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Pumps are in general classified as Centrifugal Pumps (or Roto-dynamic pumps) and Positive
Displacement Pumps.
Centrifugal Pumps (Roto-dynamic pumps)
The centrifugal or roto-dynamic pump produce a head and a flow by increasing the velocity of
the liquid through the machine with the help of a rotating vane impeller. Centrifugal pumps
include radial, axial and mixed flow units.
Centrifugal pumps can further be classified as
submersible pumps
self-priming pumps
axial-flow pumps
regenerative pumps
Steam pumps
Rotary pumps - gear, lobe, screw, vane, regenerative (peripheral) and progressive
cavity
The Centrifugal Pump has varying flow depending on the system pressure or head
The Positive Displacement Pump has more or less a constant flow regardless of the
system pressure or head. Positive Displacement pumps generally gives more pressure
than Centrifugal Pump's.
In the Centrifugal Pump the flow is reduced when the viscosity is increased
In the Positive Displacement Pump the flow is increased when viscosity is increased
Liquids with high viscosity fills the clearances of a Positive Displacement Pump causing a
higher volumetric efficiency and a Positive Displacement Pump is better suited for high
viscosity applications. A Centrifugal Pump becomes very inefficient at even modest viscosity.
o Mechanical Efficiency
The pumps behaves different considering mechanical efficiency as well.
Changing the system pressure or head has little or no effect on the flow rate in the
Positive Displacement Pump
Changing the system pressure or head has a dramatic effect on the flow rate in the
Centrifugal Pump
where
points 1 and 2 lie on a streamline,
When streamlines are parallel the pressure is constant across them, except for
hydrostatic head differences (if the pressure was higher in the middle of the duct, for
example, we would expect the streamlines to diverge, and vice versa). If we ignore
gravity, then the pressures over the inlet and outlet areas are constant. Along a
streamline on the centerline, the Bernoulli equation and the one-dimensional
continuity equation give, respectively,
These two observations provide an intuitive guide for analyzing fluid flows, even when
the flow is not one-dimensional. For example, when fluid passes over a solid body,
the streamlines get closer together, the flow velocity increases, and the pressure
decreases. Airfoils are designed so that the flow over the top surface is faster than
over the bottom surface, and therefore the average pressure over the top surface is
less than the average pressure over the bottom surface, and a resultant force due to
this pressure difference is produced. This is the source of lift on an airfoil. Lift is
defined as the force acting on an airfoil due to its motion, in a direction normal to the
direction of motion. Likewise, drag on an airfoil is defined as the force acting on an
airfoil due to its motion, along the direction of motion.
What is the different between pump and compressor?
The basic difference between a pump & compressor is : compressor is
used to compress air at high pressure ,also when there is no load
requirement . But in the other hand pump is used to deliever fluid or water
to high head or through long distance under high pressure.A pump can't
be used to compress air...(why?)
The main difference lies in the "compressibility" in the volume of liquid and
gas. Liquid is considered "incompressible" (volume remains constant)
when subjected to compressive forces, while gas is "compressible"
(volume decreases when subjected to compressive force). The word
"pumping" connotes "moving" a fluid (usually a liquid) from place to place
without any perceptible change in its temperature but with an increase in
the discharge pressure. Compressors, on the other hand, aside from
moving the fluid, also reduces the volume of the compressible fluid (a
gas), with a resulting increase in temperature and pressure of the fluid at
the compressor discharge. For purely "moving" gases without
compression, "blowers" are used instead of compressors. However, there
is always a degree of compression however small that occurs for blowers
heat energy that flows in (TdS), minus the energy that flows out via the system performing
work (pdV).
Second law
The entropy of an isolated system consisting of two regions of space, isolated from one
another, each in thermodynamic equilibrium in itself, but not in equilibrium with each other,
will, when the isolation that separates the two regions is broken, so that the two regions
become able to exchange matter or energy, tend to increase over time, approaching a
maximum value when the jointly communicating system reaches thermodynamic equilibrium.
In a simple manner, the second law states "energy systems have a tendency to increase their
entropy rather than decrease it." This can also be stated as "heat can spontaneously flow from
a higher-temperature region to a lower-temperature region, but not the other way around."
(Heat can flow from cold to hot, but not spontaneously- for example, when a refrigerator
expends electrical power.)
A way of thinking about the second law for non-scientists is to consider entropy as a measure
of ignorance of the microscopic details of the system. So, for example, one has less
knowledge about the separate fragments of a broken cup than about an intact one, because
when the fragments are separated, one does not know exactly whether they will fit together
again, or whether perhaps there is a missing shard. Solid crystals, the most regularly
structured form of matter, have very low entropy values; and gases, which are very
disorganized, have high entropy values. This is because the positions of the crystal atoms are
more predictable than are those of the gas atoms.
The entropy of an isolated macroscopic system never decreases. However, a microscopic
system may exhibit fluctuations of entropy opposite to that stated by the Second Law (see
Maxwell's demon and Fluctuation Theorem).
Third law
As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant
minimum.
Briefly, this postulates that entropy is temperature dependent and results in the formulation of
the idea of absolute zero.
What is the different between stress and strain?
Stress is defined as load per unit area.The difference between pressure and stress is stress is
internal that is developed by the body.strain is defined as change in length to original
length.This change is length is also called deformation.
Mention types of heat transfer?
Conduction- the transfer of heat from matter to matter
Convection- the transfer of heat from matter to air
Radiation- the transfer of heat from one point to another, such as boiling water.
Actually convection can also be any fluid medium and it can go vice versa ... the fluid can
transfer to a plate.
Plus, you can't say matter, because "air" is matter.
It would be solid touching solid for conduction - but in reality there is a little bit of convection
in there --- but that can be guessed to be zero.
Also, radiation is emitted by nearly everthing (unless a black body) - which its not point to
point ... because that's duplicating what you've called Convection and Conduction. Radiation
is the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, particles, etc.
Explain the air-conditioning cycle?
reduced efficiency
cavitation
damage
It is the difference in pressure between the vapor pressure of the
fluid being pumped and actual pressure on the suction side of the
pump.