ABDOMEN & PELVIS

1.

1.1 Describe the arterial supply of the colon.(40)

1.2 List the histological differences in the mucosa of the ileum and colon.(30)
1.3 Explain the embryological basis of
a)Subhepatic caecum
(15)
b)Imperforate anus
(15)
(AL2002 main)

2.

2.1 Describe the structure of the spermatic cord and its coverings.(80)
2.2 Explain how the arrangement of the blood vessels in the spermatic cord assists in
spermatogenesis.(20)
(AL2002 main)

3.

3.1 Describe the relations of left kidney.(60)

3.2 Describe the course of the ureters from its commencement to its termination.(40)

4.

Describe the anatomy of the pancreas.(100)

5.

5.1 Describe the blood supply of the stomach.(50)

5.2 Explain the formation of lesser sac.(50)

6.

Discuss the anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall below umbilicus and how they
contribute to their clinical importance.(100)

7.

Describe joints and ligaments between two lumbar vertebrae.

8.

8.1 Describe the relations of biliary system.(80)

8.2 Explain the embryology.(20)

9.

9.1 Describe the anatomy of bladder.(80)

9.2 Give an account of embryological abnormalities related to bladder.(20)

10.

10.1 Describe the male urethra. (70)

10.2 Explain the embryological components that contribute to the formation of male
urethra.(30)

11.

11.1 Give an account of prostate and its relations.(80)

11.2 Anatomical features with clinical importance.(20)

12.

12.1 Describe the normal position and peritoneal relations of uterus.(60)

12.2 Explain the supports of uterus.(40)

13.

13.1 Describe superficial & deep perineal spaces including its contents.(80)
13.2 Discuss features with clinical importance.(20)

14.

Describe the anatomy of ductus deferens.(100)

15.

15.1 Name the structures that pass through the umbilicus during fetal life.
15.2 Describe the congenital anomalies that may arise in this region.

16.

Describe the relations of duodenum and its blood supply.

17.

Describe the anatomy of the extrahepatic biliary system.(100)

(AL2002 rep)

18.

Write notes on
a) Prostatic urethra.
b) Vagina

(AL2002 rep)

(35)
(35)

19.

19.1 Describe the relations of the second part of the duodenum and the microscopic
structure of its mucosa.(50)
19.2 Describe the anatomy of the Ampulla of Vater and add a note on its
development.(50)
(AL2003 main)

20.

20.1 Explain the differences between ileum and jejunum.(40)

20.2 Describe porto systemic anastamoses.(40)
20.3 Name the structures going through the umbilicus and their remnants.(20)

21.

21.1 Explain the relations of bladder.(40)

21.2Describe the male urethra.(40)
21.3Name the embryological components of male urethra.(20)

22. Write notes on

a)Paramesonephric duct (40)
b)Extrahepatic biliary system(40)
23.

23.1 A 40 year old female was admitted to the surgical casualty with severe epigastric
pain and a diagnosis of a biliary colic (pain due to stones in the gallbladder) was
made.
a. Name the region of the anterior abdominal wall ahere the gall bladder is located.
(10)
b. Why was the pain felt in epigastrium?(20)
23.2 The surgeon recommends that she should have her gallbladder removed. During
the operation an incision is made in the anterior abdominal wall over the
gallbladder.
a. List the layers of the abdominal wall which are incised.(20)
b. Draw a labeled diagram f the extra hepatic biliary system.(20)
c. Give the relations of the gallbladder to the different parts of the intestines.(20)
23.3 Following the removal of the gallbladder the specimen is sent for histology and the
report indicates a normal gallbladder wall.
Name the cells in the mucosa of the gallbladder.
(10)
(AL2004 main)

24. A 65 year old woman complained of pain in the right side of her abdomen.On
examination the attending doctor found a mass (lump) in the right iliac fossa.
Investigation revealed a cancer in the caecum.
24.1 What are the boundaries of the right iliac fossa?(15)
24.2 List the intra abdominal structures found in this region.(25)
24.3 Describe the lymphatic drainage of the caecum and the ascending colon.(30)
A plain X ray of the abdomen showed dilated small bowel loops.
24.4 What are the differences in the small & large bowel as seen in a plain X ray of the
abdomen? Give the anatomical reasons. Use diagrams as appropriate.(30)
(AL2005 main)
25. 25.1 Describe the relations of the psoas major muscle.(60)
25.2 Discuss the arrangement of the psoas fascia and its clinical significance.(40)
(AL2002 CAT2)
26. 26.1 Draw labeled diagram of the extrahepatic biliary system.
Briefly describe its development.
(50)
26.2 Describe the arrangement of blood vessels in relation to liver lobules and discuss
their functional and clinical significance.
(50)
(AL2002 CAT2)
27. 27.1 Describe the blood supply (arterial & venous) of the rectum and anal canal.(80)
27.2 State briefly the anatomical basis of haemorrhoids.(20)
(AL2002 CAT2)
28. 28.1 Describe the rectus sheath.(60)
28.2 Add a note on the origin and course of the inferior epigastric artery.(40)
(AL2003 CAT2)
29. 29.1 Describe the 2nd part (descending part) of the duodenum.(60)
29.2 State briefly the development of the pancreas.(40)
(AL2003 CAT2)
30. 30.1 Describe the course and relations of the left ureter.(50)
30.1 Describe the microscopy of the ureter and indicate the functional adaptations.(50)
(AL2003 CAT2)
31. 31.1 Describe the root of the mesentery of the small intestine and the arrangement of
the structures of the mesentery. (50)
31.2 Give the histological differences in the mucosa of the small intestine and the large
intestine.(30)
(AL98/99 main)

32. 32.1 Describe the relations of the head of the pancreas.(50)

32.2 Give the lymphatic drainage of the pancreas.(25)
32.3 Describe the light microscopic appearance of the pancreatic exocrine unit.(25)
(AL1996 CAT2)
33. 33.1 Describe the descent of the testis.(70)
33.2 Describe the arterial supply and the venous drainage of the testis.(30)
(AL1996 CAT2)
34. 34.1 Describe the rectus sheath.(60)
34.2 List the structures found in the umbilicus in foetus.(10)
34.3 Give the clinical significance of the structures listed in 34.2 in the adults.(30)
(AL1996 CAT2)
35. 35.1 Describe the extent and relations of the right ureter.(60)
35.2 Draw and label a transverse section of the ureter and state the special features of
its epithelium.(30)
35.3 What are the embryological structures from which the urinary bladder develops?
(10)
(AL1997 CAT2)
36. 36.1 Describe the supports of the uterus.(70)
36.2 What are the microscopic features of the endometrium in the secretory phase?(30)
(AL1997 CAT2)
37. 37.1 Describe the contents and relations of the spermatic cord below the superficial
inguinal ring.(70)
37.2 Name the structures that pass through the umbilicus in fetal life and indicate what
they form in the adults.(30)
(AL1998 CAT2)
38. 38.1 Describe the nerve supply of the transverse colon, including the arrangement of the
nerves in its wall.(60)
38.2 Describe the blood supply of t6he appendix.(40)
(AL1998 CAT2)
39. 39.1 Describe the structures that maintain the uterus in its normal position.(50)
39.2 Describe the embryological basis of an abnormal external urethral orifice in the
male.(50)
(AL1998 CAT2)
40. 40.1 Describe the arrangement of the extrahepatic biliary system.(50)
40.2 Discuss the blood flow in a liver lobule.(35)
40.3 What are the embryological components of the liver?(15)
(AL2000 CAT2)
41. 41.1 Describe the posterior relations of the left kidney.(50)
41.2 Discuss how the microscopic structure of the ureter is adapted to its function.(35)
41.3 List the adult structures derived from the intermediate mesoderm.(15)
(AL2000 CAT2)

42. 42.1 Describe the attachment ,relations and contents of the pelvic (sigmoid) mesocolon.
(40)
42.2 State the distribution of the superior rectal artery.(40)
42.3 Discuss how the distribution of the superior rectal vessel determine the position of
haemorrhidal masses in the anal canal.(20)
(AL2000 CAT2)
43. 43.1 Describe the attachment and contents of the lesser omentum.(60)
43.2 State briefly its development.(40)
(AL2001 CAT2)
44. 44.1 Describe the relations of the left kidney.(50)
44.2 Discuss the structure of renal corpuscle in relation to its function.(50)
(AL2001 CAT2)
45. 45.1 Give an account of the origin and cause of the uterine artery.(40)
45.2 Describe the microscopic structure of the uterine cervix.(40)
45.3 State briefly the development of the vagina.(20)
(AL2001 CAT2)
46. 46.1 Describe the position and relations of the duodenum.(50)
46.2 Describe the microscopic arrangement of the duodenal mucosa.(40)
46.3 List the functional adaptations of the above microscopic arrangement.(10)
47. 47.1 Describe the course and relations of the left renal vein.(50)
47.2 In a 40 year old man ultrasound scan shows multiple cysts in both kidneys.
47.2.1 Name the condition he is suffering from.(05)
47.2.2 Briefly describe the development of the excretory and collecting units of the
kidney.(25)
47.2.3 Name a similar condition affecting the kidney(05)
47.2.4 Give 5 differences (embryological & clinical) between the conditions that you
have named in 1 & 3.(15)