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9.4
Logic gates as switching circuits in electronic systems
Security lamps, alarm systems, and washing machines can make some simple decisions.
The switching on and off operations are controlled by electronic switches made up of logic
gates.
Logic gates work using tiny transistors as switches. They are manufactured as integrated
circuit (IC), with each chip holding several gates.
A logic gate is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal.
For each gate, the input or inputs are on the left of the symbol. The output is on the right
Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0).
A binary 0 represents 0 V, and a binary 1 represents a non zero voltage.
A truth table lists all input possibilities and the corresponding output for each input.
List, draw symbols and state the action of the logic gates
Gates
1.
AND gate
2.
OR gate
3.
NOT gate
Truth table
Action
For the input to be ON,
both inputs must be ON.
Output in ON only when
both inputs A and B are
ON.
For the output to be ON at
least one of the inputs
must be ON.
Output Q is ON when input
A or B or both is ON
4.
NAND gate
It is equivalent to an AND
gate with its output
inverted by a NOT gate.
Output Q is OFF when
inputs A and B are both
ON
5.
NOR gate
It is equivalent to an OR
gate with its output
inverted by a NOT gate.
Output Q is ON when both
input A and input B are
OFF
Built truth tables for logic gates in combination for a maximum of 2 inputs
Diagram 2
Input P
Night = 0
Night = 0
Day = 1
Day = 1
Input Q
Cold = 0
Hot = 1
Cold = 0
Hot = 1
Output R
Off = 0
On = 1
On = 1
On = 1
TUTORIAL 9.4
1. The diagram shows an electric circuit.
M
0
1
0
1
A AND gate
C NAND gate
N
0
0
1
1
X
0
0
0
1
B
D
OR gate
NOR gate
B
D
OR
NOR
20
6
C P
P Q
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
D
0
0
1
1
A OR gate
C NOR gate
Q
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
AND gate
NAND gate
10
P
0
1
0
1
Q
0
0
1
1
R
1
1
1
1
P
0
1
0
1
Q
0
0
1
1
R
0
0
1
0
P Q
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
D
If the input signals P and Q are
respectively 1001 and 1100 what is the
output signal at X?
A 0001
B
0010
C 1010
D
1110
12
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
P
0
0
1
1
Q
0
1
0
1
R
1
0
1
0
P
0
0
1
1
Q
0
1
0
1
R
0
1
0
1
X
0
0
1
1
Y
0
1
0
1
Q
0
1
1
0
X
0
0
1
1
Y
0
1
0
1
Q
1
1
1
0
C
D
X Y
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
17
16
P Q R
P Q
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
P
0
0
1
1
Q
0
1
0
1
R
0
0
1
0
X
0
0
1
1
Y
0
1
0
1
Q
1
0
0
0
19
Q
0
1
0
1
R
0
1
1
1
P
0
0
1
1
Q
0
1
0
1
R
1
0
1
1
P
Q R
D
X Y Q
0
0 1
0 0 1
0
1 0
0 1 0
The
1 figure
0 1shows a OR1 gate
0 with
0
input
1 signals
1 0 P and Q.1 1 1
A A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
C
0
0
0
0
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
C
1
1
1
1
C A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
C
0
1
0
1
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
C
1
0
1
0
18
The table shows a truth table for a
combination of logic gates.
P Q R
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Which of the following is true to show a
circuit according to the truth table
above?
21
23
22
(i)
(a)
(b)
_
(ii) Draw the output signal C in the
graph below.
(c)
24(a)
X
Y
Z
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
Figure shows a circuit made up
from a combination of a few
basic logic gates.
Figure (a)
(i) Based on the arrangement of
the logic gates in the Figure
(a) complete the truth table
below.
Figure (c)
(i)
Inpu t
K
0
0
1
1
L
0
1
0
1
Output
M
Figure (b)
Input
Output
K L M
S
No
coin
10
sen
(ii) Name the gate that is probably
20 in the black box.
Bright
Dark
Dark
sen
0 1 1
50
_
sen
0
0
0
1
(c)
_
[1]
(ii) Why is component S necessary in
the circuit?
_
_
[1]
(d) The following truth table shows the
operation of a logic gate in the circuit
in Figure 26.2
Key:
Figure 1.1
The circuit that could help Ali to
develop the security system is shown
in Figure 1.2.
Surroundings
Bright
Bright
Dark
Dark
Figure 1.2
(a)
[1]
Component X has a high resistance
when the surroundings are dark and a
low resistance in bright surroundings.
Name the component X.
_
Input Q
Person
Input
crossing
voltage
at Q
No
0
Yes
No
Yes
(i)
(ii)
_
(b)
Input
voltage
at P
0
_
[1]
Out
put
Figure (a)
Keys:
Buttons A and B:
When pressed,logic 1
Not pressed, logic 0
X Output: Motor is activated,logic 1
(a) The table is a truth table which
shows the operations of the logic
gates in a lift motor.
Using the keys given, complete
the table.
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1