Social Psyc 1

9
1. According to your text, ______________ is an example of the human potential for

extraordinary cruelty across the globe.
A.
B.
C.
D.
conformity.
genocide.
kidnapping.
obedience.
2. Which of the following is not an example of aggression?
A.
B.
C.
D.
terrorism
a predator stalking its prey
assisted suicide
bar brawl
3. Twentieth-century humanity was the ________ educated, and homicidal, in history.

Adding in genocides and human-made famines, there were approximately _____
million "deaths by mass unpleasantness."
A.
B.
C.
D.
most; 10
least; 10
most; 182
least; 182
4. Behaviour intended at harming and hurting someone defines
A.
B.
C.
D.
persuasion.
conformity.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
aggression.
5. The act of deliberately hurting someone while driven by anger and performed as an
end in itself defines
A.
B.
C.
D.
aggression.
hostile aggression.
instrumental aggression.
deliberate aggression.
6. According to the text, a dynamic salesperson who is self-assured, energetic, and "gogetting" on the sales floor should be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
instrumentally aggressive.
manipulative.
aggressive.
assertive.
7. Aggression is any physical or verbal behaviour that
A.
B.
C.
D.
may result in physical or psychological damage.

springs from anger or hostility.
results in harm regardless of intent.
is intended to hurt someone.
8. Which of the following would be an example of aggression as defined in the text?
A. Sam accidentally slams the car door too quickly, and it hits Tim's knee.
B. Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some
rumours about Marcy's social life.
C. Carla, a dentist, delivers a shot of Novocain before pulling her patient's diseased
tooth.
D. Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm result in his being promoted to sales manager in a
very short time.
9. Which of the following would be considered aggression as the term is defined in the
text?
A. A motorist accidentally hits a child who has run into the car's path.
B. An assertive salesperson manages to sell $200,000 worth of automobiles in one
month.
C. A child attempts to hit a playmate with a rock but misses.
D.
All of these choices.
10. Tawanda is upset with TinA. During a social gathering she verbally cuts Tina down in
front of others. Tawanda's behaviour is
A.
B.
C.
D.
assertive.
manipulative.
aggressive.
an example of displacement.
11. ___________ aggression in humans appears to parallel __________ aggression in

animals.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hostile; silent
Hostile; social
Instrumental; social
Social; silent
12. Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression?
A. An angry football player tackles a quarterback after he has attempted a long pass.
B. A jealous wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both.
C. A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to
poison him.
D. A man smashes his TV set after he cannot make it work.
13. The death penalty has not been shown to effectively deter homicide. One reason for
this is that most murders are the result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
hormonal influences.
hostile aggression.
a malfunctioning amygdala.
14. Cold, calculated mob murders should be classified as
A.
B.
C.
D.
genetically based.
hostile aggression.
silent aggression.
15. Philosopher Thomas Hobbes sees laws as necessary to restrain and control the
"human brute." This brutish view of human nature was also held by
A.
B.
C.
D.
Jean-Jacque Rousseau
Albert Bandura
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
16. Which of the following is false?
A. Animals' social aggression and silent aggression seem to involve the same brain
region.
B. Alcohol enhances violence by reducing people's self-awareness.
C. Low levels of serotonin are often found in the violence-prone.
D. "Hostile" aggression springs from emotions such as anger.
17. In analyzing the causes of aggression, social psychologists have focused on three
primary ideas. Which of the following is not one of them?
A. Aggression is a variable trait; some humans rarely behave aggressively, while

others cannot control aggressive impulses.
B. There is an inborn aggressive drive among human beings.
C.
Aggression is a natural response to frustration.
D. Like other social behaviours, aggression is learned.
18. Instinctive behaviour is behaviour that is
A. survival-oriented and common to most members of a species.

B. innate, unlearned, and shown by all members of a species.
C. reflexive and automatic but easily overcome by learning.
D. the way members of a species ought to behave.
19. Sigmund Freud argued that aggression ultimately springs from
A.
B.
C.
D.
an innate sexual drive.

a primitive death urge.
observation of aggressive adult models.
blocking of goal-directed behaviour.
20. Who among the following argued that there is an inborn aggressive drive?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Bandura
Berkowitz
Lorenz
Dollard
21. In contrast to Freud's view of aggression, Lorenz argued that
A.
aggression is innate.
B. aggression can be adaptive rather than self-destructive.
C. aggression is biologically influenced but is not instinctive.
D.
aggression is socially learned.
22. Instinct theories of aggression would have the most difficulty accounting for
A.
silent and social aggression in animals.
B. wide variations in aggressiveness from culture to culture.
C.
biochemical influences on aggression.
D.
unprovoked outbursts of aggression.
23. Which theory is most susceptible to the criticism of trying to explain aggression by
naming it?
A.
B.
C.
D.
instrumental aggression theory

instinct theory
frustration-aggression theory
social-learning theory
24. Your friend Regina tells you that geese must have a flocking instinct because she
often sees geese in flocks. Regina is doing something that social psychologists have
done with the problem of aggression. Regina is
A.
B.
C.
D.
mistaking habitat for ecology.

observing an adaptation-level phenomenon.
experiencing relative deprivation.
trying to explain observed behaviour by naming it.
25. Which of the following has not been shown to be a biochemical influence on
aggression?
A.
B.
C.
D.
alcohol
the amygdala
testosterone
serotonin
26. Raine and his colleagues found that
A. the occipital area was 25% less active than normal in nonabused murderers and
45% smaller in the antisocial men.
B. the parietal area was 2% less active than normal in nonabused murderers and 45%
smaller in the antisocial men.
C. the prefrontal cortex was 14% less active than normal in nonabused murderers
and 15% smaller in the antisocial men.
D.
All of the above
27. Abnormal brains can contribute to __________ aggressive behaviour.
A.
B.
C.
D.
abnormally
normally
hostile
None of the above
28. Which of the following statements about aggression is true?
A. Animals of many species can be bred for aggressiveness.

B. A fearless, impulsive, temper-prone child is at risk for violent behaviour in
adolescence.
C. Identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to agree on whether they have
violent tempers.
D.
All of these choices
29. Research on alcohol and aggression has indicated that
A. violent people are both more likely to drink and more likely to become aggressive
when intoxicated.
B. people who have been drinking commit about half of all violent crimes.
C. in experiments, intoxicated people administer stronger shocks.
D.
all of these choices.
30. Imagine that researchers have come up with a new substance called sumense, which
decreases people's self-awareness and reduces their ability to consider the
consequences of their actions. What effect do you expect sumense would have on
adolescents' aggression?
A. There is no reason to believe it would have any effect.

B.
Sumense would likely enhance aggression.
C.
Sumense would likely decrease aggression.
D. Sumense would decrease aggressiveness of young males.
31. MacDonald and colleagues found that _________ people administer stronger shocks
and feel angrier when thinking back on relationships.
A.
B.
C.
D.
intoxicated
fearless
impulsive
temperose
32. Alcohol enhances aggressiveness by reducing
A.
B.
C.
D.
testosterone levels.
self-awareness.
activity in the amygdala.
All of the these choices
33. Compared to prisoners convicted of non-violent crimes, those convicted of

unprovoked violent crimes tend to
A.
B.
C.
D.
be first-borns.
have authoritarian attitudes.
be older.
have higher testosterone levels.
34. Which of the following best describes the relation between aggressive behaviour and
testosterone?
A. Testosterone facilitates aggressiveness and aggressiveness boosts testosterone

levels.
B.
Testosterone facilitates aggressiveness only.
C. Aggressiveness boosts testosterone levels only.
D. There is no relation between aggressiveness and testosterone.
35. Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that
A. hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in lower animals.

B. after age 25, testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together.
C. variations in testosterone seem to have no effect on behaviour within the normal
range of teen boys and adult men.
D.
36. People in your class fit into one of two groups. The "Blues" are often depressed. The
"Reds" are never depressed. The two groups are otherwise the same. You would
expect that
A.
B.
C.
D.
the Blues have lower serotonin and are more likely to act aggressively.
the Reds have higher serotonin and are more likely to act aggressively.
the Blues have higher serotonin and are less likely to act aggressively.
the Reds have lower serotonin and are less likely to act aggressively.
37. Laboratory studies have found that ___________ people's serotonin levels ____________
their responsiveness to aversive events and willingness to deliver electric shocks.
A.
B.
C.
D.
increasing; increases
increasing; decreases
decreasing; increases
decreasing; decreases
38. Research on neural, genetic, and biochemical influences on aggression suggest that
A.
aggression is inevitable in some individuals.
B. violent behaviour is biologically programmed into human nature.
C. biological influences predispose some people more than others to react
aggressively to conflict.
D.
none of these choices.
39. Jessie's car had a flat tire in the rain. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home
late only to have a parking spot just in front of her apartment taken by a faster driver.
Entering her home, she kicks her pet cat, who is waiting at the door. Jessie's
behaviour is perhaps most easily explained in terms of
A.
B.
C.
D.
frustration-aggression theory.
the adaptation-level phenomenon.
Murphy's law.
social learning theory.
40. A person punching a wall after losing a game of checkers is an example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
regression.
displacement.
relative deprivation.
the weapons effect.
41. The blocking of goal-directed behaviour is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
hostile aggression.
frustration.
displacement.
42. Frustration grows when
A.
B.
C.
D.
our motivation to achieve a goal is very strong.

we expected gratification.
we are completely blocked in attaining our goal.
43. A man who is humiliated by his boss berates his wife, who yells at their son, who
kicks the dog, which bites the mail carrier. This is an example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
displacement.
aberrant decoding.
aggression.
44. After arguing with her boyfriend, Peter, over the telephone, Roberta smashes down
the receiver and then throws the phone across the room. This behaviour most clearly
demonstrates
A.
B.
C.
D.
the weapons effect.

displacement.
Parkinson's second law.
45. We are most likely to displace our aggression onto a target that is
A. nothing like the person who provoked our anger in the first place.
B. similar to the person who provoked our anger in the first place.
C.
helpless to retaliate in kind.
D.
nonhuman.
46. Becky has just had a frustrating day in her university classes and while she knows
she shouldn't behave aggressively towards her professors, she is angry and ends up
taking this out on someone else. Which of the following individuals is Becky most
likely to displace her aggression towards?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A lady at the grocery store that is holding up the line by counting out her pennies.
Her boyfriend who comes over for dinner and surprises her with flowers.
A fellow student in one of her classes that annoys her by asking for her notes.
Her 6-year old sister who made a mess in her room while she was at school.
47. Aggression is _______ likely when we are aroused and it seems safe and rewarding to
aggress.
A.
B.
C.
D.
most
least
both A and B
none of these choices
48. Imagine that you've just finished vacuuming when your young daughter races
through the house into the bathroom with her muddy shoes still on her feet.
According to the revised version of the frustration-aggression theory, in which
situation would you be the least angry at your daughter?
A.
Your daughter is only seven years old.
B.
Your daughter is with a friend.
C. Your daughter is ill and couldn't stop to take off her shoes.
D. No matter what the situation, you'll be furious.
49. Frustration triggers the most aggression when we perceive the frustration as
A.
B.
C.
D.
inevitable.
deserved.
unjustified.
unwelcome.
50. Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory argues that
A. frustration always leads to some form of aggression.

B. aggressive people are more sensitive to frustration cues.
C. frustration can produce many emotional responses, not solely aggression.
D. frustration produces anger; anger is released when confronted with aggressive
cues.
51. Your textbook author describes Marc Lepine's murder of 14 women at the cole
Polytechnique de Montral as an example of
A.
B.
the effects of alcohol on aggression.
C. frustration due to a disparity between expectations and attainments.
D.
frustration due to retroactive association.
52. The perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself is
referred to as
A.
B.
C.
D.
the adaptation level phenomenon.

the unjust-world principle.
53. According to the text, frustration arises from the gap between
A.
B.
C.
D.
expectation and attainments.

daily frustrations.
consistent minor irritations.
Both A and B
54. Arvid didn't work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved at
first to find he'd gotten a C on it. But when he learned that most of his classmates
had gotten Bs and As, he felt unhappy and angry about his grade. Arvid's experience
is best explained in terms of
A.
B.
C.
D.

the relative deprivation principle.
displacement.
55. When your expectations are fulfilled by your attainments, you feel ___________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
frustrated
stress
anger
satisfied
56. Three theories of aggression are
A.
B.
C.
D.
instinct theory, social identity theory, and social learning theory.

realistic conflict theory, social identity theory, and frustration-aggression theory.
instinct theory, frustration-aggression theory, and social learning theory.
frustration-aggression theory, instinct theory, and realistic conflict theory.
57. The famous "Bobo doll" experiments were conducted by
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sigmund Freud.
Ken Dion.
Leonard Berkowitz.
Albert Bandura.
58. Hennigan and colleagues suggest that the larceny theft rate in U.S. cities jumped
after television was first introduced because the thieves
A.
observed too much crime on television.
B. felt deprived relative to wealthy television characters and those portrayed in
advertisements.
C. became more removed from the socializing influence of home and school.
D. wanted but could not afford the luxury of a television set.
59. Which of the following is the best example of frustration-induced aggression?
A.
B.
C.
D.
suicide bombing
road rage
terrorist acts
sexual coercion
60. Jeremy instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school
playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most
clearly suggests that his aggression is
A.
B.
C.
D.
the result of frustration.

instinctive.
a learned response.
the result of displacement.
61. According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be

aggressive is
A.
B.
C.
D.
hormonal factors.
how much anger or frustration has built up inside.
one's hereditary predisposition to be aggressive.
observations of others' behaviour.
62. In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and colleagues, children watched an adult
attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some attractive toys they
were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they
A.
B.
C.
D.
began to cry.
attacked a Bobo doll.
verbally attacked the adult experimenter.
chose to watch a violent rather than a non-violent film.
63. Research reports that _______ of juveniles in detention did not grow up with two
parents.
A.
B.
C.
D.
10%
50%
70%
88%
64. Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that
A. most abused children become abusive parents.

B. higher rates of violence occur where father care is minimal.
C. an only child tends to be more aggressive in social situations outside the family.
D.
65. Although most abused children do not become criminals or abusive parents,
___________ do later abuse their own children.
A.
B.
C.
D.
20%
30%
40%
50%
66. The correlation between parental (father) absence and violence holds
A.
B.
C.
D.
only for minority populations.

only for low status families.
only among the poorly educated.
across race, status, and education.
67. Research with children suggests that observing aggressive behaviour can
A.
B.
C.
D.
lower their inhibitions against aggression.

teach them ways to be aggressive.
lead them to imitate directly aggressive behaviour.
68. In the Southern culture of honour, White men are
A. twice as likely as rural Midwestern White men to have guns for protection.
B. half as likely to agree that "a man has a right to kill to defend his home."
C.
twice as likely to be against spanking.
D.
half as likely to support wars.
69. According to cross-cultural research, __________ attacks breed __________ attacks.
A.
B.
C.
D.
intentional; retaliatory
non-intentional; retaliatory
both A and B
70. According to social-learning theory, aversive experiences lead directly to
A.
B.
C.
D.
aggression.
anticipated negative consequences.
emotional arousal.
constructive problem solving.
71. According to social-learning theory, aggression is most likely when we ___________ and
____________.
A. are aroused; it seems safe and rewarding to aggress

B. feel hopeless; alternative strategies to achieve important goals have failed
C. are deprived; see others profiting from aggression
D. suffer a loss of self-esteem; want to impress others
72. The recipe for aggression often includes
A.
B.
C.
D.
pain.
an attack.
uncomfortable heat.
73. Azrin's research with rats and other animal species has found
A.
B.
C.
D.
a consistent pain-attack response that occurs across species.

aggressive responses vary across species depending on the level of provocation.
pain from shocks leads to attack only against one's own species.
only physical pain, and not psychological pain, led to aggressive responses.
74. Berkowitz showed that __________ rather than __________ is the basic trigger of hostile
aggression.
A.
B.
C.
D.
aversive stimulation; frustration

frustration; aversive stimulation
frustration; pain
pain; aversive stimulation
75. Aggressive behaviour has been linked with
A.
B.
C.
D.
offensive behaviour.
cigarette smoking.
air pollution.
76. According to research,
A.
B.
C.
D.
hotter days have more violent crimes.

cooler days have more violent crimes.
hotter days have least violent crimes.
None of the above
77. Which of the following aversive events can trigger an angry emotional outburst?
A.
B.
C.
D.
overcrowding
a dashed expectation
a personal insult
all of these choices
78. Research in the laboratory and in real life suggests that pain, personal attacks, and
overcrowding are _______ experiences that _______ the likelihood of aggression.
A.
B.
C.
D.
aversive; increase
aversive; decrease
frustrating; do not affect
frustrating; decrease
79. In most studies of attack aggression, competing participants get to choose how much
shock to give the loser after they beat him or her in one round of a contest. Which of
the following axioms seems to guide the behaviour of participants who have received
escalating shocks from a programmed opponent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
"Turn the other cheek."

"The word is mightier than the sword."
"A soft answer: turneth away wrath."
"An eye for an eye."
80. In Schachter and Singer's classic study, participants injected with adrenaline were
exposed to either an angry or a euphoric confederate. Participants who expected the
injection to make them feel _____ became _____ when placed with the angry
confederate.
A.
B.
C.
D.
aroused; angry
aroused; euphoric
no side effects; angry
no side effects; euphoric
81. The results of the Schachter and Singer experiment in which participants were
injected with adrenaline prior to waiting with either a hostile or euphoric person
support the idea that
A. bodily arousal feeds one emotion or another depending on how we interpret the
arousal.
B. distinct physiological differences exist among the emotions.
C. frustration is largely a function of our prior experience and of whom we compare
ourselves with.
D.
every emotion triggers an opposing emotion.
82. Imagine that Steve is driving home, when a car cuts him off on the highway. Under
which of the following conditions is the most likely to be enraged by this incident?
A. When he's on his way home from a 12-hour shift at work

B. When he's on his way home from a lecture on stress reduction and relaxation
techniques
C. When he's on his way home from an electrifying rock concert
D. When he's on his way home from his mother's house
83. Nancy is running around in the park, playing a vigorous game with her children, when
she sees someone who treated her badly at a recent social event. She feels a very
strong surge of anger. This is an example of the idea that
A.
B.
C.
D.
alcohol unleashes aggression.

group membership increases hostility.
arousal of any type feeds emotions.
pheno-motives are dangerous.
84. Sandra and her date Adrian are on a rollercoaster at the fair. After getting off the ride,
Sandra is feeling like she may be falling in love with Adrian. This example can be best
explained by the fact that
A.
B.
C.
D.
arousal decreases aggressive impulses.

engaging in similar events influences attraction.
arousal decreases psychological inhibitions.
85. In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz maintained that frustration

most directly produces
A.
B.
C.
D.
anger.
aggression.
arousal.
86. In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance

of
A.
aggressive cues, such as weapons.
B. the role of biochemical influences, such as alcohol.
C. relative deprivation and the adaptation level phenomenon.
D.
catharsis as a reducer of frustration.
87. Berkowitz and LePage (1967) found that frustrated men delivered more shocks when
A.
guns happened to be in the room.
B. badminton racquets happened to be in the room.
C. they had just received a shot that lowers serotonin levels.
D.
they were initially depressed.
88. Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can
A.
B.
C.
D.
elicit frustration.
sensitize one to the danger of violence.
amplify aggression.
produce catharsis.
89. As a prominent social psychologist you have been asked to give advice to the
government of a new nation. What should the government do to prevent as many
murders as possible?
A. It should carefully restrict handgun ownership.

B. It should spend a great deal of money on policing.
C. It should swiftly punish all murderers with the death penalty.
D. It should institute long jail sentences for convicted murderers.
90. According to research, a gun in the home has often meant the difference between
___________ and ___________, or between suffering and suicide.
A.
B.
C.
D.
a fight; a funeral
non conflict; persuasion
a fight; a conflict
91. Researchers have argued that the presence of guns can elicit violence because they
serve as aggression cues. According to your text, what other reason is associated
with increased violence when guns, as compared to other weapons, are present?
A.
B.
C.
D.
People conform to the situational influences around them.

Social learning theory dictates that observed violence leads to displayed violence.
Guns put psychological distance between the aggressor and the victim.
Guns are arousing, but only when the individuals are familiar with them.
92. Celeste lives in Vancouver, and her friend Yannick lives in Seattle. Based on research
regarding restrictions on handgun ownership, which person is more likely to be the
victim of gun-related violence?
A.
Celeste
B.
Yannick
C. Both are equally likely to be the victim of gun-related violence.
D. Neither person as cities on the West Coast have less violence overall than cities on
the East Coast.
93. Which of the following has been found to be an effect of modelling sexual violence in
movies and television?
A. Women are more likely to believe rape is a serious crime

B. Men become more accepting of violence against women
C. Women become more aggressive toward other women
D.
94. Repeated exposure to fictional scenes of a man overpowering and arousing a woman
A.
create a catharsis experience for men.
B. distort people's perceptions of how women actually respond to sexual coercion.
C.
decrease men's aggression against women.
D.
None of these choices
95. Viewing sexually violent movies _____________ men to brutality and results in
_____________ for rape victims.
A.
B.
C.
D.
sensitizes; less aggression

sensitizes; more sympathy
desensitizes; less sympathy
desensitizes; more sympathy
96. One of the reasons that it is important to protest the showing of movies that depict
women enjoying sexual coercion is
A.
B.
C.
D.
the norm of group cohesiveness.

subtle messages can be very persuasive.
deprivation leads to frustration.
the strong effect of differential sensibility.
97. Two groups of research participants are shown the same very violent film. Group A is
very disturbed by the film. Group B is not disturbed by the film. What is the most
likely explanation for the difference?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Group A has seen fewer violent films than Group B.

Group A is in a large, dark room.
Group B is experiencing parapraxis.
There is no explanation.
98. Laboratory experiments confirm that exposure to violent pornography
A.
increases punitive behaviour toward women.
B. increases punitive behaviour toward both men and women.
C. increases men's sympathy toward female victimization.
D.
99. A study of Ontario rapists, child molesters, and non-sexual offenders found that
A. non-sexual offenders used pornography more than rapists and child molesters, and
they used it as an outlet to release their sexual tensions.
B. rapists and child molesters used pornography much more than men who were not
sexual offenders.
C. pornography was not used widely in these populations, only serial killers show
excessive rates of pornographic exposure.
D. pornography is used widely regardless of the type of criminal you are.
100 Check and Malamuth reported that students who read erotic rape stories and were
.
then debriefed about the study's true purpose were
A. more accepting of the "women enjoy rape" myth than other participants.
B. less accepting of the "women enjoy rape" myth than other participants.
C. more likely to overestimate the occurrence of rape in society than other
participants.
D. more likely to underestimate the occurrence of rape in society than other
participants.
101 Men who sexually coerce women often combine ___________ with ___________.
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
sexual fantasies; shyness.

sexual fantasies; hostile masculinity.
sexual promiscuity; shyness.
sexual promiscuity; hostile masculinity.
102 Sexually aggressive men typically

.
A.
B.
C.
D.
are sexually promiscuous.

exhibit hostility toward women.
desire dominance.
103 As an alternative to strict censorship of pornography portraying sexual violence,

.
many psychologists favour
A.
B.
C.
D.
federal registration of all those producing and distributing pornographic materials.

a heavy tax on the sale and distribution of pornographic materials.
media awareness training designed to promote critical viewing skills.
more adequate control of who is allowed to purchase pornographic materials.
104 Watching violence on television gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their
.
aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the ________________
hypothesis.
A.
B.
C.
D.
sensitization
catharsis
frustration-aggression
social learning
105 Research by the National Television Violence Survey found that ___________ programs
.
contained physically compelling action that threatens to hurt or kill, or actual hurting
or killing.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4 in 10
6 in 10
8 in 10
9 in 10
106 The lead story on the evening news was about the riot that day in the city where
.
Lynn lives. According to the catharsis hypothesis, after watching the footage of the
riot, Lynn will likely feel
A. the calmness that comes after emotional release.

B.
angrily aroused.
C. either A or B, depending on how much she has had to drink.
D.
107 Experimental evidence on the effects of viewing television violence leads to the
.
conclusion that
A. an aggressive predisposition in children causes a preference for TV violence.

B.
viewing TV violence increases violence.
C. viewing TV violence causes increased serotonin levels in adolescent boys.
D. viewing prime-time TV violence, but not cartoon violence, increases violence.
108 The conclusion of researchers on the relationship between violence in television and
.
real-life aggressive behaviour is best stated as the following:
A. Television is a cause of social violence but only in the long-term.

B. Television is not correlated with social violence.
C. Television is a controllable cause of social violence.
D. Television violence and social aggression are correlated but are not causally
linked.
109 Television violence can affect social behaviour in all but which of the following ways?
.
A. Viewing violence produces a catharsis or release of aggressive energy.
B. Viewing violence produces arousal in viewers.
C. Viewing violence produces disinhibition in viewers.
D.
Media portrayals of violence evoke imitation.
110 Eron and Huesmann found that violence viewing among 875 eight-year-olds
.
correlated with aggressiveness even after statistically pulling out several obvious
possible third factors. Moreover, when they restudied these individuals as 19 years
olds they discovered that viewing violence at age 8 ___________ predicted
aggressiveness at age 19, but that aggressiveness at age 8 __________ predict
viewing violence at age 19.
A.
B.
C.
D.
modestly; did not

highly; did not
did not; did
highly; did
111 According to research, viewing _______ portrayals is indeed associated with _______
.
behaviour.
A.
B.
C.
D.
antisocial; antisocial
antisocial; social
social; antisocial
112 According to research,

.
A.
B.
C.
D.
pornography is cause of social violence.

television is a cause of social violence.
Both A and B.
None of these choices.
113 Which of the following is not a reason why viewing television violence affects
.
behaviour?
A.
B.
C.
D.
it allows for emotional release

it produces arousal
it disinhibits behaviour
it evokes imitation
114 Positive, constructive, helpful social behaviour; the opposite of antisocial behaviour
.
defines
A.
B.
C.
D.
altruism.
prosocial behaviour.
persuasion.
conformity.
115 According to research,

.
A. television's fictional world also mould our conceptions of the real world.
B. television may affect our behaviour but it does not affect our thinking.
C. television affect our behaviour but not our attitudes.
D.
Both B and C
116 Which of the following is not a way in which television influences our thinking?
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
social scripts
altered perceptions
cognitive priming
sensitization
117 Fourteen-year-old Kevin frequently watches violent television programs. This will
.
most likely lead him to
A. experience more distress at the sight of teens fighting on the streets.

B. underestimate the actual frequency of violent crimes in the world.
C. become more interested in resolving the conflict between two of his personal
friends.
D. become more fearful of being criminally assaulted.
118 One of the dangers of viewing television violence is that it may provide us with
.
____________ on how to act in new situations or when we are uncertain.
A.
B.
C.
D.
deindividuation
social scripts
catharsis
diffusion of responsibility
119 Ken was walking along thinking intensely about a fight he witnessed during his last
.
hockey game. Scott was walking along thinking intensely about how to improve his
skating and stick-handling. When Ken and Scott bump into each other, who is most
likely to react with aggression?
A. Scott, because Ken would still be thinking about the earlier fight.
B. Ken, because he would experience the death instinct.
C. Scott, because his hockey-related thoughts would prime him for aggression.
D. Ken, because his violence-related thoughts would prime him for aggression.
120 According to the text, after viewing violence, Dave is more likely to
.
A. experience more distress at the sight of people fighting.
B. become more interested in supporting peace movements.
C. offer more hostile explanations for the behaviour of others.
D.
fight others.
121 In 2002, the video game industry celebrated its thirtieth birthday. In one survey of
.
fourth graders, 59% of girls and 73% of boys reported their favourite games as ______
ones.
A.
B.
C.
D.
violent
non-violent
Neither A or B
Both A and B
122 Playing violent games more than playing non-violent games

.
A.
B.
C.
D.
increases arousal.
increases aggressive thinking.
decreases prosocial behaviour.
123 Violent games __________ become more violent over the years.
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
have not
have
both A and B
124 Playing violent video games may be more detrimental than watching violent
.
television because of all but which of the following?
A. People identify with, and play the role of, a violent character.
B. People actively rehearse violence, not just passively watch it.
C. Violent behaviours are repeated over and over.
D. People are punished for aggressive behaviour in video games.
125 Pete has just been playing Mortal Kombat for 4 hours and goes out to the store to get
.
a slurpee. He sees a man fall on his way into the store. Pete is _______ likely to help
because ___________.
A. more; violent video games have relieved his pent up energy so he is in a better
mood.
B. more; he wants to feel better about himself after slaughtering many game
characters.
C. less; playing violent video games decreases prosocial behaviour.
D. less; he may interpret the man's behaviour with hostile intent.
126 Anderson (2003, 2004) encourages parents to discover what their kids are ingesting
.
and to ensure that their media diet is healthy, because
A.
B.
C.
D.
violent media influences aggressive tendencies.

violent media influences behaviour.
violent media influences attitudes.
127 When individuals engage in repeated violent video game playing, all of the following
.
are associated an increased aggressive personality except
A.
B.
C.
D.
beliefs and attitudes.

desensitization.
parents.
expectations.
128 Through social contagion groups __________ aggressive tendencies, much as they
.
__________ other tendencies.
A.
B.
C.
D.
decrease; increase
decrease; decrease
increase; increase
magnify; polarize
129 Researchers have found that in both the laboratory and real-world contexts,
.
increased aggression is predicted by
A.
B.
C.
D.
the presence of weapons.

male actors.
group interaction.
130 Increased aggression is predicted by

.
A.
B.
C.
D.
male actors, aggressive personalities, provocation.

Type A personalities, alcohol use, anonymity.
violence viewing, group interaction.
131 It is the near consensus among social psychologists today that the catharsis
.
hypothesis of aggressive expression, as Freud, Lorenz, and their followers supposed,
A.
has not been confirmed.
B. works with aggressive action but not with aggressive fantasy.
C.
works for women but not for men.
D. is well supported in most conditions and circumstances.
132 Experimental studies of the catharsis hypothesis lead to the conclusion that
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
expressing hostility leads to decreased violence.

expressing hostility breeds more hostility.
physical arousal leads to reduced aggression.
sexual arousal decreases physical aggression.
133 The social-learning approach suggests that to reduce aggression we should

.
A.
B.
C.
D.
model cooperative, nonaggressive behaviour.

reward cooperative, nonaggressive behaviour.
ignore aggressive behaviour.
134 Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned
.
about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their eight-year-old daughter?
A. "Encourage your daughter to express her anger by attacking an old piece of

furniture specifically set aside for that purpose."
B. "Spank your daughter for temper tantrums as well as for fighting with her
brother."
C. "Make a point of rewarding and praising your daughter whenever she is socially
cooperative and helpful."
D. "Encourage your daughter to play video games so she can release her anger
without hurting anyone."
135 What is aggression? Based on your own experiences, give an example of hostile
.
aggression and an example of instrumental aggression.
136 Discuss the biological perspective on aggression, including neural, genetic, and
.
biochemical influences.
137 Compare and contrast the frustration-aggression theory and the social-learning
.
theory of aggression.
138 Discuss the relationship between physiological arousal and aggression.

.
139 Discuss the relationship between pornography and sexual violence on aggression,
.
and the factors that contribute to this relationship.
140 Identify and discuss the four main cognitive effects of viewing television violence.
.
141 Identify and discuss the five consistent effects that have been found about the
.
effects of playing violent video games.
142 Research suggests that catharsis neither occurs nor effectively reduces aggression,
.
yet the notion of catharsis and its therapeutic effects is widely believed. Why?
143 Given what we know about the causes of aggression and the factors that contribute
.
to its expression, suggest five strategies for reducing aggression in our society.
9 Key
1.
(p. 314)
According to your text, ______________ is an example of the human potential for

extraordinary cruelty across the globe.
A.
B.
C.
D.
conformity.
genocide.
kidnapping.
obedience.
Blooms: Factual
Learning Objective: 09-01 Define aggression
Myers - Chapter 09 #1
2.
Which of the following is not an example of aggression?
(p. 315316)
A.
B.
C.
D.
terrorism
a predator stalking its prey
assisted suicide
bar brawl
Blooms: Conceptual
3.
(p. 314)
Twentieth-century humanity was the ________ educated, and homicidal, in history.

Adding in genocides and human-made famines, there were approximately _____
million "deaths by mass unpleasantness."
A.
B.
C.
D.
most; 10
least; 10
most; 182
least; 182
Blooms: Factual
4.
Behaviour intended at harming and hurting someone defines
(p. 315)
A.
B.
C.
D.
persuasion.
conformity.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
aggression.
Blooms: Definition
5.
(p. 315)
The act of deliberately hurting someone while driven by anger and performed as
an end in itself defines
A.
B.
C.
D.
aggression.
hostile aggression.
deliberate aggression.
Blooms: Factual
6.
(p. 315)
According to the text, a dynamic salesperson who is self-assured, energetic, and

"go-getting" on the sales floor should be described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
instrumentally aggressive.
manipulative.
aggressive.
assertive.
Blooms: Definition
7.
Aggression is any physical or verbal behaviour that
(p. 315)
A.
B.
C.
D.
may result in physical or psychological damage.

springs from anger or hostility.
results in harm regardless of intent.
is intended to hurt someone.
Blooms: Definition
8.
Which of the following would be an example of aggression as defined in the text?
(p. 315)
A. Sam accidentally slams the car door too quickly, and it hits Tim's knee.
B. Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing
some rumours about Marcy's social life.
C. Carla, a dentist, delivers a shot of Novocain before pulling her patient's diseased
tooth.
D. Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm result in his being promoted to sales manager
in a very short time.
Blooms: Conceptual
9.
(p. 315)
Which of the following would be considered aggression as the term is defined in

the text?
A. A motorist accidentally hits a child who has run into the car's path.
B. An assertive salesperson manages to sell $200,000 worth of automobiles in one
month.
C. A child attempts to hit a playmate with a rock but misses.
D.
All of these choices.
Blooms: Conceptual
10.
(p. 315)
Tawanda is upset with TinA. During a social gathering she verbally cuts Tina down
in front of others. Tawanda's behaviour is
A.
B.
C.
D.
assertive.
manipulative.
aggressive.
an example of displacement.
Blooms: Conceptual
11.
(p. 315)
___________ aggression in humans appears to parallel __________ aggression in

animals.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hostile; silent
Hostile; social
Instrumental; social
Social; silent
Blooms: Factual
12.
Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression?
(p. 315)
A. An angry football player tackles a quarterback after he has attempted a long

pass.
B. A jealous wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both.
C. A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to
poison him.
D. A man smashes his TV set after he cannot make it work.
Blooms: Conceptual
13.
(p. 316)
The death penalty has not been shown to effectively deter homicide. One reason
for this is that most murders are the result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
hormonal influences.
hostile aggression.
a malfunctioning amygdala.
Blooms: Factual
14.
Cold, calculated mob murders should be classified as
(p. 315)
A.
B.
C.
D.
genetically based.
hostile aggression.
silent aggression.
Blooms: Definition
15.
(p. 316)
Philosopher Thomas Hobbes sees laws as necessary to restrain and control the
"human brute." This brutish view of human nature was also held by
A.
B.
C.
D.
Jean-Jacque Rousseau
Albert Bandura
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
Blooms: Factual
Learning Objective: 09-02 Describe some theories of aggression
16.
Which of the following is false?
(p. 315319)
A. Animals' social aggression and silent aggression seem to involve the same brain
region.
B. Alcohol enhances violence by reducing people's self-awareness.
C. Low levels of serotonin are often found in the violence-prone.
D. "Hostile" aggression springs from emotions such as anger.
Blooms: Factual
17.
(p. 316327)
In analyzing the causes of aggression, social psychologists have focused on three

primary ideas. Which of the following is not one of them?
A. Aggression is a variable trait; some humans rarely behave aggressively, while

others cannot control aggressive impulses.
B. There is an inborn aggressive drive among human beings.
C. Aggression is a natural response to frustration.
D. Like other social behaviours, aggression is learned.
Blooms: Factual
18.
Instinctive behaviour is behaviour that is
(p. 316)
A. survival-oriented and common to most members of a species.

B. innate, unlearned, and shown by all members of a species.
C. reflexive and automatic but easily overcome by learning.
D. the way members of a species ought to behave.
Blooms: Definition
19.
Sigmund Freud argued that aggression ultimately springs from
(p. 316)
A.
B.
C.
D.
an innate sexual drive.

a primitive death urge.
observation of aggressive adult models.
blocking of goal-directed behaviour.
Blooms: Factual
20.
Who among the following argued that there is an inborn aggressive drive?
(p. 316)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Bandura
Berkowitz
Lorenz
Dollard
Blooms: Factual
21.
In contrast to Freud's view of aggression, Lorenz argued that
(p. 316)
A.
aggression is innate.
B. aggression can be adaptive rather than self-destructive.
C. aggression is biologically influenced but is not instinctive.
D.
aggression is socially learned.
Blooms: Factual
22.
Instinct theories of aggression would have the most difficulty accounting for
(p. 317)
A.
silent and social aggression in animals.
B. wide variations in aggressiveness from culture to culture.
C.
biochemical influences on aggression.
D.
unprovoked outbursts of aggression.
Blooms: Factual
23.
(p. 317)
Which theory is most susceptible to the criticism of trying to explain aggression by

naming it?
A.
B.
C.
D.
instrumental aggression theory

instinct theory
frustration-aggression theory
social-learning theory
Blooms: Factual
24.
(p. 317)
Your friend Regina tells you that geese must have a flocking instinct because she
often sees geese in flocks. Regina is doing something that social psychologists
have done with the problem of aggression. Regina is
A.
B.
C.
D.
mistaking habitat for ecology.

observing an adaptation-level phenomenon.
experiencing relative deprivation.
trying to explain observed behaviour by naming it.
Blooms: Conceptual
25.
(p. 318320)
Which of the following has not been shown to be a biochemical influence on

aggression?
A.
B.
C.
D.
alcohol
the amygdala
testosterone
serotonin
Blooms: Factual
26.
Raine and his colleagues found that
(p. 317)
A. the occipital area was 25% less active than normal in nonabused murderers and
B. the parietal area was 2% less active than normal in nonabused murderers and
C. the prefrontal cortex was 14% less active than normal in nonabused murderers
and 15% smaller in the antisocial men.
D.
All of the above
Blooms: Factual
27.
Abnormal brains can contribute to __________ aggressive behaviour.
(p. 317)
A.
B.
C.
D.
abnormally
normally
hostile
None of the above
Blooms: Factual
28.
Which of the following statements about aggression is true?
(p. 317318)
A. Animals of many species can be bred for aggressiveness.

B. A fearless, impulsive, temper-prone child is at risk for violent behaviour in
adolescence.
C. Identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to agree on whether they
have violent tempers.
D.
Blooms: Factual
29.
Research on alcohol and aggression has indicated that
(p. 318319)
A. violent people are both more likely to drink and more likely to become
aggressive when intoxicated.
B. people who have been drinking commit about half of all violent crimes.
C. in experiments, intoxicated people administer stronger shocks.
D.
Blooms: Factual

30.
(p. 318319)
Imagine that researchers have come up with a new substance called sumense,
which decreases people's self-awareness and reduces their ability to consider the
consequences of their actions. What effect do you expect sumense would have on
adolescents' aggression?
A. There is no reason to believe it would have any effect.

B. Sumense would likely enhance aggression.
C.
Sumense would likely decrease aggression.
D. Sumense would decrease aggressiveness of young males.
Blooms: Conceptual
31.
(p. 318)
MacDonald and colleagues found that _________ people administer stronger shocks
and feel angrier when thinking back on relationships.
A.
B.
C.
D.
intoxicated
fearless
impulsive
temperose
Blooms: Factual
32.
Alcohol enhances aggressiveness by reducing
(p. 318319)
A.
B.
C.
D.
testosterone levels.
self-awareness.
activity in the amygdala.
All of the these choices
Blooms: Factual
33.
(p. 319)
Compared to prisoners convicted of non-violent crimes, those convicted of

unprovoked violent crimes tend to
A.
B.
C.
D.
be first-borns.
have authoritarian attitudes.
be older.
have higher testosterone levels.
Blooms: Factual
34.
(p. 319)
Which of the following best describes the relation between aggressive behaviour
and testosterone?
A. Testosterone facilitates aggressiveness and aggressiveness boosts testosterone

levels.
B.
Testosterone facilitates aggressiveness only.
C. Aggressiveness boosts testosterone levels only.
D. There is no relation between aggressiveness and testosterone.
Blooms: Factual
35.
Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that
(p. 319)
A. hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in lower animals.

B. after age 25, testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together.
C. variations in testosterone seem to have no effect on behaviour within the
normal range of teen boys and adult men.
D.
Blooms: Factual
36.
(p. 319)
People in your class fit into one of two groups. The "Blues" are often depressed.
The "Reds" are never depressed. The two groups are otherwise the same. You
would expect that
A.
B.
C.
D.
the Blues have lower serotonin and are more likely to act aggressively.
the Reds have higher serotonin and are more likely to act aggressively.
the Blues have higher serotonin and are less likely to act aggressively.
the Reds have lower serotonin and are less likely to act aggressively.
Blooms: Conceptual

37.
(p. 319)
Laboratory studies have found that ___________ people's serotonin levels

____________ their responsiveness to aversive events and willingness to deliver
electric shocks.
A.
B.
C.
D.
increasing; increases
increasing; decreases
decreasing; increases
decreasing; decreases
Blooms: Factual
38.
(p. 317320)
Research on neural, genetic, and biochemical influences on aggression suggest

that
A.
aggression is inevitable in some individuals.
B. violent behaviour is biologically programmed into human nature.
C. biological influences predispose some people more than others to react
aggressively to conflict.
D.
Blooms: Factual
39.
(p. 320)
Jessie's car had a flat tire in the rain. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home
late only to have a parking spot just in front of her apartment taken by a faster
driver. Entering her home, she kicks her pet cat, who is waiting at the door. Jessie's
behaviour is perhaps most easily explained in terms of
A.
B.
C.
D.
frustration-aggression theory.
Murphy's law.
social learning theory.
Blooms: Conceptual
40.
A person punching a wall after losing a game of checkers is an example of
(p. 321)
A.
B.
C.
D.
regression.
displacement.
the weapons effect.
Blooms: Conceptual
41.
The blocking of goal-directed behaviour is called
(p. 320)
A.
B.
C.
D.
hostile aggression.
frustration.
displacement.
Blooms: Definition
42.
Frustration grows when
(p. 320)
A.
B.
C.
D.
our motivation to achieve a goal is very strong.

we expected gratification.
we are completely blocked in attaining our goal.
Blooms: Definition
43.
(p. 321)
A man who is humiliated by his boss berates his wife, who yells at their son, who
kicks the dog, which bites the mail carrier. This is an example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
displacement.
aberrant decoding.
aggression.
Blooms: Conceptual
44.
(p. 321)
After arguing with her boyfriend, Peter, over the telephone, Roberta smashes down
the receiver and then throws the phone across the room. This behaviour most
clearly demonstrates
A.
B.
C.
D.
the weapons effect.

displacement.
Blooms: Conceptual
45.
We are most likely to displace our aggression onto a target that is
(p. 321)
A. nothing like the person who provoked our anger in the first place.
B. similar to the person who provoked our anger in the first place.
C.
helpless to retaliate in kind.
D.
nonhuman.
Blooms: Factual
46.
(p. 321)
Becky has just had a frustrating day in her university classes and while she knows
she shouldn't behave aggressively towards her professors, she is angry and ends
up taking this out on someone else. Which of the following individuals is Becky
most likely to displace her aggression towards?
A. A lady at the grocery store that is holding up the line by counting out her
pennies.
B. Her boyfriend who comes over for dinner and surprises her with flowers.
C. A fellow student in one of her classes that annoys her by asking for her notes.
D. Her 6-year old sister who made a mess in her room while she was at school.
Blooms: Conceptual
47.
(p. 327)
Aggression is _______ likely when we are aroused and it seems safe and rewarding
to aggress.
A.
B.
C.
D.
most
least
both A and B
Blooms: Factual
48.
(p. 321323)
Imagine that you've just finished vacuuming when your young daughter races
through the house into the bathroom with her muddy shoes still on her feet.
According to the revised version of the frustration-aggression theory, in which
situation would you be the least angry at your daughter?
A.
Your daughter is only seven years old.
B.
Your daughter is with a friend.
C. Your daughter is ill and couldn't stop to take off her shoes.
D. No matter what the situation, you'll be furious.
Blooms: Conceptual
49.
Frustration triggers the most aggression when we perceive the frustration as
(p. 322)
A.
B.
C.
D.
inevitable.
deserved.
unjustified.
unwelcome.
Blooms: Factual
50.
Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory argues that
(p. 322)
A. frustration always leads to some form of aggression.

B. aggressive people are more sensitive to frustration cues.
C. frustration can produce many emotional responses, not solely aggression.
D. frustration produces anger; anger is released when confronted with aggressive
cues.
Blooms: Factual
51.
(p. 322323)
Your textbook author describes Marc Lepine's murder of 14 women at the cole
Polytechnique de Montral as an example of
A.
B.
the effects of alcohol on aggression.
C. frustration due to a disparity between expectations and attainments.
D.
frustration due to retroactive association.
Blooms: Factual
52.
(p. 323)
The perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself
is referred to as
A.
B.
C.
D.
the adaptation level phenomenon.

the unjust-world principle.
Blooms: Definition
53.
According to the text, frustration arises from the gap between
(p. 323)
A.
B.
C.
D.
expectation and attainments.

daily frustrations.
consistent minor irritations.
Both A and B
Blooms: Factual
54.
(p. 323)
Arvid didn't work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved
at first to find he'd gotten a C on it. But when he learned that most of his
classmates had gotten Bs and As, he felt unhappy and angry about his grade.
Arvid's experience is best explained in terms of
A.
B.
C.
D.

the relative deprivation principle.
displacement.
Blooms: Conceptual
55.
When your expectations are fulfilled by your attainments, you feel ___________.
(p. 323)
A.
B.
C.
D.
frustrated
stress
anger
satisfied
Blooms: Factual
56.
Three theories of aggression are
(p. 327)
A.
B.
C.
D.
instinct theory, social identity theory, and social learning theory.

realistic conflict theory, social identity theory, and frustration-aggression theory.
instinct theory, frustration-aggression theory, and social learning theory.
frustration-aggression theory, instinct theory, and realistic conflict theory.
Blooms: Factual
57.
The famous "Bobo doll" experiments were conducted by
(p. 325)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sigmund Freud.
Ken Dion.
Leonard Berkowitz.
Albert Bandura.
Blooms: Factual
58.
(p. 324)
Hennigan and colleagues suggest that the larceny theft rate in U.S. cities jumped
after television was first introduced because the thieves
A.
observed too much crime on television.
B. felt deprived relative to wealthy television characters and those portrayed in
advertisements.
C. became more removed from the socializing influence of home and school.
D. wanted but could not afford the luxury of a television set.
Blooms: Factual
59.
Which of the following is the best example of frustration-induced aggression?
(p. 321)
A.
B.
C.
D.
suicide bombing
road rage
terrorist acts
sexual coercion
Blooms: Conceptual
60.
(p. 324)
Jeremy instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school
playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most
clearly suggests that his aggression is
A.
B.
C.
D.
the result of frustration.

instinctive.
a learned response.
the result of displacement.
Blooms: Conceptual
61.
(p. 325)
According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be

aggressive is
A.
B.
C.
D.
hormonal factors.
how much anger or frustration has built up inside.
one's hereditary predisposition to be aggressive.
observations of others' behaviour.
Blooms: Factual
62.
(p. 325)
In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and colleagues, children watched an

adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some attractive toys
they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they
A.
began to cry.
B.
attacked a Bobo doll.
C.
verbally attacked the adult experimenter.
D. chose to watch a violent rather than a non-violent film.
Blooms: Factual
63.
(p. 325)
Research reports that _______ of juveniles in detention did not grow up with two
parents.
A.
B.
C.
D.
10%
50%
70%
88%
Blooms: Factual
64.
Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that
(p. 325)
A. most abused children become abusive parents.

B. higher rates of violence occur where father care is minimal.
C. an only child tends to be more aggressive in social situations outside the family.
D.
Blooms: Factual
65.
(p. 325)
Although most abused children do not become criminals or abusive parents,

___________ do later abuse their own children.
A.
B.
C.
D.
20%
30%
40%
50%
Blooms: Factual
66.
The correlation between parental (father) absence and violence holds
(p. 325)
A.
B.
C.
D.
only for minority populations.

only for low status families.
only among the poorly educated.
across race, status, and education.
Blooms: Factual
67.
Research with children suggests that observing aggressive behaviour can
(p. 325)
A.
B.
C.
D.
lower their inhibitions against aggression.

teach them ways to be aggressive.
lead them to imitate directly aggressive behaviour.
Blooms: Conceptual
68.
In the Southern culture of honour, White men are
(p. 326327)
A. twice as likely as rural Midwestern White men to have guns for protection.
B. half as likely to agree that "a man has a right to kill to defend his home."
C.
twice as likely to be against spanking.
D.
half as likely to support wars.
Blooms: Factual
69.
According to cross-cultural research, __________ attacks breed __________ attacks.
(p. 330)
A.
B.
C.
D.
intentional; retaliatory
non-intentional; retaliatory
both A and B
Blooms: Factual
Learning Objective: 09-03 Discuss some influences on aggression
70.
According to social-learning theory, aversive experiences lead directly to
(p. 327)
A.
B.
C.
D.
aggression.
anticipated negative consequences.
emotional arousal.
constructive problem solving.
Blooms: Factual
71.
(p. 327)
According to social-learning theory, aggression is most likely when we ___________

and ____________.
A. are aroused; it seems safe and rewarding to aggress

B. feel hopeless; alternative strategies to achieve important goals have failed
C. are deprived; see others profiting from aggression
D. suffer a loss of self-esteem; want to impress others
Blooms: Factual
72.
The recipe for aggression often includes
(p. 32830)
A.
B.
C.
D.
pain.
an attack.
uncomfortable heat.
Blooms: Factual
73.
Azrin's research with rats and other animal species has found
(p. 328)
A. a consistent pain-attack response that occurs across species.

B. aggressive responses vary across species depending on the level of
provocation.
C. pain from shocks leads to attack only against one's own species.
D. only physical pain, and not psychological pain, led to aggressive responses.
Blooms: Factual
74.
(p. 329)
Berkowitz showed that __________ rather than __________ is the basic trigger of
hostile aggression.
A.
B.
C.
D.
aversive stimulation; frustration

frustration; aversive stimulation
frustration; pain
pain; aversive stimulation
Blooms: Factual
75.
Aggressive behaviour has been linked with
(p. 329)
A.
B.
C.
D.
offensive behaviour.
cigarette smoking.
air pollution.
Blooms: Factual
76.
According to research,
(p. 329)
A.
B.
C.
D.
hotter days have more violent crimes.

cooler days have more violent crimes.
hotter days have least violent crimes.
None of the above
Blooms: Factual
77.
Which of the following aversive events can trigger an angry emotional outburst?
(p. 331)
A.
B.
C.
D.
overcrowding
a dashed expectation
a personal insult
Blooms: Factual
78.
(p. 331)
Research in the laboratory and in real life suggests that pain, personal attacks, and
overcrowding are _______ experiences that _______ the likelihood of aggression.
A.
B.
C.
D.
aversive; increase
aversive; decrease
frustrating; do not affect
frustrating; decrease
Blooms: Factual
79.
(p. 330)
In most studies of attack aggression, competing participants get to choose how

much shock to give the loser after they beat him or her in one round of a contest.
Which of the following axioms seems to guide the behaviour of participants who
have received escalating shocks from a programmed opponent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
"Turn the other cheek."

"The word is mightier than the sword."
"A soft answer: turneth away wrath."
"An eye for an eye."
Blooms: Conceptual
80.
(p. 330331)
In Schachter and Singer's classic study, participants injected with adrenaline were
exposed to either an angry or a euphoric confederate. Participants who expected
the injection to make them feel _____ became _____ when placed with the angry
confederate.
A.
B.
C.
D.
aroused; angry
aroused; euphoric
no side effects; angry
no side effects; euphoric
Blooms: Factual
81.
(p. 331)
The results of the Schachter and Singer experiment in which participants were
injected with adrenaline prior to waiting with either a hostile or euphoric person
support the idea that
A. bodily arousal feeds one emotion or another depending on how we interpret the
arousal.
B. distinct physiological differences exist among the emotions.
C. frustration is largely a function of our prior experience and of whom we compare
ourselves with.
D. every emotion triggers an opposing emotion.
Blooms: Factual
82.
(p. 331)
Imagine that Steve is driving home, when a car cuts him off on the highway. Under
which of the following conditions is the most likely to be enraged by this incident?
A. When he's on his way home from a 12-hour shift at work

B. When he's on his way home from a lecture on stress reduction and relaxation
techniques
C. When he's on his way home from an electrifying rock concert
D. When he's on his way home from his mother's house
Blooms: Conceptual
83.
(p. 331)
Nancy is running around in the park, playing a vigorous game with her children,
when she sees someone who treated her badly at a recent social event. She feels
a very strong surge of anger. This is an example of the idea that
A.
B.
C.
D.
alcohol unleashes aggression.

group membership increases hostility.
pheno-motives are dangerous.
Blooms: Conceptual
84.
(p. 330331)
Sandra and her date Adrian are on a rollercoaster at the fair. After getting off the
ride, Sandra is feeling like she may be falling in love with Adrian. This example can
be best explained by the fact that
A.
B.
C.
D.
arousal decreases aggressive impulses.

engaging in similar events influences attraction.
arousal decreases psychological inhibitions.
Blooms: Conceptual
85.
(p. 322)
In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz maintained that frustration

most directly produces
A.
B.
C.
D.
anger.
aggression.
arousal.
Blooms: Factual
86.
(p. 322)
In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the

importance of
A.
aggressive cues, such as weapons.
B. the role of biochemical influences, such as alcohol.
C. relative deprivation and the adaptation level phenomenon.
D.
catharsis as a reducer of frustration.
Blooms: Factual
87.
(p. 332)
Berkowitz and LePage (1967) found that frustrated men delivered more shocks
when
A.
guns happened to be in the room.
B. badminton racquets happened to be in the room.
C. they had just received a shot that lowers serotonin levels.
D.
they were initially depressed.
Blooms: Factual
88.
Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can
(p. 332)
A.
B.
C.
D.
elicit frustration.
sensitize one to the danger of violence.
amplify aggression.
produce catharsis.
Blooms: Factual
89.
(p. 332)
As a prominent social psychologist you have been asked to give advice to the
government of a new nation. What should the government do to prevent as many
murders as possible?
A. It should carefully restrict handgun ownership.

B. It should spend a great deal of money on policing.
C. It should swiftly punish all murderers with the death penalty.
D. It should institute long jail sentences for convicted murderers.
Blooms: Conceptual
90.
(p. 333)
According to research, a gun in the home has often meant the difference between
___________ and ___________, or between suffering and suicide.
A.
B.
C.
D.
a fight; a funeral
non conflict; persuasion
a fight; a conflict
Blooms: Factual
91.
(p. 333)
Researchers have argued that the presence of guns can elicit violence because
they serve as aggression cues. According to your text, what other reason is
associated with increased violence when guns, as compared to other weapons, are
present?
A. People conform to the situational influences around them.

B. Social learning theory dictates that observed violence leads to displayed
violence.
C. Guns put psychological distance between the aggressor and the victim.
D. Guns are arousing, but only when the individuals are familiar with them.
Blooms: Factual
92.
(p. 332)
Celeste lives in Vancouver, and her friend Yannick lives in Seattle. Based on
research regarding restrictions on handgun ownership, which person is more likely
to be the victim of gun-related violence?
A.
Celeste
B.
Yannick
C. Both are equally likely to be the victim of gun-related violence.
D. Neither person as cities on the West Coast have less violence overall than cities
on the East Coast.
Blooms: Conceptual
93.
(p. 334)
Which of the following has been found to be an effect of modelling sexual violence
in movies and television?
A. Women are more likely to believe rape is a serious crime

B. Men become more accepting of violence against women
C. Women become more aggressive toward other women
D.
Blooms: Factual
94.
(p. 334)
Repeated exposure to fictional scenes of a man overpowering and arousing a

woman
A.
create a catharsis experience for men.
B. distort people's perceptions of how women actually respond to sexual coercion.
C.
decrease men's aggression against women.
D.
None of these choices
Blooms: Factual
95.
(p. 334)
Viewing sexually violent movies _____________ men to brutality and results in

_____________ for rape victims.
A.
B.
C.
D.
sensitizes; less aggression

sensitizes; more sympathy
desensitizes; less sympathy
desensitizes; more sympathy
Blooms: Factual

96.
(p. 334)
One of the reasons that it is important to protest the showing of movies that depict
women enjoying sexual coercion is
A.
B.
C.
D.
the norm of group cohesiveness.

subtle messages can be very persuasive.
deprivation leads to frustration.
the strong effect of differential sensibility.
Blooms: Conceptual
97.
(p. 342)
Two groups of research participants are shown the same very violent film. Group A
is very disturbed by the film. Group B is not disturbed by the film. What is the most
likely explanation for the difference?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Group A has seen fewer violent films than Group B.

Group A is in a large, dark room.
Group B is experiencing parapraxis.
There is no explanation.
Blooms: Conceptual
98.
Laboratory experiments confirm that exposure to violent pornography
(p. 335)
A. increases punitive behaviour toward women.

B. increases punitive behaviour toward both men and women.
C. increases men's sympathy toward female victimization.
D.
Blooms: Factual
99.
A study of Ontario rapists, child molesters, and non-sexual offenders found that
(p. 335)
A. non-sexual offenders used pornography more than rapists and child molesters,
and they used it as an outlet to release their sexual tensions.
B. rapists and child molesters used pornography much more than men who were
not sexual offenders.
C. pornography was not used widely in these populations, only serial killers show
excessive rates of pornographic exposure.
D. pornography is used widely regardless of the type of criminal you are.
Blooms: Factual
100. Check and Malamuth reported that students who read erotic rape stories and were
(p. 336)
then debriefed about the study's true purpose were
A. more accepting of the "women enjoy rape" myth than other participants.
B. less accepting of the "women enjoy rape" myth than other participants.
C. more likely to overestimate the occurrence of rape in society than other
participants.
D. more likely to underestimate the occurrence of rape in society than other
participants.
Blooms: Factual
101. Men who sexually coerce women often combine ___________ with ___________.
(p. 337)
A.
B.
C.
D.
sexual fantasies; shyness.

sexual fantasies; hostile masculinity.
sexual promiscuity; shyness.
sexual promiscuity; hostile masculinity.
Blooms: Factual
102. Sexually aggressive men typically

(p. 337)
A.
B.
C.
D.
are sexually promiscuous.

exhibit hostility toward women.
desire dominance.
Blooms: Factual

103. As an alternative to strict censorship of pornography portraying sexual violence,

(p. 336)
many psychologists favour
A. federal registration of all those producing and distributing pornographic

materials.
B. a heavy tax on the sale and distribution of pornographic materials.
C. media awareness training designed to promote critical viewing skills.
D. more adequate control of who is allowed to purchase pornographic materials.
Blooms: Factual
104. Watching violence on television gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their
(p. 338)
aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the ________________
hypothesis.
A.
B.
C.
D.
sensitization
catharsis
frustration-aggression
social learning
Blooms: Conceptual
105. Research by the National Television Violence Survey found that ___________
(p. 338)
programs contained physically compelling action that threatens to hurt or kill, or
actual hurting or killing.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4
6
8
9
in
in
in
in
10
10
10
10
Blooms: Factual
106. The lead story on the evening news was about the riot that day in the city where
(p. 338)
Lynn lives. According to the catharsis hypothesis, after watching the footage of the
riot, Lynn will likely feel
A. the calmness that comes after emotional release.

B.
angrily aroused.
C. either A or B, depending on how much she has had to drink.
D.
Blooms: Conceptual
107. Experimental evidence on the effects of viewing television violence leads to the
(p. 340conclusion that
341)
A. an aggressive predisposition in children causes a preference for TV violence.

B.
viewing TV violence increases violence.
C. viewing TV violence causes increased serotonin levels in adolescent boys.
D. viewing prime-time TV violence, but not cartoon violence, increases violence.
Blooms: Factual
108. The conclusion of researchers on the relationship between violence in television

(p. 341)
and real-life aggressive behaviour is best stated as the following:
A. Television is a cause of social violence but only in the long-term.

B. Television is not correlated with social violence.
C. Television is a controllable cause of social violence.
D. Television violence and social aggression are correlated but are not causally
linked.
Blooms: Factual
109. Television violence can affect social behaviour in all but which of the following
(p. 346)
ways?
A. Viewing violence produces a catharsis or release of aggressive energy.

B. Viewing violence produces arousal in viewers.
C. Viewing violence produces disinhibition in viewers.
D. Media portrayals of violence evoke imitation.
Blooms: Factual

110. Eron and Huesmann found that violence viewing among 875 eight-year-olds
(p. 339)
correlated with aggressiveness even after statistically pulling out several obvious
possible third factors. Moreover, when they restudied these individuals as 19 years
olds they discovered that viewing violence at age 8 ___________ predicted
aggressiveness at age 19, but that aggressiveness at age 8 __________ predict
viewing violence at age 19.
A.
B.
C.
D.
modestly; did not

highly; did not
did not; did
highly; did
Blooms: Factual
111. According to research, viewing _______ portrayals is indeed associated with _______
(p. 357behaviour.
358)
A.
B.
C.
D.
antisocial; antisocial
antisocial; social
social; antisocial
Blooms: Factual

(p. 341)
A.
B.
C.
D.
pornography is cause of social violence.

television is a cause of social violence.
Both A and B.
None of these choices.
Blooms: Factual
113. Which of the following is not a reason why viewing television violence affects
(p. 341)
behaviour?
A.
B.
C.
D.
it allows for emotional release

it produces arousal
it disinhibits behaviour
it evokes imitation
Blooms: Factual
114. Positive, constructive, helpful social behaviour; the opposite of antisocial

(p. 341)
behaviour defines
A.
B.
C.
D.
altruism.
prosocial behaviour.
persuasion.
conformity.
Blooms: Definition

(p. 341342)
A. television's fictional world also mould our conceptions of the real world.
B. television may affect our behaviour but it does not affect our thinking.
C. television affect our behaviour but not our attitudes.
D.
Both B and C
Blooms: Factual
116. Which of the following is not a way in which television influences our thinking?
(p. 342343)
A.
B.
C.
D.
social scripts
altered perceptions
cognitive priming
sensitization
Blooms: Factual
117. Fourteen-year-old Kevin frequently watches violent television programs. This will
(p. 342)
most likely lead him to
A. experience more distress at the sight of teens fighting on the streets.

B. underestimate the actual frequency of violent crimes in the world.
C. become more interested in resolving the conflict between two of his personal
friends.
D. become more fearful of being criminally assaulted.
Blooms: Conceptual
118. One of the dangers of viewing television violence is that it may provide us with
(p. 342)
____________ on how to act in new situations or when we are uncertain.
A.
B.
C.
D.
deindividuation
social scripts
catharsis
diffusion of responsibility
Blooms: Factual
119. Ken was walking along thinking intensely about a fight he witnessed during his last
(p. 341)
hockey game. Scott was walking along thinking intensely about how to improve his
skating and stick-handling. When Ken and Scott bump into each other, who is most
likely to react with aggression?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Scott, because Ken would still be thinking about the earlier fight.
Ken, because he would experience the death instinct.
Scott, because his hockey-related thoughts would prime him for aggression.
Ken, because his violence-related thoughts would prime him for aggression.
Blooms: Conceptual
120. According to the text, after viewing violence, Dave is more likely to
(p. 343)
A. experience more distress at the sight of people fighting.

B. become more interested in supporting peace movements.
C. offer more hostile explanations for the behaviour of others.
D.
fight others.
Blooms: Conceptual

121. In 2002, the video game industry celebrated its thirtieth birthday. In one survey of
(p. 344)
fourth graders, 59% of girls and 73% of boys reported their favourite games as
______ ones.
A.
B.
C.
D.
violent
non-violent
Neither A or B
Both A and B
Blooms: Factual
122. Playing violent games more than playing non-violent games

(p. 344345)
A.
B.
C.
D.
increases arousal.
increases aggressive thinking.
decreases prosocial behaviour.
Blooms: Conceptual
123. Violent games __________ become more violent over the years.
(p. 346)
A.
B.
C.
D.
have not
have
both A and B
Blooms: Factual
124. Playing violent video games may be more detrimental than watching violent
(p. 344)
television because of all but which of the following?
A. People identify with, and play the role of, a violent character.
B. People actively rehearse violence, not just passively watch it.
C. Violent behaviours are repeated over and over.
D. People are punished for aggressive behaviour in video games.
Blooms: Factual
125. Pete has just been playing Mortal Kombat for 4 hours and goes out to the store to
(p. 345)
get a slurpee. He sees a man fall on his way into the store. Pete is _______ likely to
help because ___________.
A. more; violent video games have relieved his pent up energy so he is in a better
mood.
B. more; he wants to feel better about himself after slaughtering many game
characters.
C. less; playing violent video games decreases prosocial behaviour.
D. less; he may interpret the man's behaviour with hostile intent.
Blooms: Conceptual
126. Anderson (2003, 2004) encourages parents to discover what their kids are
(p. 344ingesting and to ensure that their media diet is healthy, because
345)
A.
B.
C.
D.
violent media influences aggressive tendencies.

violent media influences behaviour.
violent media influences attitudes.
Blooms: Factual
127. When individuals engage in repeated violent video game playing, all of the
(p. 344following are associated an increased aggressive personality except
345)
A.
B.
C.
D.
beliefs and attitudes.

desensitization.
parents.
expectations.
Blooms: Factual
128. Through social contagion groups __________ aggressive tendencies, much as they
(p. 347)
__________ other tendencies.
A.
B.
C.
D.
decrease; increase
decrease; decrease
increase; increase
magnify; polarize
Blooms: Factual
129. Researchers have found that in both the laboratory and real-world contexts,
(p. 348)
increased aggression is predicted by
A.
B.
C.
D.
the presence of weapons.

male actors.
group interaction.
Blooms: Factual
130. Increased aggression is predicted by

(p. 348)
A.
B.
C.
D.
male actors, aggressive personalities, provocation.

Type A personalities, alcohol use, anonymity.
violence viewing, group interaction.
Blooms: Factual
131. It is the near consensus among social psychologists today that the catharsis
(p. 350)
hypothesis of aggressive expression, as Freud, Lorenz, and their followers
supposed,
A.
has not been confirmed.
B. works with aggressive action but not with aggressive fantasy.
C.
works for women but not for men.
D. is well supported in most conditions and circumstances.
Blooms: Factual
Learning Objective: 09-04 Discuss how aggression can be reduced
132. Experimental studies of the catharsis hypothesis lead to the conclusion that
(p. 351)
A.
B.
C.
D.
expressing hostility leads to decreased violence.

expressing hostility breeds more hostility.
physical arousal leads to reduced aggression.
sexual arousal decreases physical aggression.
Blooms: Factual
133. The social-learning approach suggests that to reduce aggression we should

(p. 351352)
A.
B.
C.
D.
model cooperative, nonaggressive behaviour.

reward cooperative, nonaggressive behaviour.
ignore aggressive behaviour.
Blooms: Factual
134. Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned
(p. 352)
about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their eight-year-old daughter?
A. "Encourage your daughter to express her anger by attacking an old piece of

furniture specifically set aside for that purpose."
B. "Spank your daughter for temper tantrums as well as for fighting with her
brother."
C. "Make a point of rewarding and praising your daughter whenever she is socially
cooperative and helpful."
D. "Encourage your daughter to play video games so she can release her anger
without hurting anyone."
Blooms: Conceptual
135. What is aggression? Based on your own experiences, give an example of hostile
(p. 315)
aggression and an example of instrumental aggression.
Answers will vary

Blooms: Conceptual
Blooms: Definition
136. Discuss the biological perspective on aggression, including neural, genetic, and
(p. 316biochemical influences.
320)
Answers will vary

Blooms: Knowledge
137. Compare and contrast the frustration-aggression theory and the social-learning
(p. 320theory of aggression.
327)
Answers will vary

Blooms: Analytical
138. Discuss the relationship between physiological arousal and aggression.

(p. 330331)
Answers will vary

Blooms: Knowledge
139. Discuss the relationship between pornography and sexual violence on aggression,
(p. 333and the factors that contribute to this relationship.
337)
Answers will vary

Blooms: Knowledge
140. Identify and discuss the four main cognitive effects of viewing television violence.
(p. 342343)
Answers will vary

Blooms: Knowledge
141. Identify and discuss the five consistent effects that have been found about the
(p. 344effects of playing violent video games.
346)
Answers will vary

Blooms: Knowledge
142. Research suggests that catharsis neither occurs nor effectively reduces
(p. 349aggression, yet the notion of catharsis and its therapeutic effects is widely
351)
believed. Why?
Answers will vary

Blooms: Conceptual
143. Given what we know about the causes of aggression and the factors that
(p. 351contribute to its expression, suggest five strategies for reducing aggression in our
353)
society.
Answers will vary

Blooms: Conceptual
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9

1. According to your text, ______________ is an example of the human potential for

2. Which of the following is not an example of aggression?

3. Twentieth-century humanity was the ________ educated, and homicidal, in history.

4. Behaviour intended at harming and hurting someone defines

7. Aggression is any physical or verbal behaviour that

may result in physical or psychological damage.

8. Which of the following would be an example of aggression as defined in the text?

11. ___________ aggression in humans appears to parallel __________ aggression in

12. Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression?

14. Cold, calculated mob murders should be classified as

16. Which of the following is false?

A. Aggression is a variable trait; some humans rarely behave aggressively, while

A. survival-oriented and common to most members of a species.

an innate sexual drive.

21. In contrast to Freud's view of aggression, Lorenz argued that

instrumental aggression theory

mistaking habitat for ecology.

26. Raine and his colleagues found that

28. Which of the following statements about aggression is true?

A. Animals of many species can be bred for aggressiveness.

A. There is no reason to believe it would have any effect.

32. Alcohol enhances aggressiveness by reducing

33. Compared to prisoners convicted of non-violent crimes, those convicted of

A. Testosterone facilitates aggressiveness and aggressiveness boosts testosterone

35. Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that

A. hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in lower animals.

40. A person punching a wall after losing a game of checkers is an example of

41. The blocking of goal-directed behaviour is called

42. Frustration grows when

our motivation to achieve a goal is very strong.

the weapons effect.

50. Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory argues that

A. frustration always leads to some form of aggression.

the adaptation level phenomenon.

expectation and attainments.

the adaptation-level phenomenon.

56. Three theories of aggression are

instinct theory, social identity theory, and social learning theory.

57. The famous "Bobo doll" experiments were conducted by

the result of frustration.

61. According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be

64. Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that

A. most abused children become abusive parents.

only for minority populations.

lower their inhibitions against aggression.

68. In the Southern culture of honour, White men are

70. According to social-learning theory, aversive experiences lead directly to

A. are aroused; it seems safe and rewarding to aggress

a consistent pain-attack response that occurs across species.

aversive stimulation; frustration

75. Aggressive behaviour has been linked with

76. According to research,

hotter days have more violent crimes.

"Turn the other cheek."

A. When he's on his way home from a 12-hour shift at work

alcohol unleashes aggression.

arousal decreases aggressive impulses.

85. In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz maintained that frustration

86. In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance

A. It should carefully restrict handgun ownership.

People conform to the situational influences around them.

A. Women are more likely to believe rape is a serious crime

sensitizes; less aggression

11. _ aggression in humans appears to parallel aggression in

_ aggression in humans appears to parallel aggression in