BATTERYELIMINATOR

BatteryEliminatorisadeviceusedtoconverthighvoltage
alternating currentinto low voltage direct current. A circuit
arrangementisemployedwithwhich220voltalternatingcurrentis
converted into 4 volt direct current.Since with the help of this
appliance,theuseofthebatteryiseliminated,thereforeitisknownasa
batteryeliminator.Itconsistsoffollowingparts:

TRANSFORMER:
Transformerdeviceusedtoconvertsmallalternatingcurrent
at high voltage into low voltage alternating current or low voltage
alternatingcurrentintohighvoltagealternatingcurrent.Inourproject
stepdowntransformerisused.
RECTIFIER:
Rectifier deviceused to convert alternating current into
directcurrent.Rectifierhavetwotypes.
(i)Halfwaverectifier
(ii)Fullwaverectifier.
Inourprojectfullwaverectifierisusedwhichconvertsa
fullwaveofalternatingcurrentintofullwaveofdirectcurrent.

TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER:

Thetransformerisadeviceusedforconvertingalowalternatingvoltage
toahighalternatingvoltageorahighalternatingvoltageintoalow
alternatingvoltage.
PRINCIPLE:
Itisbasedontheprincipleofmutualinductionthatisifa
varyingcurrentissetupinacircuitinducede.m.f.isproducedinthe
neighbouringcircuit.Thevaryingcurrentinacircuitproducevarying
magneticfluxwhichinducese.m.f.intheneighbouringcircuit.
STEPDOWNTRANSFORMER:
Inourprojectstepdowntransformerisused:
Thistransformerconvertshighvoltageatalternatingcurrent
into low voltage alternating current. In stepdown transformer the
numberofturnsinprimarycoilremainslargeascomparetosecondary
coil.
CONSTRUCTION:
Thetransformerconsistsoftwocoils.Theyareinsulated
witheachotherbyinsulatedmaterialandwoundonacommoncore.For
operationatlowfrequency,wemayhaveasoftiron.Thesoftironcore
isinsulatingbyjoiningthinironstripscoatedwithvarnishtoinsulate
themtoreduceenergylossesbyeddycurrents.
Theinputcircuitiscalledprimary.Andtheoutputcircuitis
calledsecondary.
THEORY:
Suppose,thenumberofturnsintheprimarycoilisN Pand
thatinthesecondarycoilisNS.

Theresistanceofthecoilisassumedtobezero.Letdq/dtbe
therateofchangeoffluxineachturnoftheprimarycoil.IfEpbethe
e.m.f.intheprimarycircuitthen.
EP=NP(1)
Wesupposethatthereisnolossoffluxbetweenthe
primaryandsecondarycoils.Then,theinducede.m.f.inthesecondary
coilwillbe:
ES=NS(2)
Fromequations(i)and(ii),wefind:

Ns/Np=Kiscalledtransformerratioorturnratio.
ForstepuptransformerK>1
ForstepdowntransformerK<1
ThatisforstepuptransformerNS>NP,thereforeES>EP.
ForthestepdowntransformerNS<NPthereforeES<EP.

Efficiency:Theefficiencyofthetransformerisgivenby:

IfIpandIsbethecurrentsintheprimary
andsecondarycircuits.

Foridealtransformer=1=100%.
ThereforeESIS=EPIP
or

Therefore,forstepup,transformercurrentinthesecondary
islessthanintheprimary(IS<IP).Andinastepdowntransformerwe
haveIS>IP.
EnergyLossesinTransformer:
Inpractice,theoutputenergyofatransformerisalwaysless
thantheinputenergy,becauseenergylossesoccurduetoanumberof
reasonsasexplainedbelow.
1.LossofMagneticFlux:
Thecouplingbetweenthecoilsisseldomperfect.So,wholeofthe
magneticfluxproducedbytheprimarycoilisnotlinkedupwiththe
secondarycoil.
2.IronLoss:

 In actual iron cores inspite of lamination, eddy currents are

produced.Themagnitudeofeddycurrentmay,howeverbesmall.
Andapartofenergyislostastheheatproducedintheironcore.
3.CopperLoss:
Inpractice,thecoilsofthetransformerpossessresistance.Soapart
oftheenergyislostduetotheheatproducedintheresistanceofthe
coil.
4.HysteresisLoss:
Thealternating currentin the coil tapes the iron core through
completecycleofmagnetisation.Soenergyislostduetohysteresis.
5.Magnetorestriction:
Thealternatingcurrentinthetransformermaybesetitspartsinto
vibrationsandsoundmaybeproduced.Itiscalledhumming.Thus,
apartofenergymaybelostduetohumming.

RECTIFIER
Rectifier:
The rectifier is an electronic device used to convert
alternatingcurrenttodirectcurrent.
TheP.N.JunctionasFullWaveRectifier.
FullWaveRectifier:
It is a device used to convert full wave of alternating
currentsintofullwaveofdirectcurrent.

PRINCIPLE

Itisbasedontheprinciplethatacrystaldiodeconductonly
inforwardbiasandthenanoutputcurrentflowsinthecircuit.When
D1isforwardbiased,theD2isreversebiasedandviceversa.Thediode
D1andD2sendcurrentthroughtheloadresistanceinthesamedirection
duringbothhalvesofthetimeperiod.Thiscausefullwaverectification
oftheinputpower.

CONSTRUCTION
The full wave rectifier consists of two PN junctions
diodesconnectedtosecondarypartofthetransformer.Wheninput
A.C. is applied across the primary coil (P) of a transformer. One
terminalofthesecondarycoil(S)ofthetransformerisconnectedtothe
positiveterminalofthejunctiondiodeD2.Inthesecondarypartofthe
transformeraloadresistanceR1isconnected.Theoutputisdrawnacross
thetwoterminalsoftheloadresistance.

WORKING
In case of a crystal diode as fullwave rectifier the two
diodesD1andD2areusedinsuchawaythatduring0toIIcrystaldiode
D1becomesforwardbiasandonoutputcurrentI,flowssimilarlyduring

nexthalfcycleIIand2IIcrystaldiodeD 2becomesforwardbiasandon
outputcurrentI2flowsinthecircuitinthiswayacrystaldiodeconverts
fullwaveofalternatingcurrentintoafullwaveofdirectcurrent.
EFFICIENCYOFFULLWAVERECTIFIER:
Theefficiencyofthefullwaverectifiermaybe80%.

WORKING
Working of a Battery Eliminator : A battery eliminator
consistofmainlythreeworkingparts,transformer,Rectifier,Filter
circuit. In ourproject report step down transformeris used. This
transformerconvertshighvoltagealternatingcurrentintolowvoltage
alternating current.This low voltage alternating current passes from
rectifier which converts alternating current into directcurrent.Inour
project full wave rectifier is used. In full wave rectifier two diodes
D1and D2are used in such a way that during 0 to II crystal diode
D1becomes forward bias and an output current I, flow in circuit.
Similarly during next half cycle II and 2II crystal diode D 2becomes

forwardbiasandanoutputI2flowsinthecircuit.Inthiswayacrystal
diodeconvertsfullwaveofalternatingcurrentintoafullwaveofdirect
current.Thedirectcurrentwhichwegetfromrectifieroutputcircuitis
fluctuatingdirectcurrent.Inordertomakeitpuredirectcurrentfilter
circuitareused.Inourprojectcapacitorisusedasafiltercircuit.Itisan
electrolyticcapacitorofcapacity16V,1000microfarad.Theoutputnow
availableis4voltdirectcurrentanditmaybesuitablyconnectedwith
thetransistor.