ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution

system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform
any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and
consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage
levels. Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be
owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are
unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high
transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of
two different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days
before the distribution system became a grid. As central generation stations
became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations,
receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own
generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where
the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.
Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and
transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short
circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution
stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution
circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have generators, although a power
plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as capacitors and voltage
regulators may also be located at a substation.
ELEMENTS OF A SUBSTATION
Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in
special-purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations.
Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the
transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme
climate or pollution conditions.
Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to protect
people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults
at a substation can cause a ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's
surface during a fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different
voltage than the ground under a person's feet; this touch potential presents a
hazard of electrocution.
TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS
Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the
power system, the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and

materials of the structures used. These categories are not disjointed; to solve a
particular problem, a transmission substation may include significant distribution
functions, for example.

Transmission substation

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest

case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases,
substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or
isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may have
transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage control/power
factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators
and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between
two adjacent power systems.
Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching
station" may be little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest
transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with
multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a large amount of protection and
control equipment (voltage and current transformers, relays and SCADA systems).
Modern substations may be implemented using international standards such as IEC
Standard 61850.

Distribution substation

A distribution substation in Scarborough, Ontario disguised as a house, complete

with a driveway, front walk and a mown lawn and shrubs in the front yard. A
warning notice can be clearly seen on the "front door". Disguises for substations are
common in many cities. A distribution substation transfers power from the
transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to
directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless
they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a
level suitable for local distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub
transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is
common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are
typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV depending on the size of the
area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets
overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers

at or near the customer premises. In addition to transforming voltage, distribution

substations also isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution systems.
Distribution substations are typically the points of voltage regulation, although on
long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment
may also be installed along the line. The downtown areas of large cities feature
complicated distribution substations, with high-voltage switching, and switching and
backup systems on the low-voltage side. More typical distribution substations have
a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side.

DESIGN OF A SUBSTATION
The main issues facing a power engineer are reliability and cost. A good design
attempts to strike a balance between these two, to achieve reliability without
excessive cost. The design should also allow expansion of the station, when
required. Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors.
Sufficient land area is required for installation of equipment with necessary
clearances for electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as
transformers. Where land is costly, such as in urban areas, gas insulated switchgear
may save money overall. The site must have room for expansion due to load growth
or planned transmission additions. Environmental effects of the substation must be
considered, such as drainage, noise and road traffic effects. A grounding (earthing)
system must be designed. The total ground potential rise, and the gradients in
potential during a fault (called "touch" and "step" potentials), must be calculated to
protect passers-by during short-circuit in the transmission system. The substation
site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served. The site must
be secure from intrusion by passers-by, both to protect people from injury by
electric shock or arcs, and to protect the electrical system from disoperation due to
vandalism.
The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line
diagram, which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement
required, as well as the incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission
lines. It is a usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare one-line diagrams
with principal elements (lines, switches, circuit breakers, and transformers)
arranged on the page similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the
actual station. In a common design, incoming lines have a disconnect switch and a
circuit breaker. In some cases, the lines will not have both, with either a switch or a
circuit breaker being all that is considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used to
provide isolation, since it cannot interrupt load current. A circuit breaker is used as a
protection device to interrupt fault currents automatically, and may be used to
switch loads on and off, or to cut off a line when power is flowing in the 'wrong'

direction. When a large fault current flows through the circuit breaker, this is
detected through the use of current transformers. The magnitude of the current
transformer outputs may be used to trip the circuit breaker resulting in a
disconnection of the load supplied by the circuit break from the feeding point. This
seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the
system to continue operating with minimal impact. Both switches and circuit
breakers may be operated locally (within the substation) or remotely from a
supervisory control center.
Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or
more buses. These are sets of bus bars, usually in multiples of three, since threephase electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world. The
arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and buses used affects the cost and
reliability of the substation. For important substations a ring bus, double bus, or socalled "breaker and a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit
breaker does not interrupt power to other circuits, and so that parts of the
substation may be de-energized for maintenance and repairs. Substations feeding
only a single industrial load may have minimal switching provisions, especially for
small installations. This single-line diagram illustrates the breaker and a half
concept often used in switchyards.
Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be
connected between the voltage levels. These will again have a circuit breaker, much
like transmission lines, in case a transformer has a fault (commonly called a "short
circuit"). Along with this, a substation always has control circuitry needed to
command the various circuit breakers to open in case of the failure of some
component.
SWITCHING OPERATION
An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the
connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and
from the system. Switching events may be "planned" or "unplanned". A
transmission line or other component may need to be de-energized for maintenance
or for new construction, for example, adding or removing a transmission line or a
transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its
whole system for maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing to
adding entirely new substations, must be done while keeping the whole system
running.
Perhaps more important, a fault may develop in a transmission line or any other
component. Some examples of this: a line is hit by lightning and develops an arc, or
a tower is blown down by high wind. The function of the substation is to isolate the
faulted portion of the system in the shortest possible time. De-energizing faulted

equipment protects it from further damage, and isolating a fault helps keep the rest
of the electrical grid operating with stability.
ELEMENTS OF A SUBSTATION

BUSBAR is a term we use for a main bar or conductor carrying an electric

current to which many connection may be made. Buses are merely
convenient means of connecting switches and other equipment into various
arrangements. The usual arrangement of connections in most substations
permits working on almost any piece of equipment without interruption to
incoming or outgoing feeders. In the switchyard or substation, buses are open
to the air. Aluminum or copper conductors supported on porcelain insulators,
carry the electric energy from point to point.
DISCONNECT is an easily removed piece of the actual conductor of a circuit.
The purpose of disconnects is to isolate equipment. Disconnects are not used
to interrupt circuits; they are no-load devices. A typical use of disconnects is
to isolate a circuit breaker by installing one disconnect on either side of the
circuit breaker (in series with the breaker). Operation of disconnects is one of
the most important and responsible jobs of a power plant operator. One error
in isolation of equipment, or the accidental grounding of line equipment, can
be a fatal mistake.
CIRCUIT BREAKER is used to interrupt circuits while current is flowing
through them. The making and breaking of contacts in a Oil type circuit
breaker are done under oil, this oil serves to quench the arc when the circuit
is opened. The operation of the breaker is very rapid when opening. As with
the transformer, the high voltage connections are made through bushings.
Circuit breakers of this type are usually arranged for remote electrical control
from a suitably located switchboard. Some recently developed circuit
breakers have no oil, but put out the arc by a blast of compressed air; these
are called air circuit breakers. Another type encloses the contacts in a
vacuum or a gas (sulfur hexafluoride, SF6) which tends to self maintains the
arc.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER are used with ammeters, watt meters, powerfactor meters, watt-hour meters, compensators, protective and regulating
relays and the trip coil of circuit breakers. One current transformer can be
used to operate several instruments, provided that the combined burden
does not exceed that for which the transformer is designed and
compensated. The current transformer is connected directly in series with the
line.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER also known as potential transformer, are used
with volt-meters, wattmeter, watt-hour meters, power-factor meters,
frequency meters, synchroscopes and synchronizing apparatus, protective
and regulating relays and the no-voltage and over-voltage trip coils of
automatic circuit breakers. One transformer can be used for a number of

instruments at the same time if the total current taken by the instrument
does not exceed that for which the transformer is designed and
compensated. The ordinary voltage transformer is connected across the line,
and the magnetic flux in the core depends upon the primary voltage
EARTHING SWITCH also known as ground disconnect, which used to
connects the equipment to a grid of electrical conductors buried in the earth
on the station property. It is intended to protect people working on the
grounded equipment. It does this by completing a circuit path, thereby
reducing the voltage difference between the equipment and its surroundings.
For safety reasons, it is important that ground disconnects and all associated
connections have good contact and low resistance. It is also important that
the protective ground not be accidentally remove, that is why all the earthing
switches, disconnect switches and circuit breakers are all interlocked to each
other and proper/correct sequencing must be followed.
SURGE ARRESTOR are devices used to provide the necessary path to
ground for such surges, yet prevent any power current from following the
surge. An ideal arrester must therefore have the following properties:
1. Ability to remove the surge energy from the line in a min. time.
2. High resistive to flow of power current.
3. A valve action automatically allowing surge to pass and then closing up so
as not to permit power current to flow to ground.
4. Always ready to perform.
5. Performance such that no system disturbances are introduced by its
operation.
6. Economically feasible
OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE by a ground wire is meant a wire, generally of
steel, supported from the top of transmission-line towers and solidly
grounded at each tower. It is considered a preventive device, but it does not
entirely prevent the formation of travelling waves on a line. Furthermore,
those lines which are not equipped with ground wires will be subjected to
disturbances which produce surges that must be allowed to escaped to
ground, or the apparatus connected to the line must be strong enough to
reflect or absorb these surges until they are entirely damped out.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
BUSBARS & OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE
At least once a year
Visual Inspection & Examination of all wiring connectors.
Check Insulator , clean or apply HVIC if necessary.
Check the physical condition of bus (cables or bars)
For ground wire, check or test the grounding system.
DISCONNECT & EARTHING SWITCHES
At least once a month
Visual Inspection.
Check heating resistor located at its control panel for proper functioning.
At least once a year

 Clean contacts of disconnectors as well as earthing switches and apply

electrical contact grease , if necessary.
Check disconnectors and earthing switches, joints and bearings of the
operating linkages for deformed bearing points.
Check flexible connections of earthing switches.
Check all screwed joints for tight fit.
Clean insulators if necessary, when an excessive amount of dirt has
accumulated.
Carry-out the maintenance of operating mechanism.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
At least once a month
Inspect the voltage divider to be sure that no oil leak or serious accumulation
of soot, dust or salt composite is present.
Inspect the intermediate voltage transformer and check the minimum
permissible oil level.
At least once a year
Check all screwed joints & contact for tight fit.
Clean insulators if necessary, when an excessive amount of dirt has
accumulated.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
At least once a month
Visual Inspection to check oil level and defects or possible oil leaks.
At least once a year
Check all screwed joints & contact for tight fit.
Clean insulators if necessary, when an excessive amount of dirt has
accumulated.
Check primary and secondary connectors and conduct necessary tightening.
Note: Never open a secondary winding of a CT while on service.
SURGE ARRESTOR
At least once a year
Visual Inspection & Examination of all wiring connectors.
Check Insulator and metal circular ring, clean or apply HVIC if necessary.
Check the physical condition of bus (cables or bars)
For ground wire, check or test the grounding system.
GENERATING STATION
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from other
sources of primary energy. The fundamental principles of electricity
generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British
scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is
generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the
poles of a magnet. For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of
electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity transmission,
distribution, and electrical power storage and recovery using pumped-storage
methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry. Electricity is
most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators,
primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear

fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water
and wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal
power and electrochemical batteries.
Central power stations became economically practical with the development
of alternating current power transmission, using power transformers to
transmit power at high voltage and with low loss. Electricity has been
generated at central stations since 1882. The first power plants were run on
water power or coal, and today, rely mainly on coal, nuclear, natural gas,
hydroelectric, wind generators, and petroleum, with a small amount from
solar energy, tidal power, and geothermal sources. The use of power-lines
and power-poles have been significantly important in the distribution of
electricity.
A power plant or a power generating station, is basically an industrial location
that is utilized for the generation and distribution of electric power in mass
scale, usually in the order of several 1000 Watts. These are generally located
at the sub-urban regions or several kilometers away from the cities or the
load centers, because of its requisites like huge land and water demand,
along with several operating constraints like the waste disposal etc. For this
reason, a power generating station has to not only take care of efficient
generation but also the fact that the power is transmitted efficiently over the
entire distance. And thats why, the transformer switch yard to regulate
transmission voltage also becomes an integral part of the power plant.
At the center of it, however, nearly all power generating stations has an A.C.
generator or an alternator, which is basically a rotating machine that is
equipped to convert energy from the mechanical domain (rotating turbine)
into electrical domain by creating relative motion between a magnetic field
and the conductors. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator shaft
varies widely, and is chiefly dependent on the type of fuel used.

DIESEL POWER SYSTEM

For generating electrical power, it is essential to rotate the rotor of an
alternator by means of a prime mover. The prime mover can be driven by
different methods. Using diesel engine as prime mover is one of the popular
methods of generating power. When prime mover of the alternators is diesel

engine, the power station is called diesel power station. The mechanical
power required for driving alternator comes from combustion of diesel. As the
diesel costs high, this type of power station is not suitable for producing
power in large scale in our country. But for small scale production of electric
power, and where, there is no other easily available alternatives of producing
electric power, diesel power station are used. Steam power stations and
hydro power plants are mainly used to produce maximum portion of the
electrical load demands. But for steam power station, sufficient supply of coal
and water are required.
For hydro power station, plenty source of water and big dams are required.
But where all these facilities are not available, such as no easy way of coal
transportation and no scope of constructing dam, there it is established.
Diesel power plants are also popularly used as standby supply of different
industries, commercial complexes, hospitals, etc. During power cut, these
diesel power generators are run to fulfil required demand.
Advantages of Diesel Power Station

This is simple in design point of view.

Required very small space.
It can also be designed for portable use.
It has quick starting facility, the small diesel generator set can be started
within few seconds.
It can also be stopped as when required stopping small size diesel power
station, even easier than its starting
As these machines can easily be started and stopped as when required, there
may not be any standby loss in the system.
Cooling is easy and required smaller quantity of water in this type power
station.
Initial cost is less than other types of power station.
Thermal efficiency of diesel is quite higher than of coal.
Small involvement is less than steam power station.

Disadvantages of Diesel Power Station

As we have already mentioned, the cost of diesel is very high compared to coal.
This is the main reason for which a diesel power plant is not getting popularity over
other means of generating power. In other words the running cost of this plant is
higher compared to steam and hydro power plants.

The plant generally used to produce small power requirement.

Cost of lubricants is high.
Maintenance is quite complex and costs high.
Different Components of Diesel Power Station

In addition to diesel generator set or DG set there are many other

auxiliaries attached to at diesel power station.
Fuel Supply System
In fuel supply system there are one storage tank, where oil in stored.

Strainer : This oil then pump to dry tank, by means of transfer pump.
During transferring from main tank to smaller dry tank, the oil passes through
strainer to remove solid impurities. From dry tank to main tank, there is
another pipe connection. This is over flow pipe. This pipe connection is used
to return the oil from dry tank to main tank in the event of over flowing. From
dry tank the oil is injected in the diesel engine by means of fuel injection
pump.
Air Intake System
This system supplies necessary air to the engine for fuel combustion. It
consists of a pipe for supplying of fresh air to the engine. Filters are provided
to remove dust particles from air.
Exhaust System
The exhaust gas is removed from engine, to the atmosphere by means of an
exhaust system. A silencer is normally used in this system to reduce noise
level of the engine.
Cooling System
The heat produced due to internal combustion, drives the engine. But some
parts of this heat raise the temperature of different parts of the engine. High
temperature may cause permanent damage to the machine. Hence, it is
essential to maintain the overall temperature of the engine to a tolerable
level. Cooling system of diesel power station does exactly so. The cooling
system requires a water source, water source, water pump and cooling
towers. The pump circulates water through cylinder and head jacket. The
water takes away heat from the engine and it becomes hot. The hot water is
cooled by cooling towers and is re-circulated for cooling.

Lubricating System
This system minimises the water of rubbing surface of the engine. Here
lubricating oil is stored in main lubricating oil tank. This lubricating oil is
drawn from the tank by means of oil pump. Then the oil is passed through the
oil filter for removing impurities. From the filtering point, this clean lubricating
oil is delivered to the different points of the machine where lubrication is

required the oil cooler is provided in the system to keep the temperature of
the lubricating oil as low as possible.

Starting System
For starting a diesel engine, initial rotation of the engine shaft is required.
Until the firing start and the unit runs with its own power. For small DG set,
the initial rotation of the shaft is provided by handles but for large diesel po

wer station. Compressed air is made for starting.

PROJECT REPORT
On
132 KV substations in HSL
By

SANISHA YADAV

Of Electrical Engineering
Under the guidance of
Mr Rajashekhar (Dy. Manager)
Maintenance department,
Hindustan Shipyard Limited
Visakhapatnam.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify the name of Sanisha Yadav students of Btech
(Electrical Engineering) from University Institute of Technology,
MAHARISHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, Rohtak have undergone industrial
training in Hindustan Shipyard Limited, Visakhapatnam during the
period of 24-06-2015 to 23-07-2015.
She has undergone the Industrial training during the period of training
her conduct is good.

Under the guidance of

MR. RAJASHEKHAR
DY. MANAGER
Maintenance department
Hindustan shipyard limited
Visakhapatnam