6.

Experimental data and analysis

ftheo

Pipe

2A

2B

hf.theo

hf.exp

fexp

h=h1-h2)

(Eq. 10)

26

4.33

920

35

4.91

0.882

14.46

(Eq 6 or
(Eq. 4)
Eq. 7 or
Moody
diagram)
0.162
0.473

22

3.67

770

155

4.91

0.747

12.25

0.168

0.352

0.615

0.294

18

3.00

660

240

4.91

0.611

10.02

0.177

0.248

0.420

0.300

14

2.33

565

320

4.91

0.475

7.790

0.189

0.160

0.245

0.290

12

2.00

530

350

4.91

0.407

6.670

0.196

0.122

0.180

0.289

26

4.33

915

185

4.34

0.998

15.47

0.159

0.625

0.730

0.186

22

3.67

780

245

4.34

0.846

13.11

0.166

0.469

0.535

0.189

18

3.00

660

300

4.34

0.691

10.71

0.174

0.328

0.360

0.191

14

2.33

570

350

4.34

0.537

8.320

0.185

0.211

2.220

0.193

12

2.00

535

370

4.34

0.461

7.150

0.193

0.162

0.165

0.197

Q
(1/min)

Q x 10-4
(m3/s)

h1
(mm)

h2
(mm)

A
2
(m x10-4)

V
(m/s)

Re
(x 103)

(m)

2 Dgh f ,exp

0.885

0.303

LV 2

16

Pipe

1A

1B

Q x 10-4
(m3/s)

Q
(1/min)

h1
(mm)

h2
(mm)

A
(m x10-4)
2

V
(m/s)

Re
(x103)

ftheo

hf.theo

hf.exp

fexp

(Eq 6 or
Eq. 7 or
Moody
diagram)

(Eq. 4)

h=h1-h2)

(Eq. 10)

(m)

2 Dgh f ,exp

28

4.67

390.2

300

4.91

0.951

28.33

0.137

0.260

0.09

0.047

24

4.00

373

315

4.91

0.815

24.29

0.142

0.198

0.06

0.043

20

3.33

360

330

4.91

0.678

20.20

0.149

0.144

0.03

0.031

16

2.67

353

340

4.91

0.544

16.21

0.157

0.098

0.013

0.021

12

2.00

349

345

4.91

0.407

12.13

0.169

0.059

0.004

0.011

28

4.67

384

305

4.34

1.076

29.59

0.135

0.349

0.079

0.031

24

4.00

370

315

4.34

1.168

32.12

0.132

0.402

0.055

0.018

20

3.33

365

317

4.34

1.402

38.56

0.126

0.553

0.048

0.011

16

2.67

363

320

4.34

1.749

48.10

0.120

0.820

0.043

0.006

12

2.00

365

325

4.34

2.335

64.21

0.111

1.352

0.04

0.003

LV 2

Table for Data of Sudden Enlargement Pipe

Q
(1/min)

Qx10-4
(m3/s)

h1
(mm)

h2
(mm)

h
(m)

A1
(m2x10-4)

A2
(m2x10-4)

V1
(m/s)

V2
(m/s)

hL,theo
(m)
Eq. 2

hL,exp
(m)
Eq. 9

K
hL,exp /(V12/2g)

17

28

4.67

5356

525

0.01

1.39

4.26

3.360

1.096

0.261

0.524

0.911

24

4.00

490

485

0.005

1.39

4.26

2.878

0.939

0.192

0.382

0.905

20

3.33

445

440

0.005

1.39

4.26

2.396

0.728

0.133

0.266

0.909

16

2.67

405

400

0.005

1.39

4.26

1.921

0.627

0.085

0.173

0.920

12

2.00

365

363

0.002

1.39

4.26

1.439

0.469

0.048

0.096

0.910

Table for Data of Sudden Contraction Pipe

Q
(1/min)

Qx10-4
(m3/s)

h1
(mm)

h2
(mm)

h
(m)

A2
2
(m x10-4)

A2
2
(m x10-4)

V1
(m/s)

V2
(m/s)

hL,theo
(m)
Eq. 5

hL,exp
(m)
Eq. 9

hL,exp /(V22/2g)

28

4.67

845

280

0.565

4.26

1.39

1.096

3.360

0.288

0.051

0.089

24

4.00

765

300

0.465

4.26

1.39

0.939

2.878

0.211

0.088

0.208

20

3.33

635

335

0.300

4.26

1.39

0.782

2.396

0.146

0.039

0.133

16

2.67

560

340

0.220

4.26

1.39

0.627

1.921

0.094

0.052

0.276

12

2.00

485

360

0.125

4.26

1.39

0.469

1.439

0.053

0.031

0.294

V
(m/s)

hL,theo
(m)
Eq. 6

hL,exp
(m)
Eq. 9

Table for Data of 90o Bend Pipe

Q
(1/min)

Qx10-4
(m3/s)

h1
(mm)

h2
(mm)

h
(m)

A
2
(m x10-4)

hL,exp /(V2/2g)

18

28

4.67

825

2201

0.605

1.27

3.677

0.262

1.294

1.878

24

4.00

735

250

0.485

1.27

3.150

0.192

0.991

1.960

20

3.33

640

295

0.345

1.27

2.622

0.133

0.695

1.983

16

2.67

550

330

0.220

1.27

2.102

0.086

0.445

1.976

12

2.00

475

355

0.120

1.27

1.575

0.048

0.246

1.946

hL,exp
(m)
Eq. 9
1.469

K
hL,exp /(V2/2g)
2.132

Table for Data of Elbow Pipe

Q
(1/min)

Qx10-4
(m3/s)

h1
(mm)

h2
(mm)

h
(m)

A
2
(m x10-4)

V
(m/s)

28

4.67

860

80

0.780

1.27

3.677

hL,theo
(m)
Eq. 6
0.262

24

4.00

755

155

0.600

1.27

3.150

0.192

1.106

2.187

20

3.33

640

230

0.410

1.27

2.622

0.133

0.760

2.169

16

2.67

545

295

0.250

1.27

2.102

0.086

0.475

2.109

12

2.00

475

340

0.135

1.27

1.575

0.048

0.261

2.064

19

20

7.0

Laboratory report

1. See handout (Laboratory Report Format)

2. Additional report requirement
i.
ii.

Plot a graph of ftheo and fexp versus Re on the same graph and
comment on the results.
Plot a graph between experimental hf and V on a log-log paper to
obtain the values of K and n in eq. (9) for turbulent flow in a pipe.
Use log-log paper and remember that n, the slope of the straight
line, is given as n = (log hf 1 - log hf 2 ) / (log V1 - log V 2 ). The yintercept gives the value of log K.

a. Calculate the value of n. Theoretically, the head loss due to friction is

proportional to the velocity of the flow (i.e. hf = kV2/2). Comment on the
obtained value of n.
b. Discuss the effect of fluid velocity, pipe roughness and pipe diameter on the
value of loss coefficient (K) and hence friction loss in pipe.
iii.
iv.

Plot (hL)th and (hL )exp versus Q on the same graph. Compare the
difference between the experimental and theoretical results and
discuss on the effect of fluid flowrate on energy loss.
Plot on the same graph paper graphs of (hL )exp versus V21/2g (sudden
enlargement), V22/2g (sudden contraction), V2/2g (90o bend) and
V2/2g (90o elbow)
a. Estimate the value of loss coefficient (K) , i.e. slope of the
graph, for each flow condition
b. Compare the K values and briefly discuss the effect of pipe geometry
on the value of loss coefficient and hence energy loss in pipe.
c. Compare the average value of K with the theoretical value for
the experiments involving sudden pipe enlargement and 90 o
bend.

v.

Briefly discuss factors contributing to errors or inaccuracy in experimental data

and propose recommendation to improve the results

21

GRAPH RESULT:

22

23

24

25

26

1.value of n:
n = (log hf 1 - log hf 2 ) / (log V1 - log V 2 )
pipe 2A: (log 0.84 log 0.32)/ (log 0.84 log 0.46)
= 1.4688
pipe 2B: (log 0.54 log 0.16)/ (log 0.82 log 0.44)
= 1.0525
pipe 1A: (log 0.075 log 0.01)/ (log 0.9 log 0.5)
= 0.1612
pipe 1B: (log 0.05 log 0.04)/ (log 01.35 log 2.1)
= 0.0234

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Result and discussion:

1.

34