Background Of Tamil

Lemuria
in
Tamil
nationalist
mysticist
literature,
connecting
Madagascar, South India and Australia (covering most of the Indian Ocean). Mount
Meru stretches southwards from Sri Lanka. The distance from Madagascar to
Australia is about 4,200 miles. Kumari Kandam or Lemuria (Tamil:) is
the name of a supposed sunken landmass referred to in existing ancient Tamil
literature. It is said to have been located in the Indian Ocean, to the south of presentday Kanyakumari district at the southern tip of India.
There are scattered references in Sangam literature, such as Kalittokai 104,
to how the sea took the land of the Pandiyan kings, upon which they conquered new
lands to replace those they had lost. There are also references to the rivers Pahruli
and Kumari, that are said to have flowed in a now-submerged land.
The Silappadhikaram, a 5th century epic, states that the cruel sea took the
Pandiyan land that lay between the rivers Pahruli and the mountainous banks of the
Kumari, to replace which the Pandiyan king conquered lands belonging to the Chola
and Chera kings (Maturaikkandam, verses 17-22). Adiyarkkunallar, a 12th century
commentator on the epic, explains this reference by saying that there was once a
land to the south of the present-day Kanyakumari, which stretched for
700 kavatam from the Pahruli river in the north to the Kumari river in the south. As
the modern equivalent of a kavatam is unknown, estimates of the size of the lost
land vary from 1,400 miles (2,300 km) to 7,000 miles (11,000 km) in length, to others
suggesting a total area of 6-7,000 square miles, or smaller still an area of just a few
villages.
None of these texts name the land Kumari Kandam or Kumarinadu, as is
common today. The only similar pre-modern reference is to a Kumari Kandam
(written , rather than as the land is called in modern Tamil),
which is named in the medieval Tamil text Kantapuranam either as being one of the
nine continents, or one of the nine divisions of India and the only region not to be
inhabited by barbarians. 19th and 20th Tamil revivalist movements, however, came
to apply the name to the territories described in Adiyarkkunallars commentary to the
Silappadhikaram. They also associated this territory with the references in the Tamil
Sangams, and said that the fabled cities of southern Madurai and Kapatapuram
where the first two Sangams were said to be held were located on Kumari Kandam.
HISTORY OF HINDUISM

The first traceable roots of Hinduism lie with the invading Aryans, who move
into the northwest of the Indian subcontinent from about 1500 BC (see the history of
India for recent archaeological arguments against the concept of an Aryan invasion).
The Aryans' priestly caste, the Brahmans, are responsible for the sacrificial rites (the
most solemn, among this nomadic people, being the sacrifice of a horse). The ritual
hymns which they chant, passed down orally for many centuries, are gathered in
the Rigveda, the earliest of all religious texts.
The hymns of the Rigvedareveal that the foremost god of the Aryans is Indra,
a war god and a great slayer of demons and animals. He is possibly based on a
historical leader of the Aryans in their advance into India, for one of his titles is 'citybreaker'. The two other main gods of the Aryans are Agni, the god of fire; and Soma,
a god associated with a drink (also calledsoma and probably hallucinogenic) which
plays a major part in the priests' rituals. In the long term none of these gods feature
prominently in Hinduism. But two minor characters are waiting in the wings for a
major role. Vishnu appears in the Rigveda as a sun god who occasionally helps Indra
to slay demons. And Shiva (under the name of Rudra) has a small and sinister part,
prowling in the mountains, shooting humans and animals with his arrows, and both
causing and curing disease.
TELUGU
Telugu is the only language in the Eastern world, that has every single word
ending with a vowel sound. In the West, it is Italian. Circa 1400-1500 AD, Niccol de'
Conti, a renowned merchant and explorer travelled across the world towards southeast Asia. He then chanced upon Telugu people, who have been known for their
culture and language for several centuries before his time. Niccol then immediately
noticed the vowel-ending similarly in the language and then coined the term for
Telugu as "Italian of the East".
In the chronology of languages, Telugu is a much older language than many of the
western languages of the world, derving a part of its roots from Sanskrit, owing its
geographical proximity to the northern India. Telugu has the most number of
Saamethalu (idioms and proverbs), which also have a superb structural construction
based on prose, pattern, sound, rhythm, and rhyme. Not stopping there, most of
these are funny, tongue-in-cheek, yet can be immensely philosophical, and candidly
true