Offgrid Power

System Design and Energy
Storage
Mini Grids:
Stephen Phillips
1
www.optimal-power-solutions.com
Presentation Overview
1. Company and Markets: A Balanced Approach
2. Mini Grids Issues: Why Systems become unstable
3. System Control: Integrating the Old and New
4. Energy Storage: Getting the Data

5. High Power Systems: Are they really Safe?
6. Project Implementation: Making it Happen
7. Summary
The Company and Markets

A Balanced Approach
Global Operations
India
Kolkata HQ
Bangalore Office
Administration
Product Manufacturing
Project focus on MW scale
Australia
Headquarters
Innovation and R&D
Marketing and
Corporate Activities
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur HQ
Project Activities
Implementation Team
Major Utility Clients

Global Operations
Philippines
USA
Utility Clients
Large Mini Grids
Caribbean Mini Grids

US Military
Indonesia
PLN Client
Large Mini Grids
Sun Belt Electrification Ratios
The Investment Decision

With a) high diesel costs and b) good solar resources Mini
Grids can be a good investment:
With diesel @ $0.90
per litre, a solardiesel hybrid would
have a 5% IRR
With diesel @ $1.10

per litre, a solardiesel hybrid would
have a 15% IRR
Mini Grid System Costs (LCOE)
On-grid renewable energy is becoming viable.

Medium-scale (100 kW 500 kW) PV = 15 to 19 USD cents/kWh
Diesel Gen costs are increasing in sun belt markets:

In Indonesia and Malaysia the DG costs are over $1.2 / kWh for small
sites
What is the cost of Storage ?:

Lead Acid is around USD 35 cents per kWh (LCOE) and needs to be
much lower, around 15 cents.
Why do Systems become Unstable ?
Intermittency with High Solar Penetration
Solar Radiation Profiles: Cloud Events
PV Ramp Rates under Cloud Effects
System Firming
Use of Suitable Storage to reduce Intermittency
Integrating the Old and the New
Solar PV Diesel Hybrid System

DC BUS
CB11
CO2
Bidirectional
Inverter/Charger
Module
Genset
Battery Bank
CO1
Solar Array
CB12
Renewable
Charge
Control
Module
System Control Module
Hydro Generator
Site Load
Power System Control Scheme

High Speed DSP
PV Energy
DC Interface
Source
Filter
u-secs
m-secs
Energy Storage
secs, min, hrs
Power
Electronic
Devices
Imbedded
Controls
Input/Output
Controls
External
Controls
SCADA
AC Interface
Filter
Mini Grid
Interface
Mini Grid Control Innovations

Our control system developments have focused on mini-grid power
quality management issues.
High penetration systems impact on the existing conventional plant and

ramp rates dictate that means that Fast Control is needed, typically
Voltage swells, sags and transients require correction in 100 milliseconds
(IEC standard).
Smart Grid concepts around two way communication is needed,
advanced metering, load control, DM initiatives.
Appropriate energy storage and power inverter capacity is increasingly

needed for power transient and energy requirements.
Typical OPS Mini Grid System
18
Comments on AC versus DC Coupling

Significant Debate over DC versus AC Coupling
Pure DC coupling utilizes all the solar PV power on the
storage side
AC coupling connects the solar PV across the AC grid
usually with multiple inverters
Studies show for a typical load profile;
that the AC coupled system is best for day time loads but
adds to the LCOE
the DC coupled system improves efficiency for evening
loads with a reduction in solar PV capacity.
Medium Penetration: Good Solar Day

Diesel
Stop
Diesel
Start
PV Energy
To
Battery
Diesel Load following
PV
Battery
Energy
Diesel Load
Following
20
Poor Solar Day
Diesel
Stop
Diesel Load
following
Diesel
Start
PV Energy
To
Battery
Diesel Load
Following
21
Bunaken Island: Annual Operational Profile

Bunaken Solar vs. Genset Contribution
80000
70000
60000
kWh
50000
40000
Solar
Genset
30000
Site Load
20000
10000
0
22
Firming Cycles over 15 minute period

PV Fluctuation on System Voltage, one minute Data
80
60
40
Firming Power / Micro cycles

20
Battery Voltage
Battery current
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
-20
-40
23
GETTING THE DATA TOGETHER
Lead Acid ZD+16h Test
Li ion ZD+16h Test
Severe impact on LA battery capacity

when High Power is needed
LA Battery life vs. Temperature

Arrhenius Effect
28
East Penn LA Temperature Tests
29
Li ion Battery Cycling Life
One Solution: Na Ion Battery
31
One Solution:
Na Ion Battery
48 Volt,
2 kWh Stack
32
Na Ion Technology: Cycle Life

Chemistry stable over broad voltage
range
Symmetric charge/discharge profile
>5000 Cycles shown, (80% DoD)
Near perfect coulombic efficiency
> 1 year of ~6 hour rate cycling

5000 Rapid Cycles on Indicative Test Cell
33
Mini Grid Battery LCOE
34
Lead Acid Battery Issues

While Lead Acid (LA) is the status quo technology it has a
number of undesirable characteristics;
Arrhenius Effect means the lifetime is reduced by higher
temperatures. The reaction rate doubles every 10 C.
Depth of Discharge is limited so CAPEX is higher than
usually understood.
Low Energy to Weight & Volume but good Power to Weight
Good discharge rate but low charge rates (under high sun)
Limited Cycle Life (Cyclic energy is fixed).
Toxic materials means disposal can be a problem.
Are these systems safe ?
Advanced Lead Acid: Power Stack
Xp: High Power Advanced Lead Acid

Power Cell Performance
12 V DC
Power:
25kW, instantaneous
Energy: 1.0 kWh @ 3 h Rate;

1.5 kWh @ 20 h Rate
2,500 Amps for 30 Seconds
120 mm * 150 mm *380 mm
38
Safety and Fire Issues: Storage
Hawaii 15 MWh Lead Acid
Safety and Fire Issues: Substations
Utility Substation Fires
Capital Cost per Cycle Comparison
NaIon
41
Efficiency and Life Comparison
Na-Ion
42
Mini Grid Storage and Control

Storage can be used to achieve useful system benefits
1.Viability depends on diesel costs and storage LCOE considerations

2.A range of key factors include discharge duration, PSOC,DOD, Energy
Efficiency, life cycles, Ambient temperature, safe disposal.
3. With suitable control a number of systems benefits can be achieved
4. Communications and reliable data management is crucial.
Project Implementation and Delivery:

Making it Happen
OPS Project Background

Current Status:
Completed nearly 600 systems in India since 2009

About 60 projects in Malaysia and Indonesia
Size from 25 kW to 5 MW
Various sites in USA, Australia, and S E Asia
Working on new technologies in power conversion and

control optimisation
Project Examples
46
Project Examples: Indonesia
47
Project Examples: Malaysia
48
Indonesia Morotai Island
Island Power Supply

State Utility Client
System:
3 x 250kVA OPS GEC Inverter

2 x 300 kVA OPS PIM Inverter
600 kWp of PV (pictured)
OPS Customized Control
OPS Remote Communications
360V DC, 2.7 MWh battery
bank
1.75 MW total gensets
Maximum AC Output: 3 MW
49
USA Santa Cruz Island
Essential services
Navy barracks
Radar facility
50
Solar Hybrid: Caribbean Island
Private Island
Essential Power, Yacht Charging
System:
2 x 300kVA OPS Hybrid Inverters
OPS AC Switching Cabinet, rated
at 1.5MW
360V battery bank, 4.15MWh
rated at 14400 Ah
3 x 100 kW Wind Turbines
3 x 312kVA Diesel Generators
410 kWp Solar PV
OPS Dual Channel MPPT Solar
Charge Controllers
51
Indonesia Bunaken Island

System 1.2 MW:
400kVA Hybrid Inverter

150kVA OPS Inverter
550 kWp of PV (pictured)
360V DC, 900 kWh battery bank
2 x 300 kVA gensets
52
Sandakan Sabah: 1 MW Hybrid
Sandakan Sabah: 1 MW Hybrid
Market Potential 3.1 GigaWatt
Recent Systems Include:
Thank you for your attention today

and happy to discuss any points.
Least Cost, Fit

for Purpose and
Sustainable ??

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System Design and Energy

4. Energy Storage: Getting the Data

The Company and Markets

Project focus on MW scale

Innovation and R&D

Major Utility Clients

Caribbean Mini Grids

Sun Belt Electrification Ratios

The Investment Decision

With diesel @ $1.10

Mini Grid System Costs (LCOE)

On-grid renewable energy is becoming viable.

Diesel Gen costs are increasing in sun belt markets:

What is the cost of Storage ?:

Why do Systems become Unstable ?

Intermittency with High Solar Penetration

Solar Radiation Profiles: Cloud Events

PV Ramp Rates under Cloud Effects

Integrating the Old and the New

Solar PV Diesel Hybrid System

Power System Control Scheme

secs, min, hrs

Mini Grid Control Innovations

High penetration systems impact on the existing conventional plant and

Appropriate energy storage and power inverter capacity is increasingly

Typical OPS Mini Grid System

Comments on AC versus DC Coupling

Medium Penetration: Good Solar Day

Diesel Load following

Poor Solar Day

Bunaken Island: Annual Operational Profile

Firming Cycles over 15 minute period

Firming Power / Micro cycles

GETTING THE DATA TOGETHER

Lead Acid ZD+16h Test

Li ion ZD+16h Test

Severe impact on LA battery capacity

LA Battery life vs. Temperature

East Penn LA Temperature Tests

Li ion Battery Cycling Life

One Solution: Na Ion Battery

Na Ion Technology: Cycle Life

> 1 year of ~6 hour rate cycling

Mini Grid Battery LCOE

Lead Acid Battery Issues

Are these systems safe ?

Advanced Lead Acid: Power Stack

Xp: High Power Advanced Lead Acid

Energy: 1.0 kWh @ 3 h Rate;

Safety and Fire Issues: Storage

Hawaii 15 MWh Lead Acid

Safety and Fire Issues: Substations

Utility Substation Fires

Capital Cost per Cycle Comparison

Efficiency and Life Comparison

Mini Grid Storage and Control

1.Viability depends on diesel costs and storage LCOE considerations

Project Implementation and Delivery:

OPS Project Background

Completed nearly 600 systems in India since 2009

Working on new technologies in power conversion and

Project Examples: Indonesia

Project Examples: Malaysia