Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
By
BASIC ELECTRONICS
(OUTLINE)
Closed
Open
Short
FORMS OF CURRENT
Flows back and forth because the poles of the source alternate between
positive and negative
AC CURRENT VOCABULARY
CIRCUITS
A circuit is a path for current to flow
Three basic kinds of circuits
Open
flow
Closed the path is complete and current flows
were it is intended
Short an unintended low resistance path that
divers current
CIRCUITS
Common Functions
Voltage
AC/DC
Ranges
Current
AC/DC
Ranges
Resistance (DC only)
Ranges
Continuity
Semi-conductor
Performance
Transistors
Diodes
Capacitance
VOLT-OHM-METER BASICS
Meter Reading Digits
DC Voltage Scales
AC Voltage Scales
Function Selection
Jacks
VOLT-OHM-METER BASICS
DC Current (low)
DC Current (high)
Resistance
Transistor Checker
Diode Checker
MEASURING CURRENT
Negativ
e
Source
Positive
Source
MEASURING RESISTANCE
Component Representations
Resistor
Ground
Capacitor
Inductor
Diode
Transistor
Integrated circuit
Special
+9V
In
Out
Gnd
78L05
1N4001
SW6
330
.1uF
+5 Volts
to Relays
3
4
Vcc
GP5
GP4
GP3
12F675
4.7K
Gnd
GP0
GP1
GP2
8
7
6
Vcc
SW5
N.O.
SW4
Gnd
Out
SW3
SW2
+5V
K4
330
+5V
K3
LED
2N3904
4.7K
330
LED
2N3904
4.7K
+5V
330
K2
LED
4.7K
SW1
+5V
330
K1
LED
2N3904
Note:
Internal pull-up resistors are used on 12F265 pins
GP0, GP1, GP2, GP4, GP5
External pull-up resistor required on GP3
Protection diodes are internal to K1 - K4
Switchs SW1 - SW4 are internal to K1 - K4
4.7K
2N3904
RESISTOR
Fixed
Variable
GROUND
Earth
Chassis
CAPACITOR
Fixed
Variable
INDUCTOR
Air Core
Iron Core
Variable
DIODE
General
Purpose
Zener
Light Emitting
(LED)
TRANSISTOR
NPN
PNP
FET
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
1
14
13
12
11
10
SPECIAL
V
Battery
Speaker
Voltmeter
A
Fuse
Antenna
Ampmeter
THE RESISTOR
Resistance defined
Resistance values
Ohms
Resistors in circuits
Series
Parallel
Combination
RESISTANCE DEFINED
to moving electrons)
Where theres friction, there is heat generated
All materials exhibit some resistance, even the best
of conductors
RESISTOR TYPES
Fixed Value
Variable value
Composite resistive material
Wire-wound
Two parameters associated with resistors
Resistance
value in Ohms
Power handling capabilities in watts
1/8
20
RESISTOR TYPES
RESISTOR TYPES
INSIDE A RESISTOR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
POWER DISSIPATION
Resistance generates heat and the component
must be able to dissipate this heat to prevent
damage.
Physical size (the surface area available to
dissipate heat) is a good indicator of how much
heat (power) a resistor can handle
Measured in watts
Common values , , 1, 5, 10 etc.
RESISTORS IN CIRCUITS
SERIES
Looking at the
current path, if there
is only one path, the
components are in
series.
RESISTORS IN CIRCUITS
SERIES
RE = R1 + R2 + Rn
RESISTORS IN CIRCUITS
SERIES
R1
R2
100
100
100K
10K
4.7K
4.7K
330
4.7K
Calculate Measured
d RE
RE
RESISTORS IN CIRCUITS
PARALLEL
RESISTORS IN CIRCUITS
PARALLEL
R1R2
1
=
RE =
1
1
1
R1 + R2
+
+
R1 R2 Rn
Series
Series
RESISTORS IN CIRCUITS
MIXED
Parallel
OHMS LAW
E=I*R
It
all adds up
Nothing is lost
OHMS LAW
There is a mathematical
relationship between the
three elements of
electricity. That
relationship is Ohms law.
E = volts
R = resistance in ohms
I = current in amps
E = I *R
E
R=
I
E
I=
R
OHMS LAW
In short:
The
THE CAPACITOR
Capacitance defined
Physical construction
Types
How construction affects
values
Power ratings
Capacitor
performance with AC
and DC currents
Capacitance values
Numbering system
Capacitors in circuits
Series
Parallel
Mixed
THE CAPACITOR
THE CAPACITOR
DEFINED
THE CAPACITOR
PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION
THE CAPACITOR
ABILITY TO HOLD A CHARGE
Ability to hold a
charge depends on:
CHARGING A CAPACITOR
DISCHARGING A CAPACITOR
THE CAPACITOR
BEHAVIOR IN DC
THE CAPACITOR
BEHAVIOR IN AC
THE CAPACITOR
BEHAVIOR
THE CAPACITOR
CAPACITANCE VALUE
Micro
Nano
10-9
Pico
10-12
10-6
THE CAPACITOR
CAPACITANCE VALUE
Capacitor identification
depends on the capacitor
type.
Could be color bands,
dots, or numbers.
Wise to keep capacitors
organized and identified
to prevent a lot of work
trying to re-identify the
values.
CAPACITORS IN CIRCUITS
Plate spacing
Plate surface area
Dielectric material
+
Charged plates
far apart
-
C1C2
CE =
C1 + C2
CAPACITORS IN CIRCUITS
CE = C1 + C2
THE INDUCTOR
Inductance defined
Physical construction
Inductor performance
with AC and DC currents
THE INDUCTOR
THE INDUCTOR
THE INDUCTOR
THE INDUCTOR
Inductance is measured in Henry(s).
A Henry is a measure of the intensity of the
magnetic field that is produced.
Typical inductor values used in electronics are
in the range of millihenry (1/1000 Henry) and
microhenry (1/1,000,000 Henry)
THE INDUCTOR
The amount of
inductance is influenced
by a number of factors:
THE INDUCTOR
THE DIODE
The semi-conductor phenomena
Diode performance with AC and DC currents
Diode types
General
LED
Zenier
purpose
THE DIODE
THE SEMI-CONDUCTOR PHENOMENA
THE DIODE
THE SEMI-CONDUCTOR PHENOMENA
One side of the bar is doped with negative material (excess electrons).
The cathode.
The other side is doped with positive material (excess holes). The
anode
In between is a no mans land called the P-N Junction.
THE DIODE
THE SEMI-CONDUCTOR PHENOMENA
THE DIODE
THE SEMI-CONDUCTOR PHENOMENA
THE DIODE
WITH AC CURRENT
If AC is applied to a diode:
During one half of the cycle the diode is forward biased and
current flows.
During the other half of the cycle, the diode is reversed biased
and current stops.
THE DIODE
WITH AC CURRENT
Diode off
Input AC
Voltage
Diode
conducts
ZENER DIODE
9V
4.7V
THE TRANSISTOR
(ELECTRONIC VALVES)
NPN
PNP
Switch
Amplifier
THE TRANSISTOR
collector
base
emitter
THE TRANSISTOR
collector
e-
conducting
P
base
e-
emitter
forward bias
e-
THE TRANSISTOR
non-conducting
N
e-
base
collector
emitter
reverse bias
e-
THE TRANSISTOR
PNP
PNP
NPN
NPN
CONCLUSION
Not really - your journey to understand basic
electronics has just begun.
This course was intended to introduce you to
some concepts and help you become
knowledgeable in others.