DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
Academic Year 2014-15

ME 6404 Thermal engineering

Question Bank

Staff In-Charge
Head-Mechanical

UNIT 1: GAS or AIR POWER CYCLES

1. Define Thermodynamic cycle.
Thermodynamic cycle is defined as the series of processes performed on
the system, so
that energy transfer takes place (heat and work) and the system attains
its initial state.
2. What is Air standard or Air power cycles?
If air is used as working substance in the thermodynamic cycles, it is
called air standard or air power cycles.
3. What is the difference between the Gas power and vapour power
cycle ?
In gas power cycle, working medium is undergone different processes
without phase change. Whereas in a vapour power cycle the working medium is
undergone different processes and energy transfer takes place due to phase
change.
4. What are the assumptions made for air standard cycle analysis?
4. List out any four assumptions that are made in the analysis of air
standard cycles.
the working medium is prefect gas throughout i.e. it follows PV=mRT
The working medium has constant specific heats
The working medium does not undergo any chemical change throughout
the cycle
The compression and expansion processes are reversible adiabatic i.e.
there is no loss or gain in entropy.
Kinetic and potential energies of the working fluid are neglected
The operation of the engine is frictionless
Heat is supplied and rejected in a reversible manner.
5. Name the various (gas) air power cycles
Carnot cycle, Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual cycle and Brayton cycle
6. Write the four processes in sequence for an Air power cycle?
i) Suction process: induction of fresh charge into cylinder
ii) Compression and Combustion process
iii) Power output or Expansion process
iv) Heat rejection and Exhaust process
7. What is called Reciprocating mechanism?
Mechanism which is used to convert the reciprocating or linear motion of
a piston into rotary motion of crank shaft and vice versa
8. What are the basic components of a Reciprocating mechanism?
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i) Cylinder ii) Piston iii) Connecting rod iv) Crank and crank shaft
9. What is the Stroke?
It is the maximum displacement of piston during the movement between
TDC and BDC or vice versa
10. What is the Stroke or Swept volume?
It is the theoretical volume of charge will be inducted for the movement of
piston from TDC to BDC during the suction stroke
11. What is the Clearance volume?
It is volume exist between engine head and TDC (Top Dead Centre).
12. Define Compression ratio.
It is ratio between volume of the cylinder before starting of compression
and volume of the cylinder at the end of compression.
Volume of the cylinder before starting of compression
V
R C Compression Ratio =
= 1
Volume of the cylinder at the end of compression
V2
13. Express the compression ratio in terms of clearance and stroke
volumes .
V1 = Total volume of the cylinder = VS + VC = Stroke volume + Clearance
volume
V VC
V
R C Compression Ratio = S
= 1+ S
VC
VC
V = V = Clearance volume
2

14. Plot the P-V and T-S diagram of Otto cycle.

15. What is the explosion ratio ?

P'
Pressure at the end of constant volume heat supplied process
= 2
Pressure at the starting of constant volume heat supplied process
P2 =
16. Sketch the Diesel cycle in p-v and T-s diagram .

Explosion ratio =

17. Which cycle is more efficient for the same compression ratio and
heat input, Otto cycle or
Diesel cycle?
For the same compression ratio and heat input, Otto cycle is having more
efficiency than
Diesel cycle
18. Write the expression for efficiency of the otto cycle?
1
Otto cycle 1 -1
RC
; RC = Compression ratio
19. What is the compression ratio for Petrol engine?
Compression ratio for petrol engine is 6 to 10
20. What is the cut-off ratio? and write its significance.
Cut-off ratio is the ratio between volume of the cylinder at the end of fuel
injection and volume of the cylinder at the starting of fuel injection during
constant pressure heat supplied.
V
Volume of the cylinder at the end of fuel injection
= Cut off ratio =
= 3
Volume of the cylinder at the starting of fuel injection
V2
When cut off ratio increases efficiency of Diesel cycle decreases
21. Express the cut-off ratio of a Diesel cycle in terms of temperatures.
V
T
= Cut off ratio = 3 3
V2
T2 As cut off period takes place during constant
pressure process, volume is directly proportional to temperature.
22. What is the range of compression ratio for SI and diesel engine?
For petrol of SI engine (petrol engine) RC is 6 to 10
For diesel engine 12 to 18
23. Write any four differences between Otto and Diesel cycle?
Sl,.No
1

Otto Cycle
Diesel Cycle
Otto cycle consist of Two Diesel cycle consist of two
4

2
3
4

isentropic
and
two
constant
volume
processes
Heat addition takes place
in
constant
volume
process
Efficiency is more than
diesel cycle for the same
compression ratio
Compression ratio is equal
to expansion ratio

adiabatic,
one
constant
volume and one constant
pressure processes
Heat addition takes place in
constant pressure process
Efficiency is less than Otto
cycle
for
the
same
compression ratio
Compression
ration
is
greater than expansion ratio

24. What is the similarity between Diesel and Dual cycle ?

Both cycle used in CI (compression Ignition) engine
25. What are the other names of Dual cycle ?
Limited pressure cycle
26. What are the advantages of Dual cycle over Diesel cycle ?
In Dual cycle cut off ratio is smaller than diesel cycle and compression
ratio of dual cycle is
less than Diesel cycle hence size of the engine working with Dual cycle is
27. What is the range efficiency of a Diesel cycle ?
Diesel cycle efficiency is about 30%
28. Compare the compression ratio of a Diesel with that of Dual cycle?
Compression ratio of Diesel cycle in the range of 20 to 25 whereas
compression ratio of the Dual cycle is in the range 12 to 16
29. What is the relation between compression ratio and expansion
ratio for Otto cycle?
For Otto Cycle compression ratio is equal to expansion ratio
30. Why is Dual cycle called as Limiting pressure cycle.
Pressure attained at the end of compression stroke of a Dual cycle is
limited to a smaller value compare with that of Diesel cycle. Hence Dual
cycle is called as Limited pressure cycle.
31. Draw the P-V and T- S diagram of Dual cycle.

32. Discuss the compression ratio of an Otto , Diesel and Dual cycles.
RC for Otto cycle is between 6 to 10
5

Rc for Diesel cycle is between 20 to 25

RC for Dual cycle is between 12 to 16
33. For the same compression ratio and heat rejected , which of the
following cycle is the
most efficient : Otto , Diesel or Dual ? Explain with p-v and T s
diagrams.

From P V diagram work output from Otto cycle is greater than Dual Cycle which
work output is greater than Diesel cycle.

Otto cycle Dual cycle > Diesel cycle

Hence
34. What is the efficiency of an Otto cycle which is having compression
ratio is 10?
35. What is the effect of air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle with
compression ratio and cut off ratio?
Efficiency increases with the increase in compression ratio and vice-versa.
The efficiency decreases with the increase in cut off ratio and vice-versa.
36. Define Mean effective pressure of an I.C. engine.
Mean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the
piston during
the working stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the
stroke volume or piston
displacement volume.
37. What is the other name given to otto cycle?
Constant volume cycle.
38. Define the following terms in the Air Standard cycle- i. Air standard
efficiency, ii. Specific work transfer, iii. Specific air consumption and iv.
work ratio.
Air standard efficiency is defined as the ratio of network transfer during
the cycle to the net heat transfer to the cycle
Specific work transfer is the work transfer per unit mass of working
substance
Specific air consumption is the quantity of working substance required
for doing work transfer or the flow ratio of working substance for unit
power.
6

Work ration= Net work transfer in a cycle/possible work transfer in

cycle
39. What is the difference between the Gas Turbine power plant and
I.C. Engines ?
Gas turbine cycle is having rotary compressor whereas IC engine cycles
are using reciprocating compressor
40. Draw schematic diagram for Brayton cycle.

41. Draw PV and Ts diagram of Brayton cycle

42. What are the methods to improve the efficiency of a Brayton

cycle ?
To increase the efficiency of Brayton cycle the following modifications are
to be provided
i) Intercooler ii) Reheater iii) Regenerator
43.What are the effects of introducing regenerator in the basic gas
turbine cycle?
i. The fuel economy is improved. The quality of fuel required per unit mass of
air is less
ii. The work output from turbine, the work required to the compressor will
not change.
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iii. Pressure drop will occur during regeneration

iv. It increased thermal efficiency when the turbine operates at low-pressure
ratio.
44. Define isentropic efficiency of turbine and compressor in a Joule
cycle.
turbine = Actual internal work / Work of isentropic expansion
compressor = Work of isentropic compression / Actual internal work
45. Compare the Diesel and Brayton cycles
Diesel cycle
1. It consist of two isentropic,
one constant volume and one
constant pressure processes
2. Heat is rejected at constant
volume
3. Used in Diesel engines

Brayton cycle
1. It consist of two isentropic,
one constant pressure processes
2. Heat is rejected at constant
pressure
3. Used in gas turbines

46. Why Brayton cycle is used in gas turbine?

Inside the turbine the gas is continuously flowing in the processes are flow
processes. Since all the processes involved in Brayton cycle is flow process, it
has been used as the cycle for gas turbine.

PART B
1. A Six-cylinder petrol engine has a compression ratio of 5:1. The clearance
volume of each cylinder is 110CC. It operates on the four-stroke constant
volume cycle and the indicated efficiency ratio referred to air standard
efficiency is 0.56. At the speed of 2400rpm, it consumes 10kg if fuel per hour.
The calorific value of fuel is 44000KJ/kg. Determine the average indicated mean
effective pressure. [APR95]
2. An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and compression
begins at 1bar and 500C. The maximum pressure is 70bar. The heat transferred
to air at constant pressure is equal to heat transferred at constant volume. Find
the temperature at all cardinal points, cycle efficiency and mean effective
pressure. Take Cp = 1.005kJ/kgK; Cv = 0.718kJ/kgK. [MAY03]
3. In an oil engine working on dual cycle, the heat supplied at constant pressure
is twice that of heat supplied at constant volume. The compression and
expansion ratios are 8 and 5.3. The pressure and temperature at the beginning
of cycle are 0.93 bar and 270C. Find the efficiency of the cycle and mean
8

effective pressure. Take Cp = 1.005kJ/kgK; Cv = 0.718kJ/kgK. [Anna Univ.

May/June 2013]
4. The pressure, temperature and volume of air at the beginning of dual cycle
are 1.03bar, 350C and 150liters respectively. The volume after compression is
10liters 42kJ of heat is added to constant volume and 63kJ at constant pressure.
Determine air standard efficiency, clearance and cut off percentages. [APR98]
5. In a Brayton cycle, the air enters the compressor at 1 bar and 250C. The
pressure of air leaving the compressor is 3 bar and temperature at turbine inlet
is 6500C. Determine per kg of air [i] Cycle efficiency [ii] Heat supplied to air [iii]
Work input [iv] Heat rejected in the cooler and [v] Temperature of air leaving the
turbine. [MAY03]
6. In an air standard diesel cycle, the pressure and volume at the beginning of
compression are 100kPa and 0.03m3 respectively. Pressure after Isentropic
compression is 4.2MPa and after isentropic expansion is 200kPa. Determine [i]
Compression ratio [ii] Cut-off ratio [iii] Expansion ratio and [iv] Cycle efficiency.
Assume = 1.4, Cv = 0.718kJ/kgK. [NOV04]
7. Consider a stationary power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle. The
pressure ratio of the cycle is 8 and the gas temperature at the compressor inlet
and turbine inlet are 270C & 10270C respectively. Determine the following: [i]
Gas temperature at the compressor and turbine exit, [ii] Back work ratio, and
[iii] Thermal efficiency. Assume pr1 = 1.386 and pr3 = 330.9. Where pr is the
relative pressure. [APR05]
8. Explain a Diesel cycle. [Anna Univ. Apr. 05]
9. Derive an expression for the thermal efficiency of an ideal diesel cycle. [Anna
Univ. Apr. 05]
10. Show the dual cycle on p-v and T-s diagrams and derive and expression for
its efficiency.[May 2014]
11. What are the differences between Otto, diesel and dual cycles?
12. Show that the efficiency of the diesel cycle is always lower than the
efficiency of the Otto cycle for same compression ratio.
13. Derive an expression for air standard efficiency of Brayton cycle in terms of
[i] compression ratio and [ii] the pressure ratio.
14. Why the Brayton cycle is most suitable for gas turbine power plant?
15. Derive an expression for air the air standard efficiency of diesel cycle.
Explain why the efficiency of Otto cycle is more than that of the diesel cycle for
the same compression ratio.
[Anna Univ. May/June 2013]
16. The maximum and minimum temperature of an otto cycle are limited to
1200 K and 300K. Find the maximum work done by the cycle per kg of fluid if air
is used as working fluid. Find also the air standard efficiency. [16][AU., Nov./Dec.
2010]
9

17. [a] The mean effective pressure of an ideal diesel cycle is 8 bar. The initial
pressure is 1 bar and compression ratio is 12. Determine the cut off ratio and air
standard efficiency of the cycle.
[b] Discuss the effects of operating variables on cycle analysis. [8] [AU.,
Nov./Dec. 2010]
18. The minimum pressure and temperature in an Otto cycle are 100 Kpa and
27C. The amount of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500 KJ/kg.
[a] Determine the pressure and temperature at all points of the air standard
Otto cycle.
[b] Also calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency of the cycle for a
compression ratio
of 8:1. Take for air: Cv = 0.72 KJ/kg K and = 1.4. [AU.,
May/June 2011]
19. An IC engine operating on the dual cycle the temperature of the working
fluid [air] at the beginning of compression is 27C. The ratio of the maximum
and minimum pressure of the cycle is 70 and compression ratio is 15. The
amounts of heat added at constant volume and constant pressure are equal.
Compute the air standard thermal efficiency of cycle. State three main reasons
why the actual thermal efficiency is different from the theoretical value. [AU.,
May/June 2011]
20. an air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18. The pressure at
the beginning of compression stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is 30C. the
heat supplied is 1800 KJ/kg.
(1) The Efficiency
(2) Pressure and temperature at all salient points
(3) Heat rejected
(4) mean effective pressure
[AU., Nov/Dec 2013]
(b) an air standard otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7. The pressure at the
beginning of
compression stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is 40C. the
heat supplied is 2510 KJ/kg.
(1) The Efficiency
(2) Max Pressure and temperature
(3) Work done per of air
(4) Mean effective pressure
[AU., Nov/Dec 2013]
21. An engine works on a otto cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of the
air is 1 bar and 400C. 825KJ of heat is supplied per kg of air at the end of
compression. Find the temp and pressure at all salient points if the compression
ratio is 6. Also find the efficiency and mean effective pressure for the cycle.
Assume air is used as working fluid and take all idle conditions
(b)An gas turbine works on air standard brayton cycle. The pressure at the
beginning of
compression stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is 40C. the
amx temperature and pressure is limited to 3bar and 6500C. determine
(1) The Efficiency
(2) Exhaust temperature
(3) Work output
10

(4) Heat supplied and rejected per kg of air. [AU., Nov/Dec 2014]
22. An engine works on a otto cycle has an air standerd efficiency of 56% and
rejects 544KJ/Kg of air. The pressure and temperature of the air is 0.1 Mpa and
600C.
(1) Compression ratio of the engine
(2) Pressure and temperature at the end of compression
(3) Work done per of air
(4) Max pressure in the cycle
(b) Draw the actual and theortical PV diagrams of a four stroke diesel engine
and compare them. [AU., Apr/May 2015]

UNIT 2- I C ENGINES
1. What is engine?
11

Which system converts heat into mechanical work is called as

Engine.
2. What is machine?
Which system converts any form mechanical and electrical energy
into mechanical work is called as Machine.
3. What is the working principle of Automotive I C Engines?
Automotive I C engines are working in the reciprocating mechanism
principle.
4. What are the main components of a Reciprocating mechanism?
Cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crank and crank shaft are the main
components of a reciprocating system.
5. How IC engines are classified based on construction?
Based on the construction, the IC engines are classified as 4 stroke
and 2 stroke engine. In 4 stroke engine valves and valve actuating
components are provided whereas in the a stroke engine there is no
valves, only ports are provided in the cylinder.
6. How IC engines are classified based on the ignition methods?
Based on the ignition of fuel, IC engine are classified as Spark
ignition (SI) engine and Compression ignition (CI) engine. In SI
engine carburettor and spark plug is provided where as in CI engine
fuel pump and fuel injectors are provided.
7. How IC Engines are classified based on fuel?
Based on the fuel, IC engines are classified as Petrol engine and
Diesel engine.
8. How IC Engines are classified based on applications?
Based on applications, IC engines are classified for automotive
vehicles which are moving whereas IC engines used for stationary
applications like for (electricity) power production and run the pump in the
agricultural forms.
9. Name the different components of a valve actuating system of a 4
stroke engine.
Cam on the cam shaft, follower rod, rocker arm valve stem, valve
spring are the components of actuating the valves.
10.
What are the main processes taking place in one cycle of
operation of an I C Engine?
The processes taking during one cycle of operation of an IC engines
are: 1) Suction of fresh charge inside the cylinder 2) compression of fuel
charge to increase its pressure and temperature 3) combustion of fuel
charge and expansion of high pressure and high temperature gas (power
stroke) 4) exhausting of waste gas.
11.

What is the purpose of different piston rings in the piston?

Piston rings are used give the grip with cylinder to prevent the fresh
fuel charge should not leak from combustion chamber to crank case.
12

12.
What is the relation between stroke length and crank
radius?
Stroke length L = 2crank radius r
13.
Define stroke or swept volume of an IC Engine.
Stroke or Swept volume is the theoretical volume of the fresh
charge inducted into the cylinder during suction stroke.

n
m3
Stroke or Swept volume = D 2 L k
4
60
s
D- Bore of the cylinder or Piston dismeter in m
L - Stroke length in m;
n = no. of power stroke = N for 2 stroke engine
N
n=
for 4 stroke engines; N - speed in rpm
2
k - no. of cylinder
14.
What is the type of fuel used in SI engine?
In SI engine, fuel with low viscosity and low density fuels with low
firing can be used.
15.

What type of fuel can be used in CI engine?

In CI engine, fuel with high viscosity and high density fuel can be

used.
16.

What is meant by 4 stroke engine?

In 4 stroke engine all the suction, compression and combustion,
power and exhaust processes are taking place one after another in 4
stroke movement ( 2 revolution of crank shaft) of piston.

17.

What is the 2 stroke engine?

In 2 stroke engine all the suction, compression and combustion,
power and exhaust processes are taking place in 1 revolution of crank
shaft or 2 stroke movement of the piston takes place.

18.
Why compression ratio of a SI engine should be kept low
compared to CI engine?
If compression ratio of a SI engines is high then fresh charge which
contains air and fuel mixture will gets ignited on its own called preignition due to high temperature due to high compression ratio. Hence
compression ratio fir SI engines are kept low 8 to 10.
19.

What is the effect of high compression ratio of a CI Engine?

High compression ratio in CI engine causes the rapid atomization of
diesel and rapid increase in temperature to start the ignition.

20.
What are the components in the SI engine for the
combustion of fuel?
Components for the combustion of fuel in the SI engines are
carburetor and spark plug.
21.
What are the components used for the combustion of fuel in
the CI engine?
13

In the CI engines, for the combustion fuel, fuel pump and fuel
injector are used.
22.

What is Detonation or knocking in SI engine?

Multiple flame front started due to auto ignition of fuel adjacent to
the cylinder walls causes the collision of flame fronts and collide with
cylinder walls create vibration in the cylinder and causes the large sound.
This is called Detonation or knocking. This uncontrolled and uneven
combustion causes the engine gets damage.

23.

What are the effects of detonation in SI engine?

Detonation or knocking causes the vibration and collision over the
cylinder with bell sound causes the engine cylinder and other parts like
valve seat gets damage.

24.

What is auto ignition?

Very hotness of the cylinder walls which is due to deposition of
unburned carbon particles causes the fuel adjacent to the cylinder walls
gets firing without spark from the spark plug is called auto ignition.

25.

What is pre ignition?

Due to high compression ratio, the fuel and air charge inducted into
the cylinder during suction stroke gets fired or ignited before electric
spark is introduced into cylinder is called pre ignition.

26.

Explain Octane Number.

Octane number indicates the ability of fuel resists the detonation or
knocking.

27.

Explain the Ignition delay in CI engine?

Ignition delay is the duration starts from the time of fuel injection to
time of fuel gets ignited. Ignition delay consists of physical delay and
chemical delay.

28.
What are two types of delay period during combustion of
fuel in the CI engine?
physical delay and chemical delay are the two delay period during
combustion in CI engine.
29.

What is the fuel injector?

Fuel injector is used in diesel engine to inject and atomize the diesel
at the end of the compression stroke.

30.
Write any four major differences between two stroke and
four stroke IC engine.
Two
stroke
cycle
Four Stroke cycle engine
engine
One cycle is completed in
One cycle is completed in four
two stroke of the piston or
stroke of the piston or two revolution
one revolution of the crank
of the crank shaft.
shaft.
14

For the same speed, twice

For the same speed, half of the
the number of power strokes number of power strokes are
are produced than 4 stroke
produced than 2 stroke engine.
engine.
Turning moment is more
Turning moment is not uniform and
uniform and hence lighter
hence bigger flywheel is used.
flywheel is used.
It contains ports which is
It contains valves which is operated
operated by the piston
by valve mechanism.
movement.
31.
What is meant by CI Engine? Why it is called so?
CI engine means compression ignition engine. In CI engine the fuel
is injected by a fuel injector in atomized form because of high compressed
air it gets ignited automatically. Hence it is called as compression ignition
engine.
32.

What is a two stroke engine?

A two stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is
completed in two stroke of the piston or one revolution of the crank shaft.

33.

What is a four stroke engine?

A four stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is
completed in four stroke of the piston or two revolution of the crank shaft.

34.

Name the four strokes of an IC engine?

Suction, compression, power and exhaust stroke.

35.

Differentiate petrol and Diesel engines.

Petrol or SI engines
Diesel or CI engine
1. Combustion of air fuel 1. Combustion takes place by high
mixture takes place by spark compressed air.
produced by sparkplug.
2. Carburetor is used to mix 2. Fuel injector is used to inject the fuel in
the air fuel mixture.
atomized form.
3. Compression ratio varies 3. Compression ratio varies from 12 to 18.
from 6 to 8.
4.It works on Otto cycle.
4. It works on Diesel or Dual cycle.
36.
Write the importance of load test conducted in the I C
Engines?
Load or performance test to calculate and analysis different
efficiencies (Brake thermal, Indicated thermal, mechanical and volumetric
efficiency).
37.
Write the difference between Brake power and Indicated
power.
Brake power is the actual power available at the brake shaft for any
useful output. Indicated power is the theoretical power developed at the
piston.
38.

Define volumetric efficiency of an I C engine.

15

It is the ratio between the actual volume of fresh charge inducted

into the cylinder during suction stroke and theoretical volume or stroke or
swept volume of fresh charge inducted.
39.

Write the difference between TFC and SFC.

TFC is the Total Fuel Consumption in kg/s and SFC is the Specific
Fuel Consumption is the consumption of fuel to develop unit power output
in kg/ kWhr.

40.
For the load test conducted on I C engine, the torque of 500
Nm and speed of 3000 rpm, Calculate the Brake power.
41.
Explain the Mean Effective Pressure.
It is the average pressure acting on the piston with same work
output as in the air standard cycle with same stroke volume. It is the ratio
between work output and stroke volume.

42.

Write the importance of Heat balance test on an IC Engine.

Heat balance test to calculate the % of heat utilized in useful
output, % of heat taken by the cooling water, % heat carried by the
exhaust gas and % heat loss due to conduction through engine body out
of total heat input by burning fuel.

43.

What will the mass of exhaust gas from the IC engine.

Mass flow rate of air and mass flow rate of fuel consumption is the input to the engine. As per the
Mass conservation mass of input equals to mass of output. Hence mass flow rate of exhaust gas is the
sum Of Mass flow rate of air and mass flow rate of fuel consumption.

me = m f + m a

PART B
1. A simple jet carburetor is required to supply 5.5 kg of air per minute and 0.6
kg of fuel per minute. The density of fuel is 750kg/m3. The air is initially at 1 bar
and 300C. Calculate the throat diameter of the choke for a flow velocity of
95m/s. The velocity coefficient is taken as 0.78. If the pressure drop across the
fuel metering orifice is 0.76 of that at the choke, calculate orifice diameter
assuming Cdf = 0.62.
2. The throat diameter of a carburetor is 80mm and nozzle diameter is 6mm.
The Cda = 0.85 and Cdf = 0.7. The nozzle lip is 6mm. The pressure difference
causing the flow is 0.1bar. Find [a] Air-fuel ratio supplied by the carburetor
neglecting nozzle lip. [b] Air-fuel ratio considering nozzle lip and [c] The
minimum velocity of air required to start the fuel flow. Neglect aircompressibility. Take a = 1.2kg/m3 and f = 750kg/m3
3. Air fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to an engine by a carburetor is 13. The
fuel consumption of the engine is 7.5kg/hr. The diameter of the venture is
20mm. Find the diameter of fuel nozzle if the lip of the nozzle is 4mm. Take the
following data: f = 750kg/m3, Cda = 0.80, Cdf = 0.7 and atmospheric pressure
= 1.013bar and temperature = 270C.
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4. The venture of a simple carburetor has a throat diameter of 20mm and the
coefficient of flow is 0.8. The fuel orifice has a diameter of 1.14mm and
coefficient of fuel flow is 0.65. The gasoline surface is 5mm below the throat,
calculate [i] The air-fuel ratio for a pressure drop of 0.08bar when the nozzle lip
is neglected. [ii] The air fuel ratio when the nozzle lip is taken into account. [iii]
The minimum velocity of air or critical air velocity required to start the fuel flow
when the nozzle lip is provided. Assume the density of air and fuel to be
1.2kg/m3 and 750kg/m3 respectively. [Anna Univ. Nov.03]
5. A single cylinder four stroke diesel engine, having a swept volume of 750cm3
is tested at 300rpm. When a braking torque of 65N-m is applied, the mean
effective pressure is 1100 kN/m2. Calculate the brake power and mechanical
efficiency of the engine.
6. In a laboratory experiment, the following observations were noted during the
test of a four stroke S.I. engine.
Area of Indicator diagram = 510mm2
Length of indicator diagram = 55mm
Spring index = 1.25bar/mm
Diameter of the piston = 120mm
Length of the stroke = 180mm
Engine rpm = 480rpm
Effective brake load =25kg
Effective brake radius = 0.45m
Determine [i] Indicated m.e.p. [ii] Indicated power, [iii] Brake power and [iv]
Mechanical efficiency.
7. A rope brake has a brake wheel diameter of 750mm and the diameter of the
rope is 8mm. The dead load on the brake is 275N and spring balance reads 35N.
If the engine rpm is 480, find the brake power developed.
8. A six-cylinder petrol engine has a compression ratio of 5 to 1. The clearance
volume for each cylinder is 110CC. It operates on the four-stroke constant
volume cycle and the indicated thermal efficiency ratio referred to the air
standard cycle is 0.56. At a speed 2400rev/min it consumed 10kg of fuel per
hour, the energy of combustion being 44MJ/kg. Determine the average indicated
mean effective pressure in the cylinder. [MU, April 95]
9. A four cylinder diesel engine works on four-stroke cycle has a cylinder bore of
90mm and a stroke of 150mm. The crank speed is 370rpm, and fuel
consumption is 15kg/hr, having a calorific value of 39000kJ/kg. The indicated
mean effective pressure is 5bar. If the compression ratio is 14 and cut off ratio
is 2.3. Calculate the relative efficiency. Taking = 1.4.
10. The following observations were taken during a test on a single cylinder four
stroke cycle engine having a bore of 300 mm and stroke of 450mm. Ambient
air temperature = 220C Fuel Consumption = 11kg/hr, CV of fuel = 42000kJ/kg
Engine speed = 300rpm Mean effective pressure = 6 bar Net brake load = 1.0
kN. Brake drum diameter = 2 m Quantity of Jacket cooling water = 590kg/hr
Temperature of entering cooling water = 220C Temperature of leaving cooling
water = 700C Quantity of air as measured = 225kg/hr Specific heat of exhaust
17

gas = 1005kJ/kgK Exhaust gas temperature = 4050C Rope diameter = 2 cm

Determine indicated power, brake power, mechanical efficiency and draw a
heat balance sheet on hour basis. [Anna Univ. May/June 2013]
11. Draw the typical port-timing diagram of a two stroke SI engine and explain
the salient points. [Anna Univ. Apr.03]
12. [i] Explain the construction and working of a fuel injector with a neat sketch
[8]. [May 2014]
[ii] Draw and explain the Port Timing diagram of two stroke cycle diesel engine.
[8] [Anna Univ. May/June 2013]
13. Explain how knocking takes place in diesel engines and discuss the various
methods of controlling it. Compare the knocking in diesel engines with that of
the petrol engines. [Anna Univ. Nov.03]
100. Discuss the significance of various factors affecting flame speed in SI
engines. [Anna Univ. Nov.03].
14. [a] Discuss in detail the various types of fuel supply systems of a IC engine.
[8]
[b] Compare and contrast petrol and diesel engine. [8] [AU. Nov/Dec. 2010]
15. [a] Discuss with neat sketches the various types of lubricating systems
employed for an IC engine. [8] [May 2014]
[b] The petrol used in a SI engine contains 85% C and 15% H2. The amount of
air supplied per kg of fuel is 14 kg. Assume all H2 is burned, no carbon is
deposited and exhaust does not contain free O2, find
[i] mass of carbon burning to CO2,
[ii] mass of each of the gases in the wet exhaust air contains 23% O2 and 77%
N2 by mass. [8] [AU. Nov/Dec. 2010]
16. Explain why cooling is necessary in I.C. engine. With neat sketches describe
the working of water cooling system used for multi-cylinder engine. Why should
a pump and thermostat be provided in the cooling system on an engine? [AU.
May/June 2011]
17. A six cylinder 4 stroke S.I. engine having a piston displacement of 700cm3
per cylinder developed 78 kW at 3200 r.p.m. and consumed 27 kg of petrol per
hour. The calorific value of petrol is 44 MJ/kg. Estimate [a] The volumetric
efficiency of the engine if the air fuel ratio is 12 and intake air is at 0.9 bar,
32C [b] The brake thermal efficiency [c] The brake torque. For air, R = 0.287
kJ/kg K. [AU. May/June 2011]
18. Discuss the working principle of a four stroke engine with sketch. [AU.,
Nov/Dec 2013]
(b) Explain the construction and working principle of Battery coil ignition system
19. Explain the working principle of diesel injector with neat Sketch.
(b) Calculate the diameter and length of the stroke of a diesel engine working
on four stroke constant pressure cycle from the following data. Indicated power
= 18.75KW,RPM=220,Compression ratio= 14, Fuel cutoff = 1/20 th of the stroke,
Index of expansion =1.3, Index of compression=1.35,length/diameter=1.5.
18

assume the pressure and temperature of the air at the inlet are 1bar and 40 0C
respectively. [AU., Nov/Dec 2014]
20. With a neat sketch explain the working principle of simple carburetor.
(b) Explain the working of Battery ignition system. [AU., Apr/May 2015]

UNIT III -STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES

1. What are the various types of nozzles and their functions?
Nozzle is a duct of varying cross-sectional area in which the velocity
increases with the corresponding drop in pressure.
2. What is steam nozzle? How are they classified?
A steam nozzle is a device having variable cross-sectional passage
in which the
potential energy of steam is converted into kinetic energy at low pressure
when a high
pressure steam flows through it. They are classified as convergent type,
divergent type,
and convergent-divergent type.
3. What are the effects of friction on the flow through a steam
nozzle?
The final fraction of the steam is increased as the part of the
kinetic energy gets converted into heat due to friction and
absorbed by steam with n increase in enthalpy.

The expansion is no more isentropic and enthalpy drop is

reduced thereby resulting in lower exit velocity.
19

The specific volume of steam is increased as the steam becomes

drier due to this frictional reheating.

4. Define nozzle efficiency and critical pressure ratio.

Nozzle efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of actual enthalpy drop to the
isentropic enthalpy drop Nozzle efficiency = Actual enthalpy drop /
Isentropic enthalpy drop.
Critical pressure ratio: There is only one value of the ratio (P2/P1)
which Produces maximum discharge from the nozzle. The ratio is called
critical pressure ratio. Critical pressure ratio P2 /P1 = (2/n+1) n/n+1
Where, P 1= Initial pressure
P 2= Throat pressure.
5. What is the significance of critical pressure ratio?
The critical pressure gives the velocity of sound.
The flow in the convergent portion of the nozzle is subsonic and
divergent portion is supersonic
For expanding the steam below critical pressure, the divergent
portion of the nozzle is necessary.
When p2 approaches the critical value the rate of discharge will
be maximum.

6. What is the effect of friction in nozzle?

It reduces the value of enthalpy drop.
The expansion will not be isentropic.
It increases the entropy.
7. Explain the phenomenon of super saturated expansion in steam
nozzle.
Or
What is Meta stable flow?
When the supersaturated steam is expanded in the nozzle, the
condensation should occur in the nozzle. Since the steam has a great
velocity, the condensation does not take place at the expected rate. So
the equilibrium between the liquid and vapour phase is delayed and the
steam continues to expand in a dry state. The steam in such set of
condition is said to be supersaturated or meta stable flow.
8. What are the conditions that produce super saturation of steam
in nozzles?
When the superheated steam expands in the nozzle, the
condensation wil occur in the nozzle. Since, the steam has more velocity,
the condensation will not take place at the expected rate. So, the
equilibrium between the liquid and vapour phase is delayed and the
steam continues to expand in a dry state. The steam in such set of
condition is said to be supersaturated or meta stable flow.

9. What are the effects of super saturation in a steam nozzle?

20

The following effects in a nozzle on steam, in which super saturation

occurs, may be
summarized as follows.
The dryness fraction of the steam is increased.
Entropy and specific volume of the steam are increased.
Exit velocity of the steam is reduced.
Mass of stream discharged is increased
10. What are the differences between supersaturated flow and
isentropic flow through steam nozzles?
Supersaturated flow
1. Entropy is not constant
2. Reduce in enthalpy drop
3. We canot use molier diagram to
solve problems

Isentropic flow
Entropy is constant
No reduce in enthalpy drop
We can use Mollier diagram to
solve problems

11. The critical pressure ratio initially dry saturated steam is.
P2 /P 1=0.57
12. Define stagnation enthalpy
The stagnation enthalpy represents the enthalpy of fluid when it is
brought rest
adiabatically.

13.What are the reasons for the drop in velocity of the steam
for a given pressure
drop in steam nozzle?
Friction between the surface of the nozzle and steam
Due to internal fluid friction in the steam
Due to shock losses
14.What are the effects of super saturation in nozzles?
i. The dryness fraction of the steam is increased
ii. Entropy and specific volume of the steam are increased
iii. Exit velocity of the steam is reduced
iv. Mass of the steam discharged is increased.

15.What are the main functions of steam nozzles?

i. To supply high velocity jet of steam in steam turbine
ii. To inject feed water in to the boiler in a steam injector.
16. The critical pressure ratio for initially super heated steam is
____ as compared to
initially dry saturated steam.
Less.
17. When the backpressure of a nozzle is below the designed value
of pressure at exit of nozzle, the nozzle is said to be ____
Under damping.

21

18 .What are the factors those change the fluid properties while a
fluid flows through a nozzle with no work or heat transfer?
Change in flow area
Frictional forces.
19. What is a steam turbine?
Steam turbine is a device which is used to convert kinetic energy of
steam into
mechanical energy.
20. What is the fundamental difference between the operation of
impulse and reaction steam turbines?
Impulse Turbine
1. It consists of nozzles and moving
blades.

Reaction turbine
It consists of fixed blades and
moving
blades
2. Pressure drop occurs only in Pressure drop occurs in fixed as well
nozzles
as
not in moving blades
moving blades.
3. Steam strikes the blades with Steam passes over the moving
kinetic
blades
energy.
with pressure and kinetic energy.
4. It has constant blade channels It has varying blade channels area
area.
5. Due to more pressure drop per
Number of stages required is more
blade, number of stages required is due to
les.
more pressure drop.
21. Explain the need of compounding in steam turbines.
(Or)
Explain the purpose of compounding in steam turbines.
In simple impulse turbine, the expansion of steam from the boiler
pressure to condenser presure takes place in a single stage turbine. The velocity
of steam at the exit of turbine is very high. Hence, there is a considerable los of
kinetic energy (i.e. about 10to 12%). Also the sped of the rotor is very high (i.e.
up to 300rpm). There are several methods of reducing this sped to lower value.
Compounding is a method of
absorbing the jet velocity in stages when the steam flows over moving blades.
22. What are the different methods of compounding?
Velocity compounding
Pressure compounding
Pressure-velocity compounding.
23. What is meant by carry over loss?
The velocity of steam at exit is sufficiently high thereby resulting in
a kinetic energy los called "Cary over loss" or "Leading velocity loss"
24. Define degree of reaction.
22

It is defined as the ratio of isentropic heat drop in the moving blades to

isentropic heat drop in the entire stage of the reaction turbine.
25. What for a governor is used?
The governor is used to regulate the supply of steam to the turbine
in such a way that the speed of the turbine is maintained as for as
possible a constant under varying load conditions.
26. What are the different methods of governing steam turbines?
Throttle governing
Nozzle control governing
By-pass governing

Combination of throttle and nozzle governing or throttle and bypass governing.

27. What are the different losses involved in steam turbines?

Losses in regulating valves,
Losses due to steam friction,
Losses due to mechanical friction,
Losses due to leakage,
Residual velocity losses,
Carry over losses,
Losses due to wetness of steam, and
28. What are advantages of velocity compound impulse turbine.
Its initial cost is less because of few numbers of stages.
Less space is required.
The system is reliable and easy to start.
There is need of strong casing due to low pressure.

29. What is Wilson line?

The limiting condition of under cooling at which condensation
commences and is assumed to restore conditions of normal thermal
equilibrium is called Wilson line.
30.Define degree of super saturation.
The ratio of super saturation pressures corresponding to the
temperature between super saturated region is known as the degree
of super saturation.
31.Why re-heater is necessary in gas turbine? What are its effects?
The expansion process is very often performed in two sperate
turbine stages. he re-heater is placed between the H.P. and L.P.
turbines to increase the enthalpy of the exhaust gas coming from H.P.
turbine.
Effects:
Turbine output is increased for the same compression ratio
Thermal efficiency is less.

PART B
23

1. Steam at 10.5bar and 0.95dryness is expanded through a convergent

divergent nozzle. The pressure of steam leaving the nozzle is 0.85bar. Find [i]
Velocity of steam at throat for maximum discharge, [ii] The area at exit, [iii]
Steam discharge if the throat area is 1.2cm2. Assume the flow is isentropic and
there are no friction losses. Take n = 1.135. [Anna Univ. Apr.03]
2. Dry saturated steam at 2.8bar is expanded through a convergent nozzle to
1.7bar. The exit area is 3cm2. Calculate the exit velocity and mass flow rate for
[i] Isentropic expansion and [ii] Super saturated flow. [Anna Univ. Apr.03]
3. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8bar enters a convergent divergent
nozzle and leaves it at a pressure of 1.5bar. If the steam flow process is
isentropic and if the corresponding expansion index is 1.135, find the ratio of
cross sectional area at exit and throat for maximum discharge. [Anna Univ.
Oct.02]
4. Steam enters a group of convergent-divergent nozzles at 21bar and 2700C;
the discharge pressure of nozzle is 0.07bar. The expansion is equilibrium
throughout and the loss of friction in convergent portion of the nozzle is
negligible, but the loss by friction in the divergent section of the nozzle is
equivalent to 10% of enthalpy drop available in that section. Calculate the
throat and exit area to discharge 14kg/s of steam. [Anna Univ. Oct.02 &
Nov.03]
5. The following data refer to a single stage impulse turbine: Isentropic nozzle
entropy drop = 200kJ/kg, Nozzle efficiency = 90%, Nozzle angle 250 Ratio of
blade speed to whirl component of steam speed = 0.5. Blade coefficient = 0.9.
The velocity of steam entering the nozzle 30m/s. Find [i] The blade angles at the
inlet and outlet if the steam enters the blade without shock and leaves the
blade in the axial direction [ii] Blade efficiency [iii] Power developed and [iv]
Axial thrust if the steam flow rate is 10kg/s. [Anna Univ. Apr.03]
6. Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 600m/s at
an angle of 250 to the plane of rotation of the blades. The mean blade speed is
250m/s. The blade angle at the exit side is 300. The blade friction loss is 10%.
Determine [i] The blade angle at inlet [ii] The work done per kg of steam [iii]
The diagram efficiency [iv] The axial thrust per kg of steam per sec. [Anna Univ.
Nov.03]
7. At a particular stage of a reaction turbine, the mean blade speed is 60m/s
and the steam pressure is 3.5bar with a temperature of 1750C. The identical
fixed and moving blades have inlet angles of 300 and outlet angle 200.
Determine [i] the blade height if it is 1/10 of the blade ring diameter for a flow
rate of 13.5kg/s. [ii] The power developed by a pair and [iii] The specific
enthalpy drop if the stage efficiency is 85%. [Anna Univ. Apr.04]
8. Steam at a 3bar with 100C superheat is passed through a convergent nozzle.
The velocity of steam entering the nozzle is 91.5m/s. The backpressure is
1.5bar. Assuming nozzle efficiency of 90%, determine the area of the nozzle at
exit. Discharge though the nozzle is limited to 0.45kg/sec. Take Cps
[superheated steam] = 2.2kJ/kg 0C. [Anna Univ. Nov.04]
24

9. A convergent-divergent adiabatic steam nozzle is supplied with steam at

10bar and 2500C. The discharge pressure is 1.2bar. Assuming that the nozzle
efficiency is 100% and initial velocity of steam is 50m/s, find the discharge
velocity. [Anna Univ. Nov.04]
10. Dry saturated steam at 10bar is expanded in a nozzle to 0.4bar. The throat
area is 7cm2 and the inlet velocity is negligible. Determine the mass flow and
the exit area. Assume isentropic flow and take the index n = 1.135 for dry
saturated steam.[Anna Univ. Apr.05]
11. Define critical pressure and critical temperature ratios of a nozzle. [Anna
Univ. Apr.05]
12. Explain the supersaturated expansion of steam in a nozzle with h-s diagram
[Anna Univ. Apr.04]
13. Describe the construction of the combined velocity triangle of an impulse
turbine and derive an expression for the power developed by the turbine. [Anna
Univ. Nov.04]
14. Explain the pressure-velocity compounding with a neat sketch. [Anna Univ.
Nov.04]
15. Define the following terms: [i] Diagram efficiency. [ii] Stage efficiency. [Anna
Univ. Nov.04]
16. Obtain the relationship between area, velocity and pressure in nozzle flow.
[Anna Univ. Apr04]
17. [a] Explain various types of nozzles and their distinguishing features [8]
[b] Steam expands from 40 bar and specific volume of 0.0749 m3/kg to a
pressure of 20 bar in a nozzle. Steam remains superheated throughout.
Determine the exit area of cross section. [8] [AU., Nov/Dec. 2010]
18. [a] Derive an expression for critical pressure ratio. [8]
[b] Compare the throttle and nozzle control governing in steam turbines. [8]
[AU. Nov/Dec. 2010]
19. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8 bar enters a convergent-divergent
nozzle and leaves it at a pressure of 1.5 bar. If the flow is isentropic, and the
corresponding expansion index is 1.135; find the ratio of cross-sectional area at
exit and throat for maximum discharge. [AU., May/June 2011]
20. A simple impulse turbine has a mean blade speed of 200 m/s. The nozzles
are inclined at 20 to the plane of rotation of the blades. The steam velocity
from nozzles is 600 m/s. The turbine uses 3500 kg/hr of steam. The absolute
velocity at exit is along the axis of the turbine. Determine :
a] The inlet and exit angles of the blades
b] The power output of then turbine
c] The diagram efficiency
d] The axial thrust [per kg steam per second]
25

Assume the inlet and outlet angles to be equal. [AU. May/June 2011]
21. [i] What are the effects of friction in a nozzle? Explain. [8]
[ii] A convergent divergent nozzle is required to discharge 2kg of steam per
second.
The nozzle is supplied with steam at 7 bar and 1800C and discharge takes place
against a back pressure of 1 bar. The expansion up to throat is isentropic and
the frictional resistance between the throat and exit is equivalent to 63kJ/kg of
steam. Taking approach velocity of 75m/s and throat pressure of 4 bar, estimate
[1] Suitable areas for the throat and exit and [2] Overall efficiency of nozzle
based on the enthalpy drop between the actual inlet pressure and temperature
and the exit pressure. [8] [Anna. Univ. May/June 2013]
22. [i] The velocity of steam, leaving the nozzle of an impulse turbine is 1000
m/s and the nozzle angle is 200. The blade velocity is 350 m/s and the blade
velocity of coefficient is 0.85. Assuming no losses due to shock at inlet,
calculate for a mass flow of 1.5kg/s and symmetrical blading.
[1] Blade inlet angle [3]
[2] Driving force on the wheel [3]
[3] Axial thrust on the wheel and [3]
[4] Power developed by the turbine [3]
[ii] Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine? [4] [Anna Univ.
May/June 2013]
23. steam expands isentropically in a nozzle from 1Mpa to,250 0C to 10Kpa .the
flow rate is 1kg/s find the following
[1] Quality of steam
[2] Velocity of steam
[3] Exit area of the steam
(b) Explain the pressure and velocity compounding diagram of an multi stage
turbine with sketch.
[Anna Univ. Nov/Dec 2013]
24. Steam at a pressure of 10.5 bar and 0.95 dry is expanded through a
convergent divergent nozzle. The pressure of steam leaving the nozzle is 0.85
bar. Find the velocity of steam at throat for maximum discharge. Take n=1.135.
also find the area at the exit and steam discharge if throat area is 1.3cm 2 .
assume the flow is isentropic and there is no friction losses.
(b) Explain the pressure and velocity compounding of multi stage turbine with
neat sketch. [Anna Univ. Nov/Dec 2014]
25. The inlet condition to a steam nozzle are 10 bar and 250 0C. the exit
pressure is 2 bar. Assuming isentropic expansion and negligible inlet velocity
determine
[1] The throat area
[2] Velocity of steam
[3] Exit area of the nozzle
(b) What is velocity compounding ? list the advantages and limitations. [AU.,
Apr/May 2015]

26

UNIT IV - AIR COMPRESOR

(1) Classify the various types of air compressors.
1) According to the and principle of operation
a)Reciprocating compressors
b) Rotary compressors.
2) According to the action
a) Single acting compressors
b) Double acting compressors
3) According to the number of stages
a) Single stage compressors
b) Multistage compressors
4) According to the pressure limit
a)Low pressure compressors
b )Medium pressure compressors
c) High pressure compressors
5) According to the capacity
a)Low capacity compressors
b) Medium capacity compressors.
c) High capacity compressors
(2) What is meant by single acting compressors?
In single acting reciprocating compressor, the suction, compression
and delivery of air takes place on both sides of the piston.
(3)What is meant by single stage compressor?
In single stage compressor, the compression of air from the initial
pressure to the final. Pressure is carried out in one cylinder only.
(4)What is meant by double acting compressor?
In double acting reciprocating compressor, the suction, compression and
delivery of air takes place on both sides of the piston.
(5) Indicate the application of reciprocating
industry?
The applications of compressed air as follows:
Pneumatic brakes
27

compressors

in

 Pneumatic jakes.
Pneumatic drills.
Pneumatic lifts.
Spray painting.
Shop cleaning.
Injecting fuel in diesel engines.
Supercharging internal combustion engines.
Refrigeration, and air conditioning systems.
(6) What are the advantages of multi stage compression with
internal cooling over
single stage compression for the same
pressure ratio?
It improves the volumetric efficiency for the given pressure ratio.
It reduces the leakage los considerably.
It gives more uniform torque and hence a smaller size flywheel is
required.
It reduces the cost of the compressor.
(7) Define the terms as applied to air compressors: Volumetric
efficiency and isothermal compression efficiency.
(or)
Define the mechanical efficiency and isothermal efficiency of a
reciprocating air compressor.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of volume of free air
sucked into the compressor per cycle to the stroke volume of the cylinder.
Volumetric efficiency: Volume of free air taken per cycle/Stroke volume of
the cylinder.
Isothermal compression efficiency: Isothermal efficiency is
defined as the ratio between isothermal work to the actual work of the
compressor.
Isothermal efficiency = brake power/ Indicated power
(8) Define clearance ratio?
Clearance ratio is defined as the ratio of clearance volume to swept
volume (or) stroke volume.
C= Vc/Vs
Vc=Clearance volume
Vs=Swept volume
(9) Discus the effect of clearance upon the performance of an air
compressor.
The volumetric efficiency of air compressor increases with decrease
in clearance
of the compressor.
(10) Give two merits of rotary compressor over reciprocating
compressor.
Rotary compressor gives uniform delivery of air where compared to
reciprocating compressor.
Rotary compressors are small in size for the same discharge as
compared with reciprocating compressors.
Lubricating system is more complicated in reciprocating compressor
where as
it is very simple in rotary compressor.
28

(11) Why clearance is necessary and what is its effect on the

performance of reciprocating compresor?
When the piston reaches top dead center in the cylinder, there is a
dead space
between piston top and cylinder head. This space is known as clearance
space and the
volume occupied by this space is known as clearance volume.
(12) What is meant by inter cooler?
An inter cooler is a simple heat exchanger. It exchanges the heat of
compressed air from the low-pressure compressor to the circulating.
(13) What are the factors that afect the volumetric efficiency of a
reciprocating
compressor?
1. Clearance volume.
2. Compression ratio.
(14) What is compression ratio?
Compression ratio is defined as the ratio between total volume and
clearance
volume.
Compression ratio = Total volume /Clearance volume.
15. What is meant by free air delivered?
The free air delivered is the actual volume delivered at the
stated pressure reduced to intake pressure and temperature and
expressed in m3 /min.
16. Define mechanical efficiency and isothermal efficiency of a
reciprocating compressor.
Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio between brake power to
the indicated power.
Mechanical Efficiency = Brake power/Indicated power.
Isothermal Efficiency: Isothermal efficiency is defined as the ratio
between isothermal work to the actual work of the compressor.
Isothermal Efficiency = Isothermal work/Actual work.
17. What is the difference between perfect inter cooling and
imperfect inter cooling?
Perfect cooling: When the temperature of air leaving the
inter cooler is equal to the original atmospheric air temperature, then
inter cooling is known as perfect inter cooling.
Imperfect Inter cooling: When the temperature of air leaving the
inter cooling is more than original atmospheric air temperature, then inter
cooling is known as imperfect inter cooling.
18. What factors limit the delivery pressure in a reciprocating
compressor?
To obtain high delivery pressure, the size of the cylinder will
be large.
Temperature of air
29

19. Why clearance is necessary and what is its effect on the

performance of reciprocation compressor?
When the piston reaches top dead center in the cylinder, there is a
dead space between piston top and cylinder head. This space is known as
clearance space and the volume occupied by this space is known as
clearance volume.
20. List out the application of compressed air
Compressed air is mostly used in pneumatic brakes, pneumatic
drills, pneumatic jacks, pneumatic lifts, spray painting, shop cleaning,
injecting fuel in diesel engines, supercharging, internal combustion
engines, refrigeration and air conditioning systems
21. State the effect of clearance on work done in a reciprocating
compressor.
Actual suction volume decreases
Mass of air is reduced
Volumetric efficiency decreases
22. Compressor Capacity is
Volume of air delivered
ii. Volume of air sucked
iii. Both a and b
iv. Nine of the above

23.Explain the flow of air controlled in reciprocating compressors

The flow of air is controlled by three methods such as
Centrifugal governor mechanisms
Maintaining the speed of motor constant
Providing air pocket advancement to the cylinder.

24.Define mean effective pressure. How is it related to indicated

power?
The mean effective pressure is defined as hypothetical pressure,
which is considered to be acting on the piston throughout the
compression stroke.
The indicated power IP = Mean effective pressure x L x A x N
25.What are the factors that influence the power input to the
compressor?
The mass flow of air
ii. The pressure ration of the compressor
iii. The inlet temperature
iv. Temperature difference between the inlet and outlet
v. The properties of the working medium

26.What are the internal and external loses in centrifugal

compressor?
30

The internal losses are due to

friction between air and wall of flow passage
ii. Disc friction
iii. leakage between impeller and casing
iv. turbulence
v. shock and the external losses are mainly due to the bearing
friction

27.What are the difference between rotary air compressor and

reciprocating air
compressor?
Reciprocating Air compressor
The maximum delivery pressure may
be
as high as 1000 bar
They are suitable for low discharge of
air at very high pressure
The speed of air compressor is low
The air supply is intermittent
The size of the compressor is large for
the given discharge
The balancing is a major problem

Rotary Air compressor

The maximum delivery pressure is
10 bar only.
They are suitable for large discharge
of air at low pressure.
The speed of air compressor is high
The air supply is continuous.
The size of air compressor is small
for the same discharge.
There is no balancing problem

28.What are the advantages of multi stage compressor over single

stage compressor?
Less work is done by the compressor to deliver the same quantity of
air.
ii. It improves the volumetric efficiency for the given pressure ratio.
iii. The size of the two cylinder may be adjusted to suit the volume
and pressure of the air.
iv. It reduces the leakage losses considerably and provides effective
lubrication.
v. It provides more uniform torque and thus smaller size of the
flywheel is required.
vi. It reduces the cost by selecting a cheap material for
construction.

29.What is the difference between centrifugal and axial flow

compressors?
Centrifugal compressor
The flow of air is perpendicular to the
axis of compressor
It has low manufacturing and running
cost
31

Axial flow compressor

The flow of air is parallel to the axis of
compressor
It has high manufacturing and running
cost

It requires low starting torque

It requires high starting torqu
It is not suitable for multi staging
It is suitable for multi staging.
It requires large frontal area for a given It requires less frontal area for a given
rate of flow
rate of flow. It makes the compressor
suitable for aircrafts.

30.What are the advantages of rotary compressor over

reciprocating compressor?
Maximum free air delivery is as high as 3000 m3/min.
ii. Air supply is continuous, more clean.
iii. Small size is required for the same discharge.
iv. No balancing problem
PART - B
1. A single stage reciprocating air compressor takes 1m3 of air per minute at
1bar and 150C and delivers it at 7bar. The law of compression is pV1.3 =
constant, calculate the indicated power. Neglect clearance. If the speed of
compressor is 300rpm and stroke to bore ratio is 1.5, calculate the cylinder
dimensions. Find the power required if the mechanical efficiency of compressor
is 85% and motor transmission efficiency is 90%. [NOV02]
2. A single acting single stage-reciprocating compressor takes 1m3 of air per
minute at 1.013bar and 170C and delivers it at 7bar. The law of compression is
pV1.35 = constant. Clearance is neglected. Compressor runs at 300rpm. Stroke
to bore ratio is 1.5. Mechanically efficiency compressor is 85% and motor
transmission efficiency is 90%. Calculate mass or air delivered per minute,
indicated power, bore and stroke, and the motor power. [Anna Univ. may 2004]
3. The free air delivery of a single cylinder single stage reciprocating air
compressor is 2.5m3/min. The ambient air is at STP conditions and delivery
pressure is 7bar. The clearance volume is 5% of the stroke volume and law of
compression and expansion is pV1.25 = C. If L = 1.2D and the compressor runs
at 150rpm, determine the size of the cylinders. [DEC03]
4. A Single stage single acting compressor delivers 15m3 of free air per minute
from 1bar to 8bar. The speed of compressor is 300rpm. Assuming that
compression and expansion follow the law pV1.3 = constant and clearance is
1/16th of swept volume, find the diameter and stroke of the compressor. Take
L/D = 1.5. The temperature and pressure of air at the suction are same as
atmospheric air. [DEC03]
5. A single stage double acting compressor has a free air delivery [F.A.D] of
14m3/min measured at 1.013bar and 150C. The pressure and temperature in
the cylinder during induction are 0.95bar and 320C respectively. The delivery
pressure is 7bar and index of compression and expansion, n= 1.3. The
clearance volume is 5% of the swept volume. Calculate the indicated power
required and the volumetric efficiency. [Anna Univ. Apr.04]
6. A three-stage air-compressor delivers 5.2m3 of free air per minute. The
suction pressure and temperature are 1bar and 300C. The pressure and
temperature are 1.03bar and 200C at the free air condition. The air is cooled at
32

300C after each stage of compression. The delivery pressure of the compressor
is 150bar. The R.P.M. of the compressor is 300. The clearance of L.P., I.P., and
H.P. cylinders are 5% of the respective strokes. The index of compression and
re-expansion in all stages is 1.35. Neglecting pressure losses, find the B.P. of the
motor required to run the compressor if the mechanical efficiency is 80%. [Anna
Univ. Nov.04]
7. Consider a single-acting 2 stage reciprocating air compressor running at
300rpm. Air is compressed at a rate of 4.5kg/min from 1.013bar and 288K
through a pressure ratio of 9 to 1. Both the stages have the same pressure ratio
and the index of compression and expansion in both stages is 1.3. Assume a
complete inter cooling, find the indicated power and the cylinder swept volumes
required. Assume that the clearance volumes of both stages are 5% of their
respective swept volumes. [Anna Univ. Apr.05]
8. Explain with the help of a neat sketch the principle of operation of a
reciprocating air compressor. [Anna Univ. Apr.04]
9. With the help of a neat sketch explain the principles of operation of a
centrifugal compressor. [Anna Univ. Apr.04 & Nov.04]
10. Compare reciprocating and rotary air compressors. [Anna Univ. Apr.04]
11. Discuss the merits and demerits of rotary and reciprocating compressors.
[Anna Univ. Dec.03 & Nov.04]
12. With the help of schematic and p-V diagrams, explain the working of a vane
type compressor. [Anna Univ. Apr.05]
13. [a] Show that in a reciprocating air compressor, with perfect inter cooling,
the work done for compressing air is rejected to cooling medium.
[b] With the aid of P-V diagrams discuss the reasons for the use of multi stage
compressors. [AU. Nov/Dec.2010]
14. [a] Compare reciprocating and rotary compressors and discuss.
[b] What are the advantages of multi stage compressors over single stage
compressors? Derive the condition of minimum work with complete inter cooling
in a two stage compressor. [AU. May/June 2011] [May 2014]
15. A two stage single acting compressor takes in air at the rate of 0.2 m3/s the
intake pressure and temperature are 0.1 MPa and 16C. The air is pressed to a
final pressure of 0.7 MPa. The intermediate pressure is ideal and inter cooling is
perfect. The compression index in both the stages is 1.25 and the compressor
runs at 600 r.p.m. Neglecting clearance, determine:
[a] The intermediate pressure
[b] The total volume of each cylinder
[c] The power required to drive the compressor and
[d] The rate of heat rejection in the inter cooler.
Take Cp = 1.005 KJ/kg K and R = 0.287 KJ/Kg K. [AU. May/June 2011]

33

16. [a] Explain the working of a single stage single acting reciprocating
compressor with a neat sketch and p-v diagram.
[b] A single stage double acting reciprocating air compressor is required to
deliver 14 m3 of air minute measured at 1.013 bar and 15C. The delivery
pressure is 7 bar and the seed 300 r.p.m. Take the clearance volume as 5% of
the swept volume with the compression and expansion index of n= 1.3.
Calculate
[i] Swept volume of the cylinder
[ii] The delivery temperature
[iii] Indicated power. [AU. May/June 2011]
17. A single acting reciprocating air compressor has a piston diameter of
200mm and a stroke of 300mm and runs at 350rpm. Air is drawn at 1.1 bar
pressure and is delivered at 8 bar pressure. The law of compression is pV 1.35 =
constant and clearance volume is 6% of the stroke volume. Determine the mean
effective pressure and the power required to drive the compressor. [Anna Univ.
May/June 2013]
18. Derive the work done by a two stage reciprocating air compressor with inter
cooler and derive the condition for minimum work input and the expression for
minimum work required for two stage reciprocating compressor? [Anna Univ.
May/June 2013]
19 In a two stage compressor in which intercooling is perfect prove that work
done in the compressor is minimum when the pressure in the intercooler
geometric mean between the initial and final pressure. Draw the PV&TS
diagram for two stage compression
(b) Explain the construction and working principle of multi stage compressor
and discuss the perfect and imperfect intercooling with neat sketch. [Anna Univ.
Nov/Dec 2013]
20. Derive an expression for volumetric efficiency of a air compressor. [May
2014]
21. Derive an expression for volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating air
compressor.
(b) (b) Explain the construction and working principle of multi stage compressor
and discuss the perfect and imperfect intercooling with neat sketch. [Anna Univ.
Nov/Dec 2014]
22. A single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor delivers 15m 3 of
free air per min from 1.1 to 8 bar pressure. Assuming that compression and
expansion follow pV1.35 = constant and clearance volume is 1/6 th of the swept
volume. Find the diameter and stroke of the compressor. Take L/D =1.5. the
temperature and pressure of air at the suction are 200C and 1 bar respectively.

34

[AU., Apr/May 2015]

UNIT V- REFRIGERATION AND AIR

CONDITIONING
1. What is the difference between a heat pump and a refrigerator?
Heat pump is a device which operating in cyclic process, maintains
the temperature of a hot body at a temperature higher than the
temperature of surroundings.
A refrigerator is a device which operating in a cyclic process,
maintains the temperature of a cold body at a temperature lower than the
temperature of the
surroundings.
2. Define the term COP?
Co-efficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat extracted
or rejected to
work input.
COP=Heat extracted or Rejected/Work Input
3.Define refrigeration effect.
The amount of heat extracted in a given time is known as refrigeration
effect.
4. Write the expression for COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator?
COP Of heat pump (COP)HP= T2/T2-T1
COP of Refrigerator (COP)REF= T1/T2-T1
5. Explain the term source and sink.
Source is a thermal reservoir, which supplies heat to the system and
sink is a
thermal reservoir, which takes the heat from the system.
6. What do you understand by the entropy principle?
The entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. It always
increases and remains constant only when the process is reversible. This
is known as principle of increase in entropy or entropy principle.
35

7. Define tone of refrigeration.

A tone of refrigeration is defined as the quantiy of heat required to
be removed from one tone of water (100kg) at 0 C to convert that into ice
at 0 C in 24
hours. In actual practice,
1 tone of refrigeration= 210kJ/min=3.5kW
8. Define tone of refrigeration. Heat is removed from a space at a
rate of 42,00kJ/h.
Express this heat removal rate in tons.
A tone of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat required to
be
removed from one tone of water (100kg) to convert hat into ice at 0 C 24
hours.
9. The vapour compression refrigerator employs the -- cycle.
Reversed Carnot.
10. The door of a running refrigerator inside a room was left open.
What will happen?
The room will be gradually warmed up.
11. In a vapor compression refrigeration system, where the lowest
temperature will
occur?
At inlet of evaporator
12. How does the actual vapour compression cycle differ from that
of the ideal cycle?
In actual cycles, pressure loses occur in both condenser and
evaporator.
Friction loses occur in compressor.
13. Name

four important properties of a god refrigerant.

Low boiling point.
High critical temperature and pressure.
Low specific heat of liquid

14. What is the difference between air conditioning and

refrigeration?
Refrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining the
temperature in space below atmospheric temperature.
Air conditioning is the process of supplying sufficient volume of
clean air containing a specific amount of water vapour and maintaining
the predetermined atmospheric condition with in a selected enclosure.
15. What is the function of the throttling valve in vapour
compression refrigeration
system?
The function of throttling valve is to allow the liquid refrigerant
under high pressure and temperature to pas to controlled rate after
reducing its pressure and temperature.
36

16. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, where the highest

temperature
will occur?
After compresion.
17. The vapour absorption system can use low-grade heat energy in
the generator.
Is true or false?
True.
18. Name any two commonly used refrigerants.
Ammonia (NH3)
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
19. Explain unit of Refrigeration.
Unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of tone of refrigeration. A
tone of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat required to be
removed from one tone of water (100kg) to convert hat into ice at 0 C in
24 hours.
20. Why throttle valve is used in place of expansion cylinder for
vapour compression refrigerant machine.
In throttling process, enthalpy remains constant and pressure is
reduced so
throttle valve is used.
21. What are the effect pf superheat and sub cooling on the vapour
compression
cycle?
Superheating increases the refrigeration effect and COP may be
increased or
decreased. But sub cooling always increase the COP of the refrigeration
and also
decrease the mass flow rate of refrigerant.
22. What are the properties of god refrigerant?
An ideal refrigerant should poses the following desirable properties.
The refrigerant should have low freezing point.
It must have high critical pressure and temperature to avoid
large power requirements.
It should have low-specific volume to reduce the size of the
compressor.
It should be nonflammable, non-explosive, non-toxic and noncorrosive.
23. What is net refrigerating effect of the refrigerant?
Refrigerating effect is the total heat removed from the refrigerant in
the evaporator.
COP= Refrigeration effect / Work done
Refrigeration effect= COP * Work done.
37

24. Name the various components used in simple vapour absorption

system.
Absorber
Pump
Generator
Condenser.
Throttle valve.
Evaporator.

25. Define refrigerant.

Any substance capable of absorbing heat from another required
substance can
be used as refrigerant.
26.What are the merits and demerits of air refrigeration system?
Merits:
The refrigerant air is cheap and easily available
ii. There is no danger of fire of toxic effects due to leakages.
iii. The equipment weight to tonne of refrigeration is low
Demerits:
The quantity of refrigerant used per of refrigeration is high
ii. The COP of the system is very low
iii. The danger of frosting at the expander valves is more as air
contains moisture.

27.Name some important refrigeration applications

Ice making, food preservation, milk processing, industrial airconditioning, chemical related industries, medical and surgical aids, oil
refining and treatment of metals.

28. How does humidity affect human comfort?

If the humidity is above a certain level, water vapour from human
body moisture cannot be absorbed by the atmospheric air. It results in
discomfort because of sweating.
29. What are the advantages and disadvantages of air refrigeration
system?
Advantages:
The refrigerant used namely air is cheap and easily available.
There is no danger of fire or toxic effects due to leakages.
The weight to tonne of refrigeration ratio is less as compared to
other systems.
Disadvantages:
The quantity of refrigerant used per tonne of refrigeration is high
as compared to other systems.
38

The COP of the system is very low. Therefore running cost is

high.
The danger of frosting at the expander valves is more as the air
contains
30. State any two advantages of vapour absorption system over
compression system.
No need of electric power.
Wear and Tear is less.
Tonne capacity is high.
There is no leakage of refrigerant.
Space requirement is less.
31. What is GSHF?
GSHF = TSH/GTH = TSH/[TLH+TSH]
TSH = Total sensible heat load.
GTH = Grand total heat load.
TLH = Total latent heat load.
GSHF = Grand sensible heat factor.
32. Mention the desirable properties of refrigerant.

The refrigerant should have low freezing point.

It must have high critical pressure and temperature to avoid
large power requirements.
It should have low-specific volume to reduce the size of the
compressor.
It should be non flammable, non-explosive, non-toxic and noncorrosive.
It should give high C.O.P in the working temperature range.
This is necessary to reduce the running cost of the system.
It must have low specific heat and high latent heat.
It should be odorful for leak detection.
It should be of low cost.

33. Define sensible heating and sensible cooling process.

Sensible heat process: In sensible heating process, air is heated at
constant specific humidity. It means, heating is done without adding
moisture. During this process, dry bulb temperature is increased.
Sensible cooling process: In sensible cooling process, air is
cooled at constant specific humidity. During this process, the dry bulb
temperature is reduced.
34. What is humidification and dehumidification?
Humidification is defined as the process of adding moisture at
constant dry bulb temperature.
Dehumidification is defined as the process of removing moisture at
constant dry bulb temperature.
35. Enumerate the components of cooling load estimate.
39

Heat flow through the exterior walls,ceilings,floors, doors and

windows.
Heat by solar radiation
Heat received from the occupants
Heat received by infietrated air etc..

36. Differentiate
compression system.

vapour

absorption

system

and

vapour

Vapour absorption system

Due to compressor and fan more wear
and tear
Electrical power is essential to
operate the system

Vapour compression system

Only moving part is liquid pump, less
wear and tear
Electrical power is not essential to
operate the system (heat energy is
used)
The compressor is used to compress Compressor is replaced by absorber
the
and
refrigerant
generator
Freon 12, Freon 22, NH3, Propane,
NH3 water vapour system, Lithium
Isobutane used as refrigerants
Bromide water vapour system is
used.
Occupies less space.
Occupies more space.
Performance is poor at partial loads
Performance is not affected at partial
loads.

Part B
1. A 5tonne refrigeration plant uses R12 as refrigerant. It enters the compressor
at -50C as saturated vapour. Condensation takes place at 320C and there is no
under cooling of refrigerant liquid. Assuming isentropic compression, determine
COP of the plant, Mass flow of refrigerant, power required to rum the
compressor in kW. The properties of R-12 are given in table. [Anna Univ.
Nov.02]

T0C
32
-5

P[bar]
7.85
2.61

Enthalpy kJ/kg
hf
hg
130.5
264.5
---249.3

Entropy
kJ/kgK sg
1.542
1.557

2.A refrigerator works between -70C and 270C. The vapour is dry at the end of
adiabatic compression. Assuming there is no under cooling determine [i] The
C.O.P [ii] Power of the compressor to remove a heat load of 12140kJ/hr. the
properties of refrigerant are given table. [Anna Univ. May 03]
T0C

Sensible
heat,
[hf]
[kJ/kgK

Latent heat
[hfg] kJ/kg

40

Entropy of
Liquid [sf]
kJ/kgK

Entropy of
Vapour [sg]
kJ/kgK

-7
27

-29.3
117.23

1297.9
1172.3

-0.109
0.427

4.748
4.333

3.A vapour compression refrigeration system using R12 has a condensing

temperature of 500C and evaporating temperature of 00C. The refrigeration
capacity is 7tons. The liquid leaving the condenser is saturated liquid and
compression is isentropic. The vapour leaving the evaporator is dry saturated.
Assume that enthalpy at the end of isentropic compression = 210kJ/kg.
Determine: [i] The refrigeration flow rate. [ii] The power required to run the
compressor. [iii] The heat rejected in the plant. [iv] COP of the system. The
properties of R12 are listed below: [Anna Univ. Nov.03 & Dec.04]
Temp
[0C]
50

Pressure
[bar]
12.199

hf [kJ/kg]
84.868

hg
[kJ/kg]
206.298

[sf]
kJ/kgK
0.3034

sg
[kJ/kgK]
0.6792

0.086

36.022

187.397

0.1418

0.6960

4. 28 tonnes of ice from and 00C is produced per day in an ammonia

refrigerator. The temperature range in the compressor is from 250C to -150C.
The vapour is dry and saturated at the end of compression performance of 62%
of theoretical, Calculate the power required to drive the compressor. The
properties of ammonia are given in the following table: [Anna Univ. Apr.04]

Temperature
25
-15

Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
Liquid
Vapour
100.4
1319.22
-54.56
1304.99

Entropy [kJ/kgK]
Liquid
Vapour
0.3473
4.4852
-2.1338
5.0585

5. Air enters the compressor of an aircraft system at 100kPa, 277K and is

compressed to 300kPa with an isentropic efficiency of 72%. After being cooled
to 328K at constant pressure in a heat exchanger the air then expands in a
turbine to 100kPa with an isentropic efficiency of 78%. The low temperature air
absorbs a cooling load of 3tons of refrigeration at constant pressure before reentering the compressor. Which is driven by the turbine. Assuming air as ideal
gas, find the COP, the driving power required and the air mass flow rate. [Anna
Univ. May.05]
6. [i] An office is to be air-conditioned for 50 staff when the outdoor conditions
are 300C DBT and 75%RH if the quantity of air supplied is 0.4m3/min/person,
find the following:
[1] Capacity of the cooling coil in tones of refrigeration. [4]
[2] Capacity of the heating coil in kW. [4]
[3] Amount of water vapour removed per hour. [4]
Assume that required air inlet conditions are 200C DBT and 60% RH air is
conditioned first by cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating.
[ii] Describe the factors that affect human comfort. [4] [Anna Univ. Apr.04 &
May/June 2013][May 2014]

41

7. An air-vapour mixture at 0.1 MPa, 300C, 80% RH has a volume of 50m3,

Calculate the specific humidity, dew point temperature, wet bulb temperature,
mass of dry air and mass of water vapour. [Anna Univ. Apr.05]
8. With a neat flow diagram, explain the working of a vapour compression
refrigeration system. [MU, Apr96, Apr.98 & Anna Univ. Apr.04 & Apr.05] [May
2014]
261. What are the desirable properties of good refrigerants? [Anna Univ.
Apr.05]
9. With a neat sketch, discuss briefly the ammonia absorption refrigeration
cycle. [Anna Univ. pr.05]
10. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of vapour absorption
refrigeration system over vapour compression system. [Anna Univ. Dec.03]
11. Define RSHF and ASHF. [Anna Univ. Dec.03]
12. Draw a neat diagram of air conditioning system required in winter season.
Explain the working of different components in the circuit. Is it possible to use
steam for such air conditioning system. [Anna Univ. Dec.03 & apr.03]
13. Describe the working of summer air conditioning system suitable for hot and
wet weather and for hot and dry weather with simple component diagrams.
[Anna Univ. Apr.03 & Apr.04]
14. [a] Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of lithium bromide
refrigeration system.
[b] An R 12 system is operating at conditions such that the vaporizing
temperature is - 15 C and the condensing temperature is 40C. If it is assumed
that no sub cooling of the liquid occurs so that the temperature of liquid at the
refrigerant control is also 40C, find the following
[i] the refrigerating effect per kilogram
[ii] the mass of refrigerant circulated in kilograms per second per kilowatt
[iii] the mass of refrigerant circulated per second for a ton system. [AU.,
Nov/Dec.2010]
15. Write short notes on the following. [i] GSHF [ii] RSHF. [AU., Nov/Dec.2010]
16. Explain vapour absorption refrigeration system with a neat sketch. Also
bring out the difference between vapour compression and absorption
refrigeration systems. [AU., May/June 2011]
17. An air-conditioning is to be designed for a small office for winter conditions.
Out-door conditions 10C DBT and 8C WBT Required indoor conditions 20C
DBT and 60% R.H. Amount of air circulation 0.3 m3/min/person Seating capacity
of the office 50 The required condition is achieved first by heating and then by
adiabatic humidifying. Find the following:
[a] Heating capacity of the coil in kW and the surface temperature required if
the bypass factor of the coil is 0.32. [b] The capacity of the humidifier. [AU.
May/June 2011]
18. [i] What are the properties of a good refrigerant? [4] [Anna Univ. May/June
2013]
42

[ii] An ammonia refrigerator produces 30 tons of ice at 00C in a day of 24 hours.

The temperature range in the compressor is from 250C to -150C. The vapour is
dry saturated at the end of compression. Assume a COP of 60% Theoretical
value. Calculate the power required to drive the compressor. Assume latent
heat of ice is 335kJ/kg. For properties of NH3, refer the table below. [12]
Temperature [0C]
hf
hg
Sf
Sg
kJ/kgk
kJ/kgk
kJ/kgk
kJ/kgk
25
298.9
1465.8
1.124
5.039
-15
112.34
1426.5
0.4572
5.549
19. The temperature limits of Ammonia refrigeration system are 250C and -100C.
if the gas is dry at the end of the compression calculate the COP of the cycle
assuming no undercooling of the liquid Ammonia the properties of ammonia are
Temperature [0C]
liquid heat
latent heat
liquid entropy
25
298.9
1166.8
1.2420
-10
135.34
1297.5
0.5443
(b) Explain the construction and working of vapour compression refrigrigeration
system with neat sketch. [Anna Univ. Nov/Dec 2013]
20. Explain the construction and working of vapour absorption refrigeration
system.
(b) explain the desirable thermodynamic properties and environmental safety
aspects of alternative refrigents. [Anna Univ. Nov/Dec 2014]
21.

[AU., Apr/May 2015]

43