Documenti di Didattica
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ARTICLE
BRIEF
GRAMMAR
[II.
AND
VOCABULARY
THE
LATE
MISSIONARY
REV.
SAMUEL
A.
RHEA,
OF THE A. B. C. F. M. IN KURDISTAN.
NOTE
BY TI-HE COMMITTEE
OF PUBLICATION.
REV. MR. RHEAarrived at his field of mission labor in the summer of 1851, and
established himself among the Nestorians of the Kurdish mountains, at Memikan,
a village of the mountain-plainof Gawar, before the end of the same year. This
remained his station for more than eight years (till April, 1859), when he was
driven home to America by ill-health; and, on his return to the Nestorian country
(October, 1860), circumstances determined him to remain at Orcmiah; he died in
September, 1865. While in Gawar, he was in constant intercourse with Kurds,,
and paid much attention to their language, coming to converse in it readily and
correctly, though never attempting to use it for purposes of preaching. He possessed unusual philological tastes and acquirements, used the Modern Syriac with
a power which hardly any other missionary has gained, and, at the time when he
was suddenly cut off, in the prime of life and the height of usefulness, he was
perfecting himself in the Oriental or Tatar Turkish, with the view of translating
the Bible into that dialect. For further particulars of the life and labors of this
remarkable man, may be consulted his biography by Rev. D. W. Marsh; entitled
"The Tennesseean in Persia and Kurdistan" (Philadelphia, 1869).
The grammatical sketch here given is believed to have been worked out during
a winter which the author spent at Mt. Seir, above Orumiah,before leaving Gawar
finally. The Vocabulary had evidently lain some time by him, and received
gradual additions and corrections, although not to any great extent, after its first
drawing up. Both would doubtless have been made more complete and elaborate,
if Mr. Rhea's work, after his return to Persia, had lain as much as before among
the Kurds, or if he had himself put them in shape for publication. But, in their
form as left by him, they will be found an important addition to our knowledge of
this interesting language, especially as coming from a region and a dialect concerning which no information, so far as known to us, has yet been placed upon record.
Respecting the dialect and its locality, Rev. J. H. Shedd, Mr. Rhea's successor
in Gawar (now in this country), writes us as follows:
"The district to which this dialect belongs is especially that of the Hakari, or of
the tribes which formed the late principality of Julemerk, being the southern
portion of the present pashalik of Van, having the Persian boundary on the east,
and the district of Butan on the west. The border districts on the south are Tiari,
Pinyanish, Dastigan, and Shemisdin, and on the north it runs up to opposite Khoi,
north of Kotur. The principal tribes in the Hakari country are: the Hartushi, a
and
very powerful and numerous tribe, who winter on the plains of Mesopotamianear
summer between Julemerk and Butan, with a smaller branch that summer
Tekhoma; the Pinyanishl, partly south of Tekhoma and partly in Gawar; the
119
Dastigani, farther east and to the east of Jelu; yet farther east, the Kurds of
Shemisdin or Nochea; and, besides the fixed tribes, a powerful nomadic tribe, the
Harks; farther north, in Gawar and on the Persian border, the Dirinm; between
Gawar and Julemerk, the Bilijani; between Gawar and Albagh, the Sorani; in
Albagh, near Bashkullah, the Albaghi; farther north, the Sukhm.an; west of
Julamerk, the Lewani; farther north, about and beyond Kotur, the Horamnw,
Tar!, and Alwajekz. These names may not be, all of them, exactly correct, but
they give an idea of the variety of tribes contained in what was the independent
principality of Julemerk. The dialect of each tribe has its peculiarities. There is
a considerable number of Kurds in the independent Nestorian districts, as Baz,
Tekhoma, and Tiari, and nearly all the Nestorians know the language. The Kurds
above mentioned may number 200,000. Beyond the Hakari country may be
counted as speaking essentially the same language with that described in the
Grammar,all the Kurds on the Persian side of the frontier, between Mt. Ararat
and Soujbulakh,and, on the' Turkish side, all to the east of Lake Van; also, south
of the Hakari district as far as Ravanduz. The Kurds of Butan, who twenty-five
years ago were under Bader Khan Beg, fall in point of dialect between the Hakari
Kurds and those near Harput-I think, rather nearer to the former. And the
Kurdish from Soujbulakhsouthward, including the region of Suleimania and Senna,
is quite different from that of Hakari. The Harput dialect being the western, and
the Senna the south-eastern, that of Hakari is the central, and probably the one
least adulterated with foreign elements."
Mrs. Rhea writes: "At present, in Gawar, by appointment of our mission,
Deacon Tamo, Mr. Rhea's neighbor and helper, is engaged in translating the
Scriptures into Kurdish. Deacon Tamo, knowing already Syriac, Turkish, Kurdish, and probably Arabic, was taught Hebrew and English by Mr. Rhea."
A Kurdish primer,in the Armenian character, has been recently (1868) prepared
and published by the American Mission at Harput. A complete version of the
New Testament, prepared under the auspices of the same mission, is now or will
soon be in press. Many years earlier (1856), a Kurdish version of the gospels,
'made by a native helper of the Assyrian mission of the A. B. C. F. M.," was
printed at Constantinople,also in the Armenian character. These are the only
works in or relating to the Kurdish, known to have been produced by American
missionaries down to the present time.
In preparing Mr. Rhea's work for the press, we have simply recast the Grammar, modifying somewhat its arrangement and forms of statement, but without
essentially altering or adding. The Vocabulary is changed only in arrangement,
according to the different mode of vowel orthography which we have adopted.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
120
S. A. Rhea,
m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, y, z, are
CASE.
others,
minra,
dative
In
by
'to
or
121
sing.
3ec.
prim.
First person,
Second do.
Third do.
prim.
sec.
az
min
am
tu
au
ma
ta
wi
hun, hingu
wdn
hava
wda1
chi, 'what?'
kizh ki,
19
122
S A. Rhea,
ADJECTIVES.
The CARDINAL
numerals are as follows:
1. ek
11. ydnzdah
12. ddnzdah
13. sezdah
2. du
3. se
4. chdhr
14. chdhrdah
15. pdnzdah
16. shdnzdah
17. hafdah
18. hashdah
19. nuzdah
5. penj
6.
7.
8.
9.
shdsh
haft
hasht
ndh
10. ddh
20. bist
200. dusdd
21. bist u ek
22. bist u du
30. seh
40. chil
50. penjeh
60. shest
70. hafteh
80. hashteh
90. ndwet
100. sdd
1000. hizdr
plur.
am ken, ' we do
hun ken
2 tu kei
wdn ken
3 au ket
Except, however, in the verb bun, 'be,' these forms are not
used without prefixes. The prefixion of t' makes a CONTINU-
123
OUS PRESENT:
thus, az t'kem, ' I am doing;' that of b' makes an
indefinite or general PRESENT, which is also sometimes used in
an optative or subjunctive sense: thus, az b'kem, 'I do' or
'may do ;' that of de makes a FUTURE: thus, az de kern, 'I shall
do;' sometimes a b' is inserted after the de: thus, az de b'kem.
sing.
2
plur.
`124I
124
. A. Rhe/a,
PRESENT.
plur.
sing.
CONTINUOUS PRESENT.
etc.
etc.
etc.
FUTURE.
etc.
etc.
etc.
PRETERIT.
IMPERFECT.
was
mia t'stdnt,'we
taking'
etc.
etc.
were taking'
etc.
PERFECT.
1
etc.
etc.
PLUPERFECT.
1
etc.
etc.
CONDITIONAL.
1
etc.
etc.
125
'
khandikin); khordndin,' scratch' (khordn, itch'); khwdnrdin or
khondin, ' read;' kosdaidin,' clip;' merdndin, 'kill' (mirin, 'die');
n'wdndin, ' lay down' (n'wistin, 'lie down'); perkhdndin, 'rub;'
rdchdndin, 'water the warp;' reshdndin, 'sprinkle' (cf. rishidn,
' spill'); sekendndin, 'cause to stop' (sekenin, 'stop'); sheandin,
'send;' sheldndin, 'strip;' shemirdndin, ' fbrsake;' shibandin,
'liken' (shibidn,' resemble'); shiddcndin, 'compress' (shididn, 'be
compressed'); sh'kdndin, 'break' (sh'kastin, 'be broken'); stdndin,
'take;' tirsandin,' frighten' (tirsin,' fear'); wastadndin,' cause to
stop' (wdstin, ' stop '); zringandin, 'ring.'
[The above are all the verbs in dndin found in the Vocabulary.
A few of them were omitted, doubtless by an oversight, from the
list here presented in the Grammar. The Vocabulary also gives
endndin and nerdndin as alternative forms of endn and nerdn
(both of the second conjugation).]
Second Conjugation.
In verbs of this conjugation, the infinitive ends in dn, in, or
(in two or three verbs only) un. The root of the verb is not
altered in inflection, and the way in which the tenses are
formed will be best seenl by an example, namely kotdn, 'strike.'
INFINITIVE.
sing.
PRESENT.
CONTINUOUS
etc.
etc.
FUTURE.
etc.
etc.
etc.
PRETERIT.
1
etc.
etc.
etc.
IMPERFECT.
1
was striking'
etc.
etc.
etc.
126
S. A. Rhea,
PERFECT.
plur.
sing.
etc.
etc.
etc.
PLUPERFECT.
1
etc.
etc.
etc.
CONDITIONAL.
etc.
etc.
127
Third Conjugation.
chemidn, 'bow.'
INFINITIVE.
sing.
2
1 az b'chemiem,
2 tu b'chemiei
3 au b'chemiet
amwb'chemien,' we bow'
hun b'chemien
wan b'chemien
CONTINUOUSPRESENT.
etc.
etc,
etc.
FUTURE.
etc.
etc.
etc.
PRETERIT.
etc.
etc.
PERFECT.
PLUPERFECT.
128
S. A. Rhea,
CONDITIONAL.
plur.
sing.
1 az
d~ chemiaMdbd,'I should
2 tu da chemidbdi
3 au da chemidbal
[bow' etc.
plur.
sing.
2
am b'kenin,'we
hun b'kenin
wan 6'kenin
laugh'
CONTINUOUS PRESENT.
1
etc.
etc.
etc.
FUTURE.
1
etc.
etc.
PRETERIT.
tu ken'ie
3 au keni
2
IMPERFECT.
1
az t'keniim,'I
etc.
was laughing'
etc.
etc.
RFECT.
tu keniii
3 au keniya
am kenina, 'we
hun kenina
wan kenina
have laughed'
129
PLUPERFECT.
plur.
sing.
ComITIONAL.
VERBS.
There are further a number of verbs in Kurdish which cannot be classed in regular conjugations, and which are of various
kind and degree of irregularity. Their forms will be given
here, those that are least irregular being presented first.
For brevity's sake, the constant prefix b' of the imperative
will be omitted; the simple inflected tense will be given alone,
without the prefixes that make it present, continuous present,
and future; also, only the preterit, without the prefix changing
it into imperfect. All the irregular verbs except bun, 'be,'
follow the analogy of the first two conjugations in having the
preterit and following tenses uninflected, and in using with
them the secondary or objective pronouns.
mirin, ' die:'
imper., mira, mirin; pres., mirim; pret., mir;
perf., miriya; plup., mirbu ; cond., de. . . mirba.
A number of verbs, having infinitives ending in tin, reject
the t (sometimes along with other changes) in the imperative
and present, but retain it in the preterit and following tenses.
The following reject the t simply:
girtin, 'hold:'
imper., gira, girin; pres., girtm.
haldwistin,, hang
imper., haldwisa, haldwisin; pres., haldwisim,
VOL. x.
20
130
S. A. Rhea,
hazhutin, 'drive-:'
imper., h4zhu, hlzhun; pres., h4'zhumr.
hdwwtin,'cast away:'
imper., h4wa. h4w'n; pres.,h4w,m.
The following change the surd letter preceding the t into a
sonant:
biziftin, 'move:
imper., biziva, bizivin; pres., bizivim.
guthostin, 'remove:'
shushtin, 'wash:'
imper., shu, shun; pres., shum, shui, shuIt.
pres., frozhim.
sotin, 'burn:'
imper., sozha, sozhin;
pres., sozhim.
131
perf.
girtin:t
her'ftin:
girt,
herrdft,
girt7ya,
herdftNiya,
girtibu,
herdftibu,
bh7stin
bh7st,
WsGya~c,
Whstibu,
cond.
plup.
girtiba.
herdftiba.
bh7stiba.
132
S. A. Rhea,
sing.
plur.
FUTURE.
PRETERIT.
PLUPERFECT.
tu de bdi
3 au de bd
2
The negative form of the present tense of this verb is irregularly and peculiarly formed: namely,
1
2 tu ni n'i
3 au n1 n'a
In the other
tenses,
form: thus, az de na bim, 'I shall not be;' az na bu bum, ' I had
not been;' na ba, 'be not etc.; and all other verbs are made
negative in the same manner.
133
PASSIVE VERBS.
134
1S A.
ARhea,
.135
VOCABULARY.
AN occasional word introduced into the Vocabulary from the specimens of text
given at the end is marked with an asterisk. A remarkor question in parenthesis
is the author's; in brackets, is the editors'. The authori'schirography leaves occasional possibilities of inisunderstanding, especially as between n and a, and r and v.
a. heaven.
136
S. A. Rhea,
137
138
X A. Rhea,
daeraj, n. degree.
darga, n. gate.
darzi, n. tailor.
dds, n. sickle.
dastmdl, n. towel.
dastruk, n. handkerchief:
dastur, n. liberty, license; dastur
ddn, v. license.
daulet, n. wealth.
daur, n. age, generation.
dav or dev, n. mouth.
ddvat, n. wedding; ddvat kirin,
v. invite.
dawdr, n. animal for service,
pack-horse.
ddwurdn (?), v. swallow.
debra, n. provender.
defen kirin, v. wrap, shroud.
deftdr, n. book of record, tax-roll.
delawdn, n. stack of native fuel
(dried dung).
deleg kirin, v. beg.
dem, n. land not artificially irrigated.
demi in wU demi, adv. then.
dan, n. debt; denddr, n. debtor.
dendek, n. seed.
dene, see ddne.
dep, n. slab, beam of a loom.
der, see dar.
derd, n. disease.
der endn, v. bring out.
dermdn, n. medicine.
dero [-re ?], n. church.
derpe, n. drawers.
ddgh, n. brand; ddgh kirin, v. ders, n. lesson.
brand.
derwa, adv. without, outside;
I'derwa, without.
dah, num. ten; dahe, adj. tenth.
derwang, see duranga.
dakhul, n. grain.
ddmdn kirin, v. farm a village.
dest, n. hand; suit: dest--chap,
left hand; dest-e-rdst, right
ddn, v. give.
hand: dest kirin, v. begin.
ddna, n. lime.
destar, n. hand-mill.
ddndn, v. put, place.
ddne or dene, n. act of giving.
deva, n. native fuel (dried dung).
diddn, n. tooth.
dang, n. voice, sound.
difin, n. nose.
dang-e-avir, n. thunder.
dikil, n. cock.
ddnzdah, num. twelve.
dil, n. heart.
ddpZr, n. grandmother.
dilup, n. drop; dilup kirin, v.
ddr, n. tree, wood.
leak.
dar or der, n. door.
139
140
frawin, n. dinner.
frotin or frutin, v. sell.
fukrin, v. look.
14. A. Rhea,
ghaibatkar, n. slanicderer.
ghalaba kirin (?), v. conquer.
ghar7b, n. stranger.
g'lashtin, v. arrive.
gd, n. ox.
gia, n. grass.
gadak, n. young buffalo.
gidish, na.stack of grain.
gaf, n. threat.
gihdIndin, v. cause to arrive.
gah, n. joint.
gilil bun (?), v. roll; gililkirint (?),
v. cause to roll.
galak, adv. much, very; galak
jdr, many times, often.
ginii, n. a thorny shrub.
gambul, n. shepherd's dog.
gir or gir, n. itch.
gamash, n. female buffalo.
giradn, a,,j6 heavy; slow.
girant, n. weight; scarcity.
gami, see gemni.
gdn, n. soul.
gir6r, n. a kind of pottage.
gir bun, v. grow.
gard kirin, v. thresh.
gardn, n. herdsman.
girik, n. hilL.
giro kirin, v. delay.
garachik, n. joint (?).
garis, n. millet.
gqirtikluh?i, n. prison.
gdrTitaor kdrita, n. timber, joist. girtin, v. seize, hold.
gdsign, n. plonghshare.
giru, adj. rough.
girui, n. roughness.
gaua, n. sheep-fold.
g7s, n. walnut.
gdv, P2. step.
gsk, n. kid.
gava, ??.time; wa gWv~, then.
giz7r, see g'zir.
gavrl, see gerynt.
goda,ri kirin, v. give ear.
gavAzen, v. wallow.
gol, n. lake.
gadwdn, n. herd.
gdzi kirin, v. call.
g,opdl, n. hooked walking-stick.
gazinda, n. complaint; g4zinda gora, n. stocking.
kirin, v. complain against.
gosht, n. meat.
gednddn, ni.toil; gea'dnddnkirini, gotin, v. say.
v. toil.
gr,d4dn, v. tie.
grin, v. weep:-n. act of weeping.
gel, prep. with.
guh, n. ear; guh ddn, v. hearken.
gelk, adv. together.
gathostin, v. remove.
gemi or gami, n. ship.
genim, n. wheat; genim-n--sh4mW, gquj,n. power, force.
n. Damascus wheat, maize,
gul, n. head of gr-ain.
guldn, n. May, month of roses.
ger, n. dam.
gerdtndin in wehl gerdndin, v. gulikek, n. calf.
cause to turn.
gulol or gulul, n. boiled wheat
with melted butter (native
gerd,un, n. cart.
dish).
geridn, v. walk, travel; w)er gegundura, n. melon.
r7d,n, turn.
germ?, adj. warm; rlertn kirin,, gunhal, at.sin; gunhd kirin, ?Y.sin.
heat.
glunhtdkar, n. sinner:-aclj. guilty.
gunk, n. pipe.
gertnta, n. warmth.
gurk, a. wolf.
geryu or gavr7, n. throat.
gezik, n. broom; gezik kiri-n, v. gurs, n. sheaf.
gquruwir, adj. round.
sweep.
ghaibat, n. slander; ghaibat ki- g'z7r or gizir, n. agent of the Reis
of a village.
rin, v. slander.
141
142
S. A. Rhea,
hingawin, n. honey.
hingi, adv. then.
hingu, see hun.
hingustir, n. ring.
hint, adv. only so much.
hirch, see herch.
hirK, n. wool.
hirm, n. date; kind of pear.
hish, interj. hush!
hishk,acj. dry; hishkkirin,v. dry.
hishki, n. dryness.
hishydr, adj. watchful; hishydr
bun, v. be watchful.
histir or isir, n. tall wicker basket
for wheat, flour etc.
hizdr, num. thousand.
hizhdndin, v. shake, cause to
quake.
hizhidn, v. be shaken, quake.
hizhir, n. fig.
hizi, n. fornication.
ho, adv. so.
hober, n. ink.
hok, n. a measure.
homi, pron. ail.
horang, adv. so, thus.
hulu, n. plum.
hulu, adj. smooth; hulu kirin, v.
make smooth.
hului, n. smoothness.
hanmdm, n. bath.
hun or hingu, pron. ye.
hur, adj. minute, fine; hur kirin,
v. make fine.
hurl, n. minuteness.
huruf, see harf.
husdn, n. whetstone.
hwsdr kirin, v. suffer loss.
143
144L
1S. A. Rhea,
145
kuldba, n. boil.
kuldv, n. hat.
kule or kuli, n. locust.
kulek, n. smoke-hole in the roof:
kule.
kuli, n. slavery;-see
kulik, n. tail; dung-heap.
kulilk, n. a certain flower.
kulmn,n. wooden frame for bedding.
kulkhdn, n. furnace.
kPlkPch, n. sheep-shears.
kumnar, n. gambling; kumar kirin, v. gamble.
kumbara, n. bomb.
kun, n. hole; kun kirin, v. perforate.
kundek, n. pumpkin.
kunlig, n. incense.
kur, n. son.
kur, n. mud.
kur, adj. deep.
kurang, see korang.
kurdti, n. deepness.
kurbdn, n. sacrifice; kurbdn kirin, v. sacrifice.
kuresh\, see koreshi.
karezh, adj. dirty; karezh kirin,
v. dirty, soil.
karezhi, n. dirt.
kurlukh, n. trouble.
kurm, n. root.
kurnit, n. corner.
kurora, see kolora.
kursha, n. hard snow-crust.
kursi, n. chair.
kurt, adj. short; kurt kirin, v.
shorten.
kurt kirin, v. swallow.
kurtak, n. coat.
kurti, n. shortness.
kArAkh, n. sheep-shears.
kushtin, v. kill.
kut or kat, adv. never, ever; not
at all.
kyahi, adj. tame.
kydtib, n. scribe.
kyaukhe, n. village head-man.
kyaun, adj. old, ancient.
kyautin or kautin or kaftin, v.
fall.
2' 2
146
S.. A. Rhea,
147
148
S. A. Rhea,
n'wisin,
v. write.
pddishdh, n. king.
pddishdh7 or p4dish4h7G, kingdom.
pai kirin, v. divide, apportion.
paida., n. profit; paida kirin, v.
gain.
paiya, adj. afoot.
'pkhal, n. bosom.
pdkA.sh, adj. clean; pak'ksh kirin, v. cleanse.
pdmbu, n. cotton.
painjdr, n. herbs.
panzdah, nurn. fifteen.
par, see p)er.
first.
patin, v. cook.
pdvdst, n. deception.
pawga, n. stable.
p4z, n. sheep.
p~ or pi, n. foot.
149
150
S. A. R,hea,
151
shirint, n. sweetness.
shiriyat or sheriyat, n. law.
shishik, n. knitting-needle.
shiv, n. supper.
s/hw, n. valley.
sh'kdndin, v. break (trans.).
sh'kastin, v. break (intrans.).
sh'kavik, n. tray.
shoba (?), n. cough.
shu kirin, v. marry.
shukur, n. thanks; shukur kirin,
v. give thanks.
shul, n. work.
shulk, n. wave.
shusha, n. glass.
shushtin, v. wash.
shushtini, n. act of washing.
shutik, n. girdle.
sWe[or seye], adj. third.
sifr, see sipir.
sikh, n. germ.
sil bun, v. be offended.
silk, n. beet.
simbil or simbel, n. moustache.
sing, n. breast.
sipa, n. wave.
sipir or sift, n. copper.
sir, n. mystery.
sire birin, v. take cold.
sirik, n. garlic.
sivik, adj. light, swift.
sof , p.penitent.
sofra, n. table.
soghtani, n. fuel.
sol, n. shoe.
sona, n. duck.
sor, adj. red.
sorghun, n. exile; sorghun kirin,
v. exile.
sor', n. redness.
sorik, n. measles.
sotin, v. burn.
at dawn,
speda, n. dawn:-adv.
early.
spahi, adj. good, beautiful:adv. well.
spi, adj. white; spi kirin, v.
whiten.
spiydti, n. whiteness.
stdndin, v. take.
152
1S.A. Rhea,
ster, 7n.star.
stir, n. staircase.
stiri, n. thistle.
sto, n. neck.
stun, n. mast, pillar.
stur, adj. thick.
tosubahz, n. morning :-adv.
morrow.
s4bl, n. infant.
sAbra, n. contentment, at-home
feeling.
sukhra, n. violence, force.
sulh, n. peace; sulh kirin, v.
make peace.
sund, n. oath; sund khwuarin or
khworin, v. swear.
surat, ni. image.
sast, adj. relaxed; sAst bun, v.
be relaxed; sAst kirin, v. relax.
suwdkh, n. plaster; suwdkh kirin, v. plaster.
suwdr, n. horseman; suwdr bun,
v. ride on horseback.
suzhin, n. needle.
ta, pron. thee, thou.
td, n. ague.
tabak, n. story (of a house);
quire of paper.
tabiat, n. disposition.
tdbut, n. bier, coffin.
tadoii, n. oppression.
taifa, n. people, a people.
tair, n. bird.
tdhl, adj. bitter.
tajub kirin, v. be astonished,
wonder.
tdkh, n. bundle of hay.
takhmin, n. thought; takhmin
kirin. v. think.
takht, n. seat, throne, board.
taks (?), n. ritual.
tdkut (?), n. sled.
tdla, n. a small millet-like grain.
talaf kirin, v. destroy.
talak name, n. divorce.
tdldn, n. spoil; tdldn kirin, v.
spoil.
talim, n. doctrine; talim kirin,
v. instruct, discipline.
talmid, n. disciple.
td'm, n. taste; td'm kirini, v.
taste.
tdamdsha, n. show.
tand, adj. easy, comfortable.
tanap, n. rope.
tandye, n. ease.
tangdv, adj. strait.
tangdvi, n. straitness.
tanisht, n. side.
tanur, n. oven.
tapik, n. snare.
tapuk, n. native fuel (dried dung).
taraf, n. side.
tarazu, n. scales.
targ, n. hail.
tdri, n. darkness; tdri kirin, v.
darken.
tashirm, n. privy.
tdtz, n. blanket.
taur, n. mattock.
taushu, n. adze.
tdwa, adj. aguey; tadw bun, v.
have ague.
tdzhz, n. hound.
tdzz, n. mourning; tdzl kirin, v.
mourn, lament.
tazin, v. be cold.
tejir, n. merchant.
tejruba, see terjuba.
teklif, n. ceremony, politeness.
tekmil, adj. perfect; tekmil kirin, v. make perfect.
tembal, adj. lazy.
temiz, adj. clean; temiz kirin, v.
cleanse.
teni, adj. thirsty.
tenadn, n. thirst.
ter, adj. wet, damp; ter kirin, v.
wet; ter bun, v. be wet.
ter, n. sufficiency; ter kirin, v.
satisfy.
teraja, n. stairway.
terdn, n. irony.
teri, n. dampness.
terjuba or tejruba, n. temptation.
terjum bun, v. be interpreted;
terjum kirin, v. interpret.
terk kirin, v. abandon.
153
T
uld, n. progeny.
ad, n. remedy.
uidmn,n. force; by force.
Pilma Almnh, adv. for ever and
ever.
umr, n. age.
umud, n. hope.
unda bun, v. become lost; unda
kirin, v. lose, destroy.
ushi, n. cluster.
usta, n. mechanic.
uta, ac0. like.
va khwvarin, v. drink.
va,kht, n. time.
vakil, n. agent.
vapdsti?n, v. tread.
vat residn, v. escape.
'vasiet, n. rill.
tirza (?), n. image.
venusian, v. adhere.
*tisht, n. thing.
vardn, v. dare.
tizh, adj. sharp; tizh kirin, v. veris, n. rope.
sharpen.
tiz/h, n. sharpness.
wa, adv. so, thus.
t'khob, n. boundary, district.
wahdd, n. season, appointed time.
t'khoma, n. nest.
wdn, pron. they.
tlovdn (?), n. grapes hung up and wastdndin, V. cause to stop.
wastin, v. stop.
preserved for winter.
toba, n. repentance; toba kirin, *ue, pron. that.
v. repent.
wz in we chadghi, Y)Z demti, we
tobakar, n. penitent.
gdvi, wB jdri, advs. then.
,tvadar (with I'), adv. without.
tofdn, n. flood; the deluge.
wader bd'zbun, v. cross over.
tok, n. neck-chain.
tor, ut.net.
w&ieri, adv. there.
weh bun, v. be opened; wjehkitoy, n. seed.
tr-dshin or trash kirin, v. shave;
rin, v. open.
hew.
weh gerThdin, v. cause to turn.
weh rashdndin, v. vomit.
trdv, n. cup.
weh shdrin, v. hide.
tu, pron. thou.
*weki, conj. when.
tAma, adj. covetous.
tMina4m,adj. perfect; tAitmni ki- weku, adv. coij. as, like as.
wvergerUian,v. turn.
rin, v. make perfect.
tura, n. twig.
wari, ado,. there; 1'wtvai, adv.
thither.
turik, n. bag.
tutin, n. tobacco.
wetin, n. desiring.
*Weto, adv. so.
tuwatin, n. desiring.
wi, pron. he, him, she, her-, it.
u, conj. and.
wooldt,n. country.
ujak, n. tribe, race.
Atkbtl, n. fortune.
ya, interj. oh !
VOL. X.
1131
154:
AS~~~~~~,.
154
A.. Rh ea,
i55
SPECIMENS.
We add a couple of fragments of Kuirdish text which are found at the end of the
Vocabulary, without any explanation of how or by whom they were prepared.
They are reduced to the orthography which has been used above, but are not
otherwise altered. They afford a number of forms of words different from those
adopted in the othier parts of the article, and also several words not entered in the
Vocabulary; the more important of the latter- have been introduced there, marked
with an asterisk.
COMM.OF PUBL.
LORD'S
PRAYER.
OF
THE
PRODIGAL
SON
(PART).