar cheese.

coba substitusi dengan It

(subjectivepersonal pronoun)

Object*

whom, that,

whom I want to buy

coba substitusi dengan it (objective

which, who
Possessive whose

personal pronoun)
whose house has burned coba substitusi dengan his (possessive
down
personal pronoun)

1. Adjective Clause Using Subject Pronouns: Who, Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Subject Pronouns: "Who", "Which", "That"

Tanpa adjective clause / relative clause

Menggunakan adjective clause / relative

clause

I will introduce you to a friend. He runs a

successful business.

I will introduce you to a friend who runs a

successful business.
I will introduce you to a friend that runs a
successful business.

The book is about religion. It has raised

controversy.

The book which has raised controversy is

about religion.
The book that has raised controversy is
about religion.

Notes:
"Who", "which", atau "that" adalah subyek dalam adjective clause.
"Who" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa orang.
"Which" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa benda.
"That" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa orang maupun benda, dan lebih
umum dipakai daripada "which". Akan tetapi, "that" hanya bisa digunakan
pada defining relative clause saja.
Clause with Object Adjective Clause / Relative Pronouns: "Who(m)", "Which", "That"

Tanpa adjective clause / relative clause

I will introduce you to a friend. You have

never met him before.
The book is about religion. I bought it in
Gramedia bookstore last week.

Menggunakan adjective clause / relative

clause
I will introduce you to a friend (who(m))
you have never met before.
I will introduce you to a friend (that) you
have never met before.
The book (which) I bought in Gramedia
bookstore last week is about religion.
The book (that) I bought in Gramedia

bookstore last week is about religion.

The song was very popular in 1990's. I am

listening to it.

The song to which I am listening was very

popular in 1990's.
The song (which) I am listening to was
very popular in 1990's.
The song (that) I am listening to was very
popular in 1990's.

Notes:
"Whom" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa orang, umumnya digunakan
dalam bahasa Inggris formal. Untuk bahasa Inggris informal dan percakapan,
"who" lebih sering dipakai menggantikan "whom".
"Which" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa benda.
"That" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa orang maupun benda, dan lebih
umum dipakai daripada "which". Akan tetapi, "that" hanya bisa digunakan
pada defining relative clause saja.
Pada bahasa Inggris percakapan (lisan), "who", "which", atau "that" seringkali
dihilangkan.
2. Adjective Clause Using Whose
Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Whose"

Tanpa adjective clause / relative clause

Menggunakan adjective clause / relative

clause

I will introduce you to a friend. His

interest is learning English.

I will introduce you to a friend whose

interest is learning English.

The old lady has a painting. Its value is

inestimable.

The old lady has a painting whose value is

inestimable.

Notes:
Dalam adjective clause atau relative clause, "whose" digunakan untuk
menunjukkan milik, menggantikan "his", "her", "its", atau "their".
Sebagaimana "his", "her", "its", dan "their", "Whose" selalu diikuti kata benda.
"Whose" tidak bisa dihilangkan.
3. Adjective Clause Using Where
Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Where"

Tanpa adjective clause / relative clause

Menggunakan adjective clause / relative

clause

I will take you to the restaurant. I usually

have lunch there (at the restaurant).

I will take you to the restaurant where I

usually have lunch.
I will take you to the restaurant at which I
usually have lunch.
I will take you to the restaurant (which) I
usually have lunch at.

The old lady has sold the house. She has

lived there (in the house) for more than
twenty years.

The old lady has sold the house where she

has lived for more than twenty years.
The old lady has sold the house in which
she has lived for more than twenty years.
The old lady has sold the house (which) she
has lived in for more than twenty years.

Notes:
"Where" dalam adjective clause atau relative clause digunakan untuk menjelaskan
tempat.
Jika "where" digunakan, preposition pada keterangan tempat (seperti in, from, to,
at, on, under, above) tidak diperlukan dalam adjective clause. Sebaliknya, jika
"where" tidak digunakan, preposition harus ada. (lihat contoh ke-2 dan ke-3
dalam tabel di atas)
4. Adjective Clause Using When
Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "When"

Tanpa adjective clause / relative clause

Menggunakan adjective clause / relative

clause

We will never forget the day. My wife gave

birth to my first son then (on that day).

We will never forget the day when my wife

gave birth to my first son.
We will never forget the day on which my
wife gave birth to my first son.
We will never forget the day (that) my wife
gave birth to my first son.

August is the month. The weather gets very

windy then (in August).

August is the month when the weather gets

very windy.
August is the month in which the weather
gets very windy.
August is the month (that) the weather gets
very windy.

Notes:
"When" dalam adjective clause atau relative clause digunakan untuk menjelaskan
waktu.

Jika "when" digunakan, preposition pada keterangan waktu (seperti in, on, at)
tidak diperlukan dalam adjective clause. Sebaliknya, jika "where" tidak
digunakan, preposition ada. (lihat contoh ke-2 dan ke-3 dalam tabel di atas)

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata
pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:
1. Relative Pronoun

Kata Ganti Orang

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That
Fungsi :
a. Subjek:
- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work
b. Objek Kata Kerja:
- He paid the man whom/that he had hired.
c. Objek Kata Depan:
- He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.
d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:
- This is the girl whose picture you saw.

Benda, Binatang
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that
Fungsi:
a. Subjek:
- Here is a book which/that describes animals.
b. Objek Kata Kerja:
- The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.
c. Objek Kata Depan:

- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.
2. Relative Adverbs

Waktu
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
- This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.

Tempat
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where
- Here is the house where I live.

Alasan
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
- Give me one good reason why you did that.

Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause

Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

o
o
o

Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang

menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which
atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi
Adjective Phrase.
Perhatikan Contoh berikut:
a. Adjective Clause
* The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.
==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
b. Adjective Phrase
* The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.
==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.

Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

(1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.
* Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.
* Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
* Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
* Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
* Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
(2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun
dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
* Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
* Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
* Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
* Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini
terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English).
Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".
* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
o We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
o We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of
logs cemented with clay.
o We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs
cemented with lay.

Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of.

Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose
yang digunakan dalam pola ini.
Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of,
many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.
* There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
--> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.

* He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.

--> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.

Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses

Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:
o
o

Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk

mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk
memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk
mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday.
Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.

Keterangan:
Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada
kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di
Bank, bukan yang lainnya.
Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1
orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan
tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau
istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1
itu.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma
dalam Adjective Clause.
o

Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could

deliver speech well.

Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause

Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang
antara Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan. Ada 2 macam
perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.
Adjective Clause
o

I know the house where he lives.

(where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek

dari kata know)
Noun Clause
o

I know where he lives.

(where he lives adalah objek dari kata know)

Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan
milik Noun Clause.
Adjective Clause

The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.

(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase

dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian
belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a
poor relative of his).
Noun Clause

He gives money to whoever needs it.

(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek
dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang
hanya bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause.