Downhole Logging

Operational Support Group - OSG

Jochem Kck
GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam

Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana 2004

Overview
Technical Principles
Basic Terms
Borehole Geometry Logging
Temperature Logging
-----------------------

Image Logging
Geophysical Logging
----------------------

Hydraulic & Fluid Logging

Overview cont.
Log Quality
Technical Services
CREOS - Core Orientation
----------------------

Deviated Hole Logging

----------------------

OSG Equipment
----------------------

Technical Principles

Drill
Rig

ICDP

What is
Borehole Logging?
Logging
Truck

Logging Cable
downhole

Logging Sonde
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Principles of a Logging Set Up

drill rig

ICDP

upper sheave
hanging from the hook

logging cable
lower sheave
attached to derrick floor

logging truck
or skid unit

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Well Logging Truck

Example:Schlumberger International Typ 26
Data acquisition computer

Winch with 7-conductor cable

Depth measuring system

Winch control panel

Truck engine also powers the winch

Optional winch with coaxial cable

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Lake Logging
Drilling Vessel

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Slimhole Logging Equipment

Winch with 4-conductor cable
Data acquisition
Electric motor
computer

Depth
measuring
system

Example: GFZ/Antares
Winch control & sonde panel
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Well Logging Cable - Scheme

Example: Vector Cable 7-46 P

Outer diameter: 0.464" = 11.79 mm

Armor, hi-tensile, galvanised steel
Inner armor: 24 wires, 0.99 mm
Outer armor: 24 wires, 1.24 mm
Electric lines:
Copper:
Insulation:
Resistance:

Filler rods,
filler compound & tape binder

Weight in air
in water
Temp. max:
Break strength:

0.32 mm
2.49 mm
36 Ohm/km
498 kg/km
393 kg/km
150 C
52 kN
(11600 lbf)
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Well Logging Cable - Scheme

Example: Vector Cable, hybrid electro-optical logging cable

Optical fibre in the center

Electric lines (Copper)

contrahelically winding
inner armor & outer armor

Filler rods,
filler compound & tape binder
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Cable Head
Connection
between
Cable and Sonde
- pressure-tight
- fast connect / disconnect
- tough

Cable Head
rope socket,
holds sonde weight

borehole
pressure

pressure-proof electrical
connectors between cable
wires and cable head wires
! Upper housing removed !

borehole
pressure

weak point

pressure-proof electrical
connectors on feed throughs
connection with sonde
air
pressure
Example: Schlumberger
7-conductor, 3 3/8"

air
pressure
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Characteristics of a
borehole logging sonde
7 seal electrical
connectors

compensation
piston under oil
3 times
2 o-rings

o-ring and
wiper ring

2 o-rings

2 o-rings

Electronics

arm

Motor

Sensors

Example: GFZ geophone sonde BG250

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Typical Sonde Electronics Chassis

& Pressure Housing

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck

Example: Telemetry Sonde, Schlumberger

Borehole = Harsh Environment

hi-T & hi-P
Example of a destroyed (collapsed) sonde housing

wall thickness:
material:
depth of dammage:
pressure:
equiv. acting weight:

16 mm
= 110 mm
stainless steel
6000 - 7700 m
69 - 85 MPa
700 - 850 kg/cm2
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Basic Terms
of Logging

Basic Terms in Downhole Logging

Depth
Observation Scale
Borehole Effects
Mud Invasion / Mud Cake
Depth of Investigation
Vertical Resolution
Measuring Range & Accuracy
Log Quality
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Depth Measuring System

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck

Example: Schlumberger

Cable Tension - Tensiometer

Example: Schlumberger

In-Line Tensiometer, 3-point bending

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Combination: Depth & Tension

Example: Schlumberger

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Depth Measuring System

Example: GFZ / Antares

Depth
measurement

Tension
measurement
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck

Depth Measuring System

Example: GFZ / Antares

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck

Depth Mesurements in a Borehole

Driller Depth
Mud Sample Depth

There isCuttings
no absolute
Depth depth
measurement
in
a
borehole!
Core Depth
Logging Depth
Each wireline log has its own depth!
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Logging data is a
quasi-continous data set
0

50

100

150

50

100

150

3716

3700

GR
3717
3710

3718

3719

3720

3720

Sampling space: 20 cm

depth/m

3730

3740

3721

50

100

150

3722

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

50

100

150

Log-to-Log Depth Correlation - GR Matching

3550

50

GR / API

100

150

- GR-1
depth/m

3555

- GR-2

3570
3575
3580
3585
3590

Example:
KTB-VB
pilot hole
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck

Log-to-Log Depth Correlation - GR Matching

3550

50

GR / API

100

150

- GR-1
depth/m

3555

- GR-2 shifted

3570
3575
3580
3585
3590

Example:
KTB-VB
pilot hole
GFZ-OSG, J. Kck

Depth Measurement
Comparison of Driller Depth and Logger Depth
Example: KTB main hole, section 0 - 6000 m

Difference Driller-Logger [m]

12

Calculated elongation of drill string

10

Measured difference from CCL

Calculated

8
6

Casing Collar Locator, CCL

4
2
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Driller Depth [m]

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Scale of integrated observation volumes

Scale, in meters
10-2

10-1

1 cm

10 cm

1
1m

10

102

10 m

100 m
Surface geophysics

Well logs
Thin sections &
cuttings

Far sensing
well surveys

Cores

Core plugs &

side wall mini cores

Borehole Seismics,
Gravimetry, Magnetics,
Electromagnetics,
Hydraulic Tests, etc.
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

t
r
Aniso
Transition zone

p
y

Logging Integration Volume

usually `looks` non-directional
Directional
Logging Sondes

Core & Sidewall Cores

deliver data strongly
dependent on the
measuring direction
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Sediments
Mud

Bed
thickness

Rmf
h

Rmc

Undamaged zone

Rw

Transitionzone
zone
Transition

Rt

Flushed zone

Resistivity of the
water in the zone

Rxo

Mudcake

Rm

Rs

Resistivity
of the zone

Shoulder bed

Shoulder bed

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Crystalline

Mud

Rt

Resistivity of the
water in the zone

GFZ-OSG, J. Kck

Rw

Rmf
h

Bed
thickness

Uninvaded zone

Rxo

Transition zone

Rm

Rs

Resistivity
of the zone

Shoulder bed

Zone with mud

invaded fracture
systems

Zone with drilling

induced fractures

Sonde readings

90%
90%

Vertical
Resolution

Transition zone

70%

Depth of
Investigation

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Depth of Investigation of Logging Sondes

Resistivity

Nuclear
Sondes

Sonic

Imager

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Logging Sondes
=
Instruments to find Oil & Gas

Priority

=
Determine the Water Saturation!
(Porosity, Lithology, Permeability)
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Effect of Pororsity on the Depth of Investigation

35
30

Porosity / %

25
20
15
10
5
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Depth of Investigation / cm
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

What can be measured?

Wireline Logging Methods -1Type

Resistivity

Structures

Density &
Porosity

Method
Induction Log
Phasor Induction
Laterologs
Micro Resistivity Log
Self and Redox Potential
Induced Polarisation
Electromagnetic Propagation

Code

DIL
PI
DLL
MSFL
SP
IP
EPT

Stratigraphic Dipmeter
Micro Electrical Imager
Array Resistivity Imager
Borehole Televiewer

SHDT
FMS
ARI
BHTV

Natural Gamma Ray

Spectral Gamma Ray
Litho Density
Geochemical Logging
Neutron Porosity
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

GR
SGR
LDT
GLT
CNT
NMR
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Wireline Logging Methods -2Type

Method

Code

Borehole Compensated Sonic

Sonic Long Spacing
Sonic Digital (Array) Tool
Dipole Shear Sonic Imager
Array Seismic Imager
Borehole Geophone

BCS
SLS
SDT
DSI
ASI
BG

Large
Scale

Borehole Geophone/Seismometer
Borehole Gravity Meter

BG/BS
BHGM

Magnetics

3-D Magnetometer
Magnetic Susceptibility

MAG
MSUS

Diverse

Borehole Tiltmeter
Thermal Conductivity

BTM
WLF

Acoustic

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Wireline Logging Methods -3Type

Sampling

Hydraulic
Surveys

Method

Code

Sidewall Coring Tool

Formation Tester, open hole
Cased Hole Formation Tester

MSCT
FT
CRFT

Fluid Sampler
Flowmeter
Fluid Density
Mud-Temperature/-Pressure/-Resistivity
Distributed Optical Fibre
Temperature Sensing
Packer, wireline operated

FS
FM
FDN
Mudlog
DTS

Orientation Magnetic Orientation Tool

Borehole Geometry / Caliper

Gyro Orientation Tool

GPIT
BGT
GCT

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Wireline Logging Methods -4Type

Technical
Services

Method
Casing Collar Locator
Multi Finger Caliper
Cement Bond Log
Cement Evaluation Tool
Sonic Casing Inspection
Magnetic Casing Inspection
Free Point Indicator Tool
Back-Off Services
Cutter & Colliding Tools
Electromagnetic Retrieval Tool
Casing Perforation

Code

CCL
MFC
CBL
CET
USI
DMAG
FPIT

CERT
Guns

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Combination of
methods / log parameters
- refines the interpretation &
- delivers new parameters -

GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Gravity
Sidecores

Fluid Samp
Dipmeter
Seismics

Presure

Mud Res.
Flow

Magnetics
Image logs
Temperat.
Caliper

NPHI
Sonic
Resistivity

Application

SGR

Logs

Density

Logs and their applications

Lithology
Mineralogy
Alteration
Fracture detect.
Porosity
Structures
Fluid activity
Stress field
Gas detection
Core/Log Integr.
Technical
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck

Combination of Logging sondes

Logging Tool String
total GR/telemetry
SGR
Sonic
MSUS
DIP

Length = 10 m

Combination of Logging sondes

Logging Tool String
total GR
Sonic
MSFL
Resistivity

Length = 18 m
GFZ, OSG, J.Kck