1.1 - Relational Data Model - Odp

Information Management Ecosystem Partnerships
IBM Canada Lab

Summer/Fall 2010
The Relational Data Model
Information Management
2010 IBM Corporation
Agenda
Data and Databases
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
Information Model & Data Model
Relational Data Model & Relational Databases
Normalization
What is Data?
Collection of facts or numbers
Can be quantitative or qualitative
Describes a variable or set of variables
Essentially data can be thought of as the result of

observations based on things like:
measurements
statistics
Data and Information
Data is simply facts
Why is data important?

By relating different pieces of data
we are able to extract valuable
information by presenting it in
meaningful context
For that we need to be able to:
Store data so it can be persisted

Structure data so it is easier to manipulate
Organize data in a meaningful way
Process data to derive data value from it
Why Databases?
Data can be stored using multiple methods such as:

Text files
Comma delimited data files
Spreadsheets
Databases
Why database?
The way data is accessed
The way data is handled
Managing Data
Using a database provides:

a standard interface for accessing data
multiple users with simultaneous ability to insert, update and
delete data
changes to the data without risk of losing data and its
consistency
the capability to handle huge volumes of data and users
tools for data backup, restore and recovery
security
reduce redundancy
data independence
Database Management Systems
Database Management System (DBMS)

It is the software system that manages databases
Provides an interface of access to the databases
Provides data services to applications
Efficient data querying and update mechanisms
Data integrity guarantees data is always right even in case
of software and hardware errors
Others: backup, compression, security, replication, etc.
DB2 is a Database Management System

Information Model
Information Model
Abstract management of objects at a conceptual level
Independent of specific implementations and protocols
Hides all protocol and implementation details
Defines relationships between managed objects.
Multiple implementations of an information model exists

Data models
Data Model
A model is a representation of an object or concept of the

real world
3D model: a graphical representation of an object
Scale model: a replica or copy of an object in a smaller size
Business model: describes how a company operates
Data Model
Define how data is to be represented and structured
It can be used to map how data from the real world is to be
represented in a software system
Characteristics of a Data Model

Lower level of abstraction
Intended for the software developer
Includes specific implementation and protocol details
Types of Data Models
10
Extended Relational
Entity-Relationship
Hierarchical
Network
Object-oriented
Object-relational
Relational
Semantic
Semi-structured (XML)
The Relational Data Model
11
Proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970.
It is mathematical model that describes data as a collection

of Relations (sets) and the values of the data is defined by
Domains.
Focuses on providing better data independence
Data are operated upon by means of a relational calculus or

relational algebra
Advantages
Based on a formal theoretical model and proven in practice
Provides logical view of the data
It is implemented by most DBMS in the market, such as DB2.

There are called Relational Database Management
Systems
Components of the Relational Data Model
The relational data model has its own unique terms used to
define its concepts.
Domain
Attribute
Relation
(ID, int)
(NAME, text)
(EXT, int)
(Active, boolean)
John S
54213
Michael B
52137
Jeremy W
50603
Leah E
58963
Tuple
Domain (or data type) defines the set of possible values that data can assume
Relation is composed by a heading and a body

Heading: a set of attributes
Body: a set of tuples
12
Attribute is composed by a name and a domain (type)
A tuple is a set of attribute values

Components of a Relational Database
Concepts from Relational Data Model can be mapped to their

implementation found in a Relational Database
Relational databases store data using tables

A table consists of columns and rows
Each column has a specific data type
Each row features a certain value for each column
Column
Table
13
ID
NAME
EXTENSION
MANAGER
John S
54213
Susan P
59867
Andrew J
55935
Michael B
52137
Jeremy W
50603
Leah E
58963
Row
Tables
A Table is the counterpart of a Relation from the Relational

Data Model
A table stores data in rows and columns

Rows are the same as Tuples
Columns are the same as Attributes
There can be multiple tables for different types of data to

reduce redundant information
Normalization (more on this later)
For example:
You want to store data about a company
Data about branch offices will be stored in a table
Employee data for specific branches will be stored in its own
table
Product data will be stored in another table
14
Columns
Columns are also known as

fields
Each field contains a

specific type of information
such as name, extension,
position and so on
15
Columns must be
designated a specific
data type such as
DATE, VARCHAR, INTEGER
and so on
Specific
Information
Data type:
Char
Domains and Data Types
Data Type
This is counterpart of Domains in the Relational Model,
which defines the smallest unit of data that can be stored
Columns always have a data type
Attribute/Colum
A domain is the set of all

possible values for the
specific attribute
Smallest unit of
Data (atomic value)
Manager Domain = (Y, N)
16
17
Primary Keys
Uniquely identifies each tuple (row) of the relation (table)
Relations must always have a primary key
Although it is recommended, tables in a relational database
are not required to have a Primary Key
Examples
Driver's license of a person
ISBN of a book
Serial number of a product
Primary Key
18
Foreign Keys
Attribute in one relation whose values match a primary key
of another relation
Defines the relationship between two tables
ID
(PK)
NAME
DEPT_ID
(FK)
ID
(PK)
DEPT_NAME
John S
Finance
Michael B
Design
Jeremy W
Business
Leah E
Development
Why Normalization?
Why do we need normalization?
Consider the following table:

Lists of task an employee is involved in:
19
ID
Name
Office City
Extension
Task
John S
Toronto
54213
Planning
John S
Toronto
54213
Marketing
John S
Toronto
54213
Testing
Susan P
New York
59867
Marketing
Jennifer L
Chicago
59415
Planning
Jennifer L
Chicago
59415
Testing
Example operation: if John moves to a new city, all entries

related to John must be updated
redundancy
anomalies
Normalization
No anomalies, no redundancy
No loss of information
Employee Table
Task Table
ID
Name
Office City
Extension
John S
Toronto
54213
Susan P
New York
Jennifer L
Chicago
ID
Task
Planning
59867
Marketing
59415
Testing
Employee Tasks Table
20
Employee ID
Task ID
3
Information Management Ecosystem Partnerships

IBM Canada Lab
Questions?
Summer/Fall 2010
E-mail: imschool@us.ibm.com
Subject: DB2 Academic Workshop

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Information Management Ecosystem Partnerships

IBM Canada Lab

The Relational Data Model

2010 IBM Corporation

Data and Databases

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Information Model & Data Model

Relational Data Model & Relational Databases

2010 IBM Corporation

Collection of facts or numbers

Can be quantitative or qualitative

Describes a variable or set of variables

Essentially data can be thought of as the result of

2010 IBM Corporation

Data and Information

Data is simply facts

Why is data important?

For that we need to be able to:

Store data so it can be persisted

2010 IBM Corporation

Data can be stored using multiple methods such as:

2010 IBM Corporation

Using a database provides:

2010 IBM Corporation

Database Management Systems

Database Management System (DBMS)

DB2 is a Database Management System

Multiple implementations of an information model exists

2010 IBM Corporation

A model is a representation of an object or concept of the

Characteristics of a Data Model

2010 IBM Corporation

Types of Data Models

2010 IBM Corporation

The Relational Data Model

Proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970.

It is mathematical model that describes data as a collection

Focuses on providing better data independence

Data are operated upon by means of a relational calculus or

It is implemented by most DBMS in the market, such as DB2.

Components of the Relational Data Model

Relation is composed by a heading and a body

Attribute is composed by a name and a domain (type)

A tuple is a set of attribute values

Components of a Relational Database

Concepts from Relational Data Model can be mapped to their

Relational databases store data using tables

A Table is the counterpart of a Relation from the Relational

A table stores data in rows and columns

There can be multiple tables for different types of data to

2010 IBM Corporation

Columns are also known as

Each field contains a

2010 IBM Corporation

Domains and Data Types

A domain is the set of all

Manager Domain = (Y, N)

2010 IBM Corporation

Components of a Relational Database

2010 IBM Corporation

Components of a Relational Database

2010 IBM Corporation