NST IA Materials and Mineral Sciences

Course A, Lecture 4

Lattice Vectors, Lattice Planes and Miller Indices

The ‘language’ of crystallography

How does the arrangement of atoms in crystals

affect growth (morphology), deformation etc?
 [010]

[100] [110]
 [010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector:

! t = Ua + Vb + Wc
 [010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc
 [010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as :
 [010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as : [U V W]
 [010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as : [U V W]

Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to

slide layer through [010], [100],[110]
 [010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as : [U V W]

Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to

slide layer through [010], [100],[110]

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

 [010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as : [U V W]

Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to

slide layer through [010], [100],[110]

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

6 easy slip directions in

close-packed plane
 [010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as : [U V W]

Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to

slide layer through [010], [100],[110]

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

6 easy slip directions in

close-packed plane
 [010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as : [U V W]

Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to

slide layer through [010], [100],[110]

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

6 easy slip directions in

close-packed plane
 [101]

[010]

[100] [110]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors [1 0 1]
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as : [U V W]

Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to

slide layer through [010], [100],[110]

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

6 easy slip directions in

close-packed plane
 [101]
[0 1 1]
[010]

[100] [110]

[0 1 1]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors [1 0 1]
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as : [U V W]

Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to

slide layer through [010], [100],[110]

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

6 easy slip directions in

close-packed plane
 [101]
[0 1 1]
[010]

[100] [110]

[1 10]

[1 10]

[0 1 1]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors [1 0 1]
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc

written simply as : [U V W]

Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to

slide layer through [010], [100],[110]

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

6 easy slip directions in

close-packed plane
 [101]
[0 1 1]
[010]

[100] [110]

[1 10]

[1 10]

[0 1 1]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors [1 0 1]
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc
3 CP directions in one CP plane
written simply as : [U V W]

Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to

slide layer through [010], [100],[110]

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

6 easy slip directions in

close-packed plane
 [101]
[0 1 1]
[010]

[100] [110]

[1 10]

[1 10]

[0 1 1]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors [1 0 1]
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc
3 CP directions in one CP plane
written simply as : [U V W]
12 easy slip directions in total
Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to
slide layer through [010], [100],[110]

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

6 easy slip directions in

close-packed plane
 [101]
[0 1 1]
[010]

[100] [110]

[1 10]

[1 10]

[0 1 1]

General lattice vector: basis

vectors [1 0 1]
! t = Ua + Vb + Wc
3 CP directions in one CP plane
written simply as : [U V W]
12 easy slip directions in total
Easiest way to deform hcp metal is to
4 x 3 sets of [110] type directions
slide layer through [010], [100],[110]
group together as <110>.

and opposite directions: [010], [100],[110]

6 easy slip directions in

close-packed plane
 [101]
[0 1 1]

[1 10]

[1 10]

[0 1 1]

[1 0 1]

3 CP directions in one CP plane

12 easy slip directions in total

4 x 3 sets of [110] type directions

group together as <110>.
 [101]
[0 1 1]

Cd crystal
before
[1 10] deformation

[1 10]

[0 1 1]

[1 0 1]

3 CP directions in one CP plane

12 easy slip directions in total

4 x 3 sets of [110] type directions

group together as <110>.
 [101]
[0 1 1]
After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
[1 10] deformation

[1 10]

[0 1 1]

[1 0 1]

3 CP directions in one CP plane

12 easy slip directions in total

4 x 3 sets of [110] type directions

group together as <110>.
 [101]
[0 1 1]
After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
[1 10] deformation

[1 10]
Easy slip
occurs along
[0 1 1] close-packed
planes
[1 0 1]

3 CP directions in one CP plane

12 easy slip directions in total

4 x 3 sets of [110] type directions

group together as <110>.
 [101]
[0 1 1]
After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
[1 10] deformation

[1 10]
Easy slip
occurs along
[0 1 1] close-packed
planes
[1 0 1]
slip steps

3 CP directions in one CP plane

12 easy slip directions in total

4 x 3 sets of [110] type directions

group together as <110>.
 [101]
[0 1 1]
After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
[1 10] deformation

[1 10]
Easy slip
occurs along
[0 1 1] close-packed
planes
[1 0 1]
slip steps

3 CP directions in one CP plane

12 easy slip directions in total

slip planes
4 x 3 sets of [110] type directions
group together as <110>.
 After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
deformation

Easy slip
occurs along
close-packed
planes

slip steps

slip planes
 After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
deformation

Easy slip
occurs along
close-packed
planes

slip steps

slip planes

100/mm 300/mm 600/mm

 After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
deformation

Easy slip
occurs along
close-packed
planes

slip steps

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
slip planes

100/mm 300/mm 600/mm

 After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
deformation

Easy slip
occurs along
close-packed
planes

slip steps

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
slip planes

100/mm 300/mm 600/mm

 After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
deformation

Easy slip
occurs along
close-packed
planes

slip steps

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
slip planes (Bragg’s law)

100/mm 300/mm 600/mm

 After
deformation

Cd crystal
before
deformation

Easy slip
occurs along
close-packed
planes

slip steps

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
slip planes (Bragg’s law)

h k l are ‘Miller indices’

which define the lattice planes

100/mm 300/mm 600/mm

 constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)

h k l are ‘Miller indices’

which define the lattice planes
 Astrobiology
Magnetotactic bacteria

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)

h k l are ‘Miller indices’

which define the lattice planes
 morphologies of iron oxide crystals

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)

h k l are ‘Miller indices’

which define the lattice planes
 constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)

h k l are ‘Miller indices’

which define the lattice planes
 procedure

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)

h k l are ‘Miller indices’

which define the lattice planes
 origin at corner
of unit cell

procedure

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)

h k l are ‘Miller indices’

which define the lattice planes
 origin at corner
of unit cell

procedure

( a )! select an origin at corner of

! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
constructive interference of ! axes can be seen.
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)

h k l are ‘Miller indices’

which define the lattice planes
 origin at corner
of unit cell

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure

( a )! select an origin at corner of

! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
constructive interference of ! axes can be seen.
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)

h k l are ‘Miller indices’

which define the lattice planes

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)
h k l are ‘Miller indices’
which define the lattice planes
origin at corner
of unit cell
1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! select an origin at corner of
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
 intercepts of plane origin at corner
with axes of unit cell

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure

( a )! select an origin at corner of

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)
h k l are ‘Miller indices’
which define the lattice planes
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
 intercepts of plane origin at corner
with axes of unit cell

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure

( a )! select an origin at corner of

constructive interference of
diffracted x-rays occurs
when:
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ
(Bragg’s law)
h k l are ‘Miller indices’
which define the lattice planes
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.
 intercepts of plane origin at corner
with axes of unit cell

Defines

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure

( a )! select an origin at corner of

! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
constructive interference of ! axes can be seen.
diffracted x-rays occurs
when: ( b )! determine the positions of
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ ! intercepts of the first plane
(Bragg’s law) ! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
h k l are ‘Miller indices’
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
which define the lattice planes ! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.
 intercepts of plane origin at corner
with axes of unit cell

Defines

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure

( a )! select an origin at corner of

! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
constructive interference of ! axes can be seen.
diffracted x-rays occurs
when: ( b )! determine the positions of
! λ = 2 d hkl s i n θ ! intercepts of the first plane
(Bragg’s law) ! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
h k l are ‘Miller indices’
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
which define the lattice planes ! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 intercepts of plane origin at corner
with axes of unit cell

Defines

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin

intercepts of plane origin at corner

with axes of unit cell

Defines

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes of unit cell

Defines

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts
Defines

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure origin
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y
from origin
procedure origin
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin
procedure origin
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along
! axes can be seen.
( b )! determine the positions of
! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along ∞ = /k=
b b
! axes can be seen. /0; k=0

( b )! determine the positions of

! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along ∞ = /k=
b b
! axes can be seen. /0; k=0

( b )! determine the positions of (1 0) planes

! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along ∞ = /k=
b b
! axes can be seen. /0; k=0

( b )! determine the positions of (1 0) planes

! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell origin
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along ∞ = /k=
b b
! axes can be seen. /0; k=0

( b )! determine the positions of (1 0) planes

! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell origin
! and hkl are integers.

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along ∞ = /k=
b b
! axes can be seen. /0; k=0

( b )! determine the positions of (1 0) planes

! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes.
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell origin
! and hkl are integers.
a/2

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along ∞ = /k=
b b
! axes can be seen. /0; k=0

( b )! determine the positions of (1 0) planes

! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes. a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and
! c/l, where a,b,c are
! dimensions of the unit cell origin
! and hkl are integers.
a/2

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along ∞ = /k=
b b
! axes can be seen. /0; k=0

( b )! determine the positions of (1 0) planes

! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes. a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and b
! c/l, where a,b,c are /k = ∞ ; k=0
! dimensions of the unit cell origin
! and hkl are integers.
a/2

lattice plane (hkl)

 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
intercepts of plane origin at corner ! from origin
with axes b/k
of unit cell
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
Defines a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

1 stp l a n e a w a y Intercepts x-axis at 1

from origin a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
procedure origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞
( a )! s e l e c t a n o r i g i n a t c o r n e r o f
! unit cell from which 1 st plane from origin
! intercepts of planes along ∞ = /k=
b b
! axes can be seen. /0; k=0

( b )! determine the positions of (1 0) planes

! intercepts of the first plane
! away from the origin along x,
! y and z axes. a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
( c )! intercepts are at a/h, b/k and b
! c/l, where a,b,c are /k = ∞ ; k=0
! dimensions of the unit cell origin
! and hkl are integers.
a/2

lattice plane (hkl)

(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
a/h ! intercepts
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes

a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2

(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
(2 1) planes b
/k= b/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes

a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2

(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes

a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2

(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes

a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2

(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes

a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2

(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes

chosen origin
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2

(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes
c
chosen origin
a a b
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2

(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes
c
chosen origin
a a b
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2 1st plane
away from
origin

(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes
c
chosen origin
a a b
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2 1st plane
away from
origin
Intercepts: a/2, -b/2, -c/2
(2 0) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes
c
chosen origin
a a b
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2 1st plane
away from
origin
Intercepts: a/2, -b/2, -c/2
(2 0) planes
(2 2 2 ) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes
c
chosen origin
a a b
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2 1st plane
away from
origin
Intercepts: a/2, -b/2, -c/2
(2 0) planes
(2 2 2 ) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes
c
chosen origin
a a b
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2 1st plane
away from
origin
Intercepts: a/2, -b/2, -c/2
(2 0) planes
(2 2 2 ) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes
c
chosen origin
a a b
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2 Intercepts:
1st plane
away from a/2, -b/2,c/0
origin
Intercepts: a/2, -b/2, -c/2
(2 0) planes
(2 2 2 ) planes
 ( 1 )! choose an
! origin
( 2 )! c h o o s e 1 st
! plane away
! from origin
b/k
( 3 )! l o o k a t
! intercepts origin
a/h -b/1 y
a
/h= a/2 ; h=2
a/3
(2 1) planes b
/k= b
/1 ; k=1

Intercepts x-axis at 1 x
a
/h= a/1 ; h=1
origin (3 1 ) planes
Intercepts y-axis at ∞

1 st plane from origin

∞ = /k=
b b
/0; k=0
(1 0) planes
c
chosen origin
a a b
/h= a/2 ; h=2
b
/k = ∞ ; k=0
origin
a/2 Intercepts:
1st plane
away from a/2, -b/2,c/0
origin
Intercepts: a/2, -b/2, -c/2
(2 0) planes
(2 2 2 ) planes (2 2 0 )
Todays lecture:
 Todays lecture:

How to define crystallographic directions: [U V W]

 Todays lecture:

How to define crystallographic directions: [U V W]

How to define crystallographic planes: (h k l)

 Todays lecture:

How to define crystallographic directions: [U V W]

How to define crystallographic planes: (h k l)

Awareness of the importance of spacing and orientation of

lattice planes for the interpretation of x-ray diffraction.