Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 1

Primary Works Cited

"The American Jewish Experience." National Humanities Center. Library of Congress, n.d. Web.
16 Oct. 2015.
<http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/jewishexpb.htm>. We used
this picture to show Jewish life in America after they immigrated from Germany.
Although life was hard, there were places such as synagogues that Jewish people could
go and distress.
Associated Press. 'Arbeit Macht Frei' Sign over Auschwitz. Digital image. Mail Online.
Associated Newspapers, 18 Dec. 2009. Web. 08 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1236853/Arbeit-Macht-Frei-sign-Auschwitzstolen-prompting-fears-Nazis-took-it.html>. We used this picture to show what the Jews
of Auschwitz had to go through every day. To understand why Jews emigrated from
Germany, it is important to know the horrible conditions that pushed them out. This
photograph shared one of those conditions.
Associated Press. Jews Immigrating to Latin America. Digital image. Immigration: Stories of
Yesterday and Today and Ellis Island | Scholastic.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. This
photo shows a group of immigrants trying to enter America. Each person looks tried and
broken down. They are carrying big bags. This photo shows how hard and difficult it was
to immigrate out of Germany to America.
Associated Press. "The Ship of the Dammed." The Voyage. United States Holocaust Memorial
Musuem, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. <https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~simon20r/SS%20St.

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 2
%20Louis/thevoyage.html>. We used this picture to educate ourselves on the Voyage of
the St. Louis. This shows the large ship and the Jews getting ready to board.
AssociatedPress. The German PoWs spoke of their involvement in the Holocaust and atrocities at
concentration camps such as Auschwitz. Digital image. Daily Mail UK. N.p., n.d. Web.
16 Oct. 2015. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2256774/The-Nazieavesdroppers-How-wartime-refugees-listened-conversations-horrors-Holocaust-secretGerman-plans.html>. We used this picture to show how children were treated in the
concentration camps. This illustrates the hardships that forced the Jews to immigrate out
of Germany.
Before, during, and after WWII, JDC provided relief and emigration assistance to European Jews
in crisis, like the German Jews bound for North and South America pictured here. Digital
image. American Jewish Distribution Committee. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.jdc.org/about-jdc/history.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/>. We used
this picture to show Jews leaving Germany and starting their journies to America. The
facial expressions of the Jews in this picture show how excited and desperate they were to
get to America.
"Canada Turned Away Jewish Refugees." The Chronicle Herald. N.p., 15 Dec. 2013. Web. 16
Oct. 2015. <http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1174272-canada-turned-away-jewishrefugees>. We used this picture to show how hopeful the immigrating Jews were for their
new life in the Americas, out of Germany. They were ready to explore the Americas.
Chief of Council for Prosecution of Axis Criminality. "Kristallnacht." Nazi Conspiracy and
Agression. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946. 545-47.
Print. The Red Ser. This document shows the instructions given to the Nazis before

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 3
Kristallnacht. It helped us understand how horrific the Nazis were to the Jews and why
the Jews wanted to leave Germany.
Comunidad Israelita Synagogue. Sinagoga Bet El, Barranquilla, Colombia. Digital image.
Synagogues of Latin America. Jewish Virtual Library, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
<https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/synlatin.html>. We used this
picture to show how an exchange of culture occurred in Colombia. The combination of
Colombian architecture and Jewish culture is present in this synagogue.
Crowds Celebrating Germany's Surrender. Digital image. History.com. A&E Television
Networks, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. <http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/worldwar-ii-history/pictures/end-of-world-war-ii/crowds-celebrating-germanys-surrender>.
This is a picture of Americans gathering in Time Square, holding up a newspaper,
celebrating the surrender of Germany. This picture shows how relieved everyone in
America was to hear that the war was over. The war had taken many lives and had caused
many to suffer.
The Evian Conference Debacle. Digital image. National Vanguard RSS. N.p., 1 Nov. 2015. Web.
29 Nov. 2015. <http://nationalvanguard.org/2015/11/the-evian-conference-debacle/>. We
used this picture of a political cartoon to show how the general population viewed the
Evian Conference. This cartooned expressed how many of the countries present at the
conference did not want to take Jewish refugees.
The Evian Conference. Digital image. The Evian Conference. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks3/life-in-nazi-occupied-europe/impact-onjewish-communities/the-night-of-the-broken-glass/#.Vipwg9KrSM8>. We used this
picture to show what was going on at the Evian Conference. This conference was very

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 4
important to Jewish immigration because the different countries met about how many
refugees they would take.
Evian Conference. Digital image. News That Matters. N.p., 13 Oct. 2011. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.
<http://ivarfjeld.com/2011/10/14/the-800-jews-that-brought-blessings-to-the-thedominican-republic/>. We used this picture to show who was at the Evian Conference. It
also shows the seriousness and sophistication of the conference.
Evian Conference. Digital image. TIME Magazine. N.p., 10 Sept. 2015. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.
<http://time.com/4030159/evian-conference/>. This website provided us with a picture
from the Evian Conference. It shows all the representatives arguing over what should be
done for German Jews during the Holocaust.
Fine, Jonathan. The Canadian Nationalist Newspaper. Digital image. The ManitobaHistorical
Society. MHS, 23 Oct. 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/32/manitobaantisemitism.shtml>. This is a
picture of the front cover of "The Canadian Nationalist" newspaper. This newspaper
cover shows the anti Semitism views that were present in Canada during the 1940s. This
is a reason why it was difficult for many German Jewish immigrants to enter Canada and
escape the Holocaust.
Gergen, David. Jewish Refugees aboard the St Louis Arrive in Belgium. Digital image. CNN.
Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/13/opinion/gergen-katz-border-crisis-safe-zones/>. This a
picture of jewish refugees on the St. Louis. The ship arrived in Antwerp, Belgium, in
1939 after the ship was turned away from the U.S. This shows how few immigrants the
United States accepted.

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 5
German Jews Fleeing. Digital image. Newsweek. Newsweek LLC, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/poland-jewish-culture-rises-ashes-persecution302278.html>. We used this picture to show how some Jews were forced to flee Germany
during the Holocaust due to necessity. Due to attacks on the Jews people had to emigrate
to escape death.
German Jews on the SS St. Louis. Digital image. The Story of the S.S. St. Louis (1939). American
Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2015.
<http://archives.jdc.org/educators/topic-guides/the-story-of-the-ss-st.html>. We used this
picture to show how excited the German Jews were to leave Germany and get away from
the anti-semetism and holocaust.
German Troops Invading Poland. Digital image. DW.COM. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.dw.com/en/remembering-the-start-of-wwii/a-17891588>. This is a picture of
Germany invading Poland. This marked the beginning of World War II. We used this
picture to show that the German troops were destructive and unforgiving.
German Troops March Through Warsaw, Poland. Digital image. CNN. Cable News Network,
n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. This is a picture of German trooping marching through Poland
on September 1, 1939. They had just invaded Warsaw and ignited World War II.
Hannukah Play at School. Digital image. Sosa Virtual Museum. N.p., 6 Jan. 2012. Web. 16 Oct.
2015. <http://www.sosuamuseum.org/private-page/escuela-cristobal-colon/hannukahplay-at-school-2/>. This is a photo taken at a school in the Dominican Republican. The
children are doing a Hannukah play. Many of the children that attended this school were
Jewish immigrants. This picture shows how jewish culture begin to blend with the culture
in Latin America

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 6
Ilse Sara Weil's German Passport. Digital image. The Jews of Wrzburg 1939 1943. N.p., n.d.
Web. 19 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/wurzburg/1939-1943.asp>.
We used this picture to show what the German passports looked like. The German Jewish
refugees had to use these passports to escape the religious persecution in Germany.
Immigrating Jews. Digital image. ProConorg Headlines. Latin American Studies, n.d. Web. 16
Oct. 2015. <http://immigration.procon.org/view.timeline.php?timelineID=000023>. This
picture depicts masses of Jews immigrating from Europe to Latin America. It showed us
that many Jews were trying to escape Europe and would travel in cramped quarters to do
so.
Jewish Building Burning During Kristallnacht. 1938. Remembering Kristallnacht. Web. 19 Nov.
2015. <http://www.adl.org/education-outreach/holocaust-education/c/rememberingkristallnacht.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/#.Vk40-1WrTnA>. This is a picture
of a Jewish synagogue being burned to the ground in Germany during Kristallnacht. This
picture shows the horrors and destruction that happened on that night. It helps to illustrate
why German Jews wanted so badly to flee from Germany.
"Jewish Emigration from Germany." Jewish Emigration from Germany. N.p., 2012. Web. 19
Dec. 2015. <http://ww2stats.com/pop_ger_jew_emi.html>. We used this website to find
statistics of how many German Jews emigrated from Germany during the Holocaust. We
also used this website to find out how many German Jews went where after they
emigrated.
Jewish Immigrants. Digital image. Immigration and Reactions to the New Order. N.p., n.d. Web.
16 Oct. 2015. <http://www.tahg.org/module_display.php?mod_id=114&review=yes>.

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 7
This picture shows the different emotions of Jewish immigrants as they make their
journey out of Germany to a new world.
Jewish Immigration. Digital image. Third Sight History. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
<http://social.rollins.edu/wpsites/thirdsight/2013/11/15/jewish-immigration/>. We used
this picture to show how World War II prompted the Jews of Germany to immigrate to
America. The Jews explored new countries and encountered many things on their paths to
their new homes.
Jewish Refugee Preschoolers. Digital image. Sosa Virtual Museum. N.p., 1945. Web. 16 Oct.
2015. <http://www.sosuamuseum.org/private-page/escuela-cristobal-colon/>. This is a
group portrait of Jewish refugee preschoolers at the Cristobal Colon school in Sosua.
Behind them stands their teacher, Hella Blum.
Jewish Synagogue Ruined after Kristallnacht. 1938. Koenigsbach, Germany. The International
School for Holocaust Studies. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/learning_environments/kristallnacht.asp>.
This is a picture of a synagogue that was destroyed on the Night of Broken Glass. This is
a powerful image that demonstrates pure hatred. We use this image to show how that the
Nazi regime was awful and unforgiving.
Jews in Concentration Camp. Digital image. CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 29 Nov.
2015. <http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/03/world/ebay-holocaust-memorabilia/>. We used
this picture to show the horrible condition the German Jews were in during the Holocaust.
The awful conditions prompted the German Jews to emigrate to the Americas.
Jinich, Patricia. Mexican Style Gefilte Fish. Digital image. Patis Mexican Table. Mexican Table,
LLC, n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2015. <http://patismexicantable.com/2013/09/my-invariable-

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 8
choice-mexican-gefilte-fish/>. We used this picture to show the Mexican and German
Jewish cultural blending through food. The exchange of cultures is most evident through
food, art, and music.
Kiever Synagogue. Digital image. The Canadian Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/synagogues/>. We used this picture of
a synagogue in Canada to show how Jewish culture is evident in all the American
countries today. It helped us to understand all of the cultural assimilation the Jews of
Germany went through to be fully functional in American societies.
Kindertransport, 19381940. Digital image. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United
States Holocaust Memorial Council, 18 Aug. 2015. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005260>. We used this picture
of a passport to show how even young children would go to great risks to escape Nazi
Germany. This shows how appealing any other country besides Germany was during the
Holocaust.
Lady America Opens the Gates. Digital image. A Century of Immigration, 1820-1924. Library of
Congress, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/haventohome/havencentury.html#obj7>. We used this picture to show the flyers that the Hebrew Immigrant
Aid Society put out in order to reach out to immigrants. This helped us to understand
what the German Jewish immigrants went through when coming to America.
Mole Latkes: A Hybrid Eastern European-Mexican Jewish Culture. Yiddish Book Center, 2015.
We used this video to show the exchange and mix of cultures between German Jews and
Mexicans in their diets.

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 9
Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression, Volume I, Chapter XII, Office of the United States Chief
Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, United States Government Printing Office,
Washington, 1946, Pp. 980-982. Web. 27 Sept. 15. This list of discriminatory decrees
illustrated the oppression of Jewish people in Europe during the Holocaust.
Order of the Second World War. Digital image. World War II Hereditary Society. N.p., n.d. Web.
01 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ordersecondworldwar.com/>. We used this picture to
represent World War II on our website. We needed to address World War II because it
influenced the immigration quotas countries set for Jewish immigrants.
Refugees aboard the "St. Louis" june 3,1939. Coast of Havana, Cuba. United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. <http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?
ModuleId=10007824&MediaId=6990>. This is a picture of refugees aboard the SS St.
Louis. They are waiting to hear whether or not Cuba will grant them entry. The ship
docked off the coast of Havana, Cuba.
Registration Card. Digital image. Voyage of the St. Louis. Anthony Blechner, n.d. Web. 30 Nov.
2015. <http://www.blechner.com/ssstlouis/arrival.htm>. We used his picture to show one
of the necessary documents to board the SS St. Louis. The Voyage of the St. Louis was a
unique journey and exploration of the Americas during the Holocaust.
Reporter, Associated Press. High-school Teacher Asks Children to Think like a Nazi and Write
Assignment Blaming the Jews for Germany's Problems. Digital image. Daily Mail Online.
Associated Newspapers, 12 Apr. 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2308244/High-school-teacher-asks-childrenthink-like-Nazi-write-assignment-blaming-Jews-Germanys-problems.html>. This is a

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 10
picture of Hitler and his army. This picture demonstrates the massive number of people
that were loyal to Hitler. It shows that the regime was very powerful and intimidating.
Responding to Anti-Semitism in the Jewish Transcript. Digital image. Jewish Transcript and
Anti-Semitism. University of Washington, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
<https://depts.washington.edu/depress/anti_semitism_jewish_transcript_seattle.shtml>.
We used this picture to how the anti-Semitism that the German Jews encountered when
they reached the Americas.
Sosua. Digital image. Sosua: Make a Better World - About The Film: Sosua History. Willow
Pond, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2015. <http://sosuafilm.com/about/history.html>. We used this
picture to show German Jews on their way to Sosua, Dominican Republic, which was a
safe-heaven for the Jews of Germany during the Holocaust.
St. Louis Boarding Pass. Digital image. The Voyage. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2015.
<https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~simon20r/SS St. Louis/thevoyage.html>. We used this
picture to show what the Jewish refugees' boarding passes for the SS St. Louis looked
like. It was a good visual representation of what the passengers had to go through.
St. Louis Newspaper Articles. Digital image. Myth America. American History, 26 Mar. 2014.
Web. 09 Nov. 2015. <https://meetmythamerica.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/no-room-inthe-inn/>. These two pictures feature American newspaper articles written about the St.
Louis being rejected from Cuba. They were helpful because they showed what people
were thinking about the rejection.
Thomas, Gordon, and Max Morgan Witts. Voyage of the Damned. Digital image. Voyage of the
St. Louis. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/voyage.htm>. This is a picture of a book published

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 11
around the time the St. Louis took its voyage from Europe to the Americas. The trip was
referred to as the Voyage of the Damned because no one was able to seek refuge in the
Americas. We used this picture to show how depressing it was for the passengers to hear
that they would not be able to escape the horrors of Nazi Germany.
Viollet, Roger. "Emigration and the Evian Conference ." United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005520&MediaId=2308>.
We used this picture to show the attendees of the Evian Conference, a conference that
decided the fate of Jewish refugees.
World War II Headline. Digital image. Academic Earth. Stephanie G., 2015. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
<http://academicearth.org/electives/how-the-end-of-world-war-ii-made-us-fat/>. We used
this picture to show what newspapers were writing about WWII. This helped us
understand the atmosphere of the time period.
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York. German Jewish Refugees. Digital image. United
States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 18 Aug.
2015. Web. 19 Dec. 2015. <http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?
ModuleId=10005468>. We used this picture to show German Jewish refugees getting
help after arriving in the Americas. This picture shows us how German Jews needed help
assimilating to their new lives.

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 12
Secondary Works Cited

Abella, Irving M., and Harold Martin Troper. None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of
Europe, 1933-1948. New York: Random House, 1983. Print. This book informed us that
Canada took little to no German Jewish immigrants. They cared little and did less about
the Jews trying to escape persecution in Germany.
America Experience: America and the Holocaust. Dir. Martin Ostrow. Perf. Martin Ostrow, Kurt
Klein, Hal Linden. PBS, 1994. DVD. We used this video to show the impact that
Kristallnacht on German Jews. It had first hand accounts of what happened on that night.
Kristallnacht is a major reason why so many jews left Germany.
Breitman, Richard, and Allan J. Lichtman. FDR and the Jews. N.p.: Belknap of Harvard UP,
2013. Print. We used this book to research how Franklin D. Roosevelt and the United
States of America responded to the Jewish refugees that needed help during the
Holocaust. It taught us the policies involving the admission of the German Jews and how
the presidential cabinet really felt about the situation in Germany.
Elazar, Daniel. "The Canadian Jewish Experience." The Canadian Jewish Experience. N.p., n.d.
Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://www.jcpa.org/dje/books/canch1.htm>. We used this website
to find information on the Canadian Jewish experience and how Jews live today in
Canada. This was a useful source because it helped us understand Jewish life and culture
in a different country.
"The Evian Conference." Evian Conference. London Jewish Cultural Centre, 2011. Web. 23 Oct.
2015. <http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks3/responses-1933-1945/governmentsrespond-1939-1945/the-evian-conference/#.ViprsNKrSM8>. We used this website for

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 13
information on the Evian conference. 32 countries came together to discuss how they
could help German Jews. This conference was not a success. This website shows the
conferences effect and its importance to German Jewish immigration to the Americas.
"Evian Conference." Jewish Virtual Library. The Gale Group, 2008. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.
<https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0006_0_06165.html>.
We used this website for a quote from Adolf Hitler. This quote is Hitler's response to the
Evian Conference. It shows how he felt about the other countries trying to help the
Jewish population.
"Evian: The Most Fateful Conference of All Times in Jewish History." Crethiplethi. N.p., 1 Nov.
2015. Web. 01 Nov. 2015. <http://www.crethiplethi.com/evian-the-most-fatefulconference-of-all-times-in-jewish-history/the-holocaust/2013/>. We used this websites for
quotes about the Evian Conference. These quotes show how people at the time viewed
the conference. They also show the impact of the Conference.
The First Amendment First Aid Kit. Digital image. Random House. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.randomhouse.com/teens/firstamendment/resources.html>. We used this
picture to show the first amendment of the United Sates Constitution. The first
amendment is important because it grants religious freedom to United States citizens,
which was something greatly value by the Jewish immigrants.
Gera, Vanessa. "World Leaders Mark Auschwitz Liberation." Chicagotribune.com. N.p., 27 Jan.
2005. Web. 01 Nov. 2015. <http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-ap-auschwitzanniversary-story.html>. We used this article for a quote from Moshe Katsav. In this
quote, Katsav describes the events that occurred on the night of Kristallnacht.

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 14
Gldstein, Phyllis. A Convenient Hatred: The History of Antisemitism. N.p.: Sir Harold Evans,
2012. Print. This book is about the evolution of antisemitism in history. It contains
primary sources such as quotes and pictures from people who lived during the Holocaust.
This information was beneficial to our website in many ways. The quotes give a first
person standpoint on the horrible situation.
"History." HIAS. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://www.hias.org/history>. We used this
website for information about the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, an organization
dedicated to assisting Jews assimilate to the American way of life after immigration.
Jewish Community Centers of Norh America Association Logo. Digital image. Augusta Jewish
Community Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2015. <http://www.augustajcc.org/>. This
website provided us with the logo of the Jewish Community Centers of North America.
This logo shows how organizations created during the holocaust to help German Jewish
immigrants are still in effect today.
The Jewish People Policy Institute. "Mapping Judaism." The Economist. The Economist
Newspaper Limited, 2012. Web. 31 Dec. 2015.
<http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/07/daily-chart-16>. We used this
graphic found in The Economist to show where the Jewish population is today. After
discussing mass immigration from Germany to the Americas, it is interesting to see how
the Jewish population has spread itself across the world.
Koch, Marc. "A City Shaped by Jewish Culture | German-Jewish Cultural Heritage in Argentina |
DW.COM | 29.11.2012." DW.COM. 2015 Deutsche Welle, 29 Nov. 2012. Web. 14 Nov.
2015. <http://www.dw.com/en/a-city-shaped-by-jewish-culture/a-16391460>. In this
website, Koch shows how Jewish traditions influenced latino cultural. He gives examples

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 15
of how cultural blending is still evident today. This information was important because it
is evidence that ideas and traditions were exchanged during German-Jewish immigration
to Latin America during the Holocaust.
Koenig, Leah. "From Challah to Jalapenos, Latin American Jews Redefine a Culinary Heritage."
Editorial. Tablet Food Magazine 10 Sept. 2014: n. pag. Tablet Magazine. Web. 15 Nov.
2015. <http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/183668/latin-americanjewish-food>. This magazine article was about Latin America jewish cuisine. This
information was evidence of cultural blending. This shows how ideas and traditions were
exchanged between Latin Americans and Jewish immigrants.
Kraut, Alan M., Richard Breitman, and Thomas M. Imhoof. "The State Department, the Labor
Department, and German Jewish Immigration, 1930-1940." Journal of American Ethnic
History 3.2 (1984): 5-38. JSTOR. ITHAKA. Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/27500316>. We used this journal article to learn about how
the U.S. State Department was involved with Jewish immigration quotas. This helps
explain why the quotas were set and why immigration into the U.S. was difficult.
Lanchin, Mike. "SS St Louis: The Ship of Jewish Refugees Nobody Wanted - BBC News." BBC
News. BBC World Service, 13 May 2014. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27373131>. We used this website for a quote. The
quote was from a 6 year old Jewish boy who was on the SS St. Louis. IN the quote the
boy talks about how frightened he is to go to Cuba because he knows nothing about
Cuba. This shows how scary leaving Germany was for many Jews.
Lanchin, Mike. "SS St Louis: The Ship of Jewish Refugees Nobody Wanted - BBC News." BBC
News. British Broadcasting Corporation, 13 May 2014. Web. 27 Sept. 2015.

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 16
<http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27373131>. We used this article to learn about the
voyage of the St. Louis. This is important information because the St. Louis took a lot of
immigrants to the Americas.
Levine, Jason. "Auschwitz-Birkenau: Living Conditions, Labor & Executions." Jewish Virtual
Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise;, 2015. Web. 11 Oct. 2015. We used
this website for information on life in concentration. This website illustrated the brutality
of the camps. This helped us understand why Jews wanted to flee Germany.
Levy, Lauren. "The Holocaust: Dominican Republic as Haven for Jewish Refugees." Dominican
Republic as Haven for Jewish Refugees. Jewish Virtual Library, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sosua.html>. We used this article
to learn about Jewish immigration to the Dominican Republic. This article showed how
accepting the Dominican Republic was to Jewish immigrants.
Moskin, Julia. Everything New Is Old Again. Digital image. The New York Times. The New York
Times, 27 May 2014. Web. 21 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/dining/everything-new-is-old-again.html?_r=0>.
This is a picture of a traditional Jewish food known as blintzes. We used this picture to
show how Jewish traditions can still be seen in America today. It shows how ideas and
customs were exchanged during the 1940s.
"The Night of Broken Glass." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.
<http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-night-of-broken-glass>. We used this
website to learn about Kristallnact, which was a precursor the Holocaust and prompted
people to get out of Germany and flee to the Americas.

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 17
Ofir Ben Shitrit. Song of Hope. 2015. Web. 23 Oct. 2015. <http://muz-info.org/Orthodox
%20Jewish%20Israeli%20Singer%20%20Ofir%20Ben%20Shitrit%20-%20'Song%20of
%20hope'%20(Israeli%20spiritual%20songs%20Hebrew)>. We used this song to express
how the Jews felt during the Holocaust. This song is about hope and it beautifully
illustrates how the Jews longed for religious freedom.
Porter, Jon. "Jewish Immigration in the 20th Century." Quotes Archive. N.p., 2011. Web. 11 Oct.
2015. We used this quote to understand how the Holocaust impacted emigration out of
Germany. As Porter said, Jewish immigration in the 20th century was fueled by the
Holocaust.
"Quotes on Refugees." Notable Quotes. N.p., 2014. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://www.notablequotes.com/r/refugees_quotes.html>. This website provided us with a quote about
refugees. The quote was from the Tennessee Office of Refugees that talks about how
being a refugee means that you are brave and courageous. This describes the Jews who
escaped Germany during the Holocaust.
"Refuge in Latin America." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust
Memorial Council, 18 Aug. 2015. Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
<http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007824>. We used this article
to learn about Jews taking refuge in Latin America between 1933-1945. It clearly stated
that Latin America could be used as a safe haven for German Jews.
Salzman, Daniela Gleizer. Unwelcome Exiles: Mexico and the Jewish Refugees from Nazism,
1933-1945. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. We used this book to learn about Mexico and Jewish
immigrants. Although Mexico did take some refugees, they did not take many and they
were very anti-semetic to them.

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 18
"The Ship of the Dammed." The Voyage. Mount Holyoke University, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2015.
<https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~simon20r/SS%20St.%20Louis/thevoyage.html>. We used
this website for information on the voyage of the St. Louis. This website was helpful
because it shared the story of the Jewish refugees in a way that was easy to understand
and transfer to the website.
Spitzer, Leo. Hotel Bolivia: The Culture of Memory in a Refuge from Nazism. N.p.: n.p., 1999.
Print. This book was about Bolivia accepting Jewish refugees during the Holocaust. It
shows how open and willing Bolivia was to accepting German Jews. It makes it clear
why Latin America was the ideal place to seek refuge from religious persecution during
the Holocaust.
Stories of Jewish Immigration to Latin America. Perf. Juan Prawda. Yiddish Book Center, 2013.
DVD. In this video, a man named Juan Prawda is being interviewed. His mother
immigrated out of Germany to Mexico during the Holocaust. He talks about his mother's
reasoning for leaving Germany and he says that his mom had family in Mexico.
Tharoor, Ishaan. "What Americans Thought of Jewish Refugees on the Eve of World War II."
Washington Post. The Washington Post, 17 Nov. 2015. Web. 21 Nov. 2015.
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/11/17/what-americansthought-of-jewish-refugees-on-the-eve-of-world-war-ii/>. This website provides us with
two very interesting graphs. These graphs showed how unwelcome German Jewish
Immigrants were to America during the Holocaust. Over 60% of the US population did
not want to admit immigrants.
UD Hillel | Jewish Federation of Delaware. Digital image. Jewish Federation of Delaware. N.p.,
2015. Web. 21 Nov. 2015. <http://www.shalomdelaware.org/ud-hillel>. This is a picture

Reaves, Skolnick-Schur 19
of a Hillel, which is a Jewish college group. This shows how Jewish traditions have had a
lasting impact on American Society.
Umble, Amy Flowers. "Survivor Shares Firsthand Holocaust Tale." The Freelance Star (2014): n.
pag. Ebscohost. Web. 27 Sept. 2015. <web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=16>.
This article gives us a first hand account of what it was like immigrating form Germany
to America. This helped us understand what it was like for the German Jewish
immigrants.
The Voyage of the SS St. Louis. Digital image. Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli
Cooperation Enterprise, 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2015.
<https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/stlouismap.html>. We used this
image because it has a map of the voyage of the St. Louis. This map was helpful because
is provided a visual to help people understand the path of the ship.
"Voyage of the St. Louis Oral History." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United
States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_oi.php?ModuleId=10005267&MediaId=1135>.
We used this website for a quote about the voyage of the St. Louis. This website had a
video clip and several quotes from Gerda Blachmann, which was very helpful because
now we understand what the refugees were thinking.
"What The Leaders Were Saying." National World War II Museum, n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2history/quotations/allied-leaders.html>. We used this website for quotes by leaders of the
Allied Powers. This helped us understand what important people were thinking during
WWII and what impacted immigration from 1933-1945.