4b

NORMAN LUDWIN

Bowing and Various Techniques

(Numbers relate to bowing sheet)
ON THE STRING BOWINGS

Don Juan

TYPES OF BOWING
ON THE STRING BOWINGS

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Legato

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1. Legato: Group of notes are slurred together, the effect is as smooth as possible.
Dtach
2. Detach: Each note is bowed separately. The notes dont have a break between them,
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as the word detached implies, but can be connected smoothly. Detach bowing can be Sehr
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done at any speed or any dynamic level. As a rule, no special indication is needed for !
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detach bowing, apart an absence of slurs.
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3. Martel: This is called hammered bowing but that is misleading. The bow does not
Fourth
Symphony
strike the string from above but begins and ends right on the string, so there is a very
Allegro giocoso
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marked separation between notes. It is often done at the upper part of the bow, but
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can be done at the frog for a more robust effect. The indication can be dots,
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arrowheads, accents or a combination.
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4. Slurred Staccato: Staccato generally means short notes. However, when used as part
Eighth SymphonySlurred staccato
Tempo di minuetto
of a term slurred staccato it refers to a group of notes is taken (generally with an up#
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bow) with a separate push for each note. Not too many notes can be done in this
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fashion but it is useful in a limited way. It provides a graceful touch to a phrase.
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5. This is called a hooked bowing. It can be an up bow or down bow and it often
occurs in a dotted rhythm. This is a bowing that should be not noticeable to the
Fifth Symphony 1
listener and is a way to resolve bowing issues.
Andante
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6. Also hooked bowing but shorter notes.
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7. Lour: This is a brush bowing that is for a music of slow, cantabile character. This
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can make an almost imperceptible break between notes.

OFF THE STRING BOWINGS

Andante molto vivace

4
8. Spiccato: This is normally a light, middle of the bow stroke in which the bow bounces
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off the string. It is used frequently in orchestral playing but not when the dynamic 6 ! " $ - $ $ $ ' - $ '
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level is to be louder than mf. The notation for this bowing is dots or the word spiccato
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can be written in.
9. Another spiccato example.
Second Symphony
10. Flying staccato: This is an unusual bowing that is similar to the slurred staccato but is
" " 6 Allegretto
played off the string. It is solo technique that is rarely used in section playing.
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11. Jt, richot saltando: This means thrown in French, the bow in the upper half, is made7
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to bounce on the string very rapidly with a down bow stroke most often repeated
notes. The notation consists of dots under a slur. It is usually written for a fairly brisk
tempo.
12. Successive down bows. This device is used when a very decided break between notes
is desired. It is a very rhythmic, and often gruff sound. It is not for too fast a tempo
nor too long a sustained period.
13. Successive down bows.
14. Successive up bows: This is for a more delicate effect at softer dynamic levels.
15. Successive up bows.

ON THE STRING BOWINGS

Strauss

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Brahms

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Beethoven

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Prokofieff

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Sixth Symphony

Lour

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Sibelius

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OFF THE STRING BOWINGS

Spiccato
In ruhig fliessender Bewegung

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Fourth Symphony

legg.

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Shostakovich

Allegretto

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OFF THE STRING BOWINGS

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First Symphony

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Fifth
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Successive down-bows

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Prokofieff

Successive up-bows

Fifth Symphony
14

Prokofieff

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Andante

strike the string from above but begins and ends right on the string, so there is a very
marked separation between notes. It is often done at the upper part of the bow, but
can be done at the frog for a more robust effect. The indication can be dots,
arrowheads, accents or a combination.
4. Slurred Staccato: Staccato generally means short notes. However, when used as part
of a term slurred staccato it refers to a group of notes is taken (generally with an upbow) with a separate push for each note. Not too many notes can be done in this
Classical
Symphony
fashion
but
in a limited way. It provides a graceful touch to a phrase.
#=
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5. / This
it often
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occurs in a dotted rhythm.
that
should
be
not
noticeable
to the
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listener
and
is
a
way
to
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issues.
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6. Also hooked bowing but shorter notes.
7. Lour: This is a brush bowing that is for a music of slow, cantabile character. This
SPECIALbreak
EFFECTS
can make an almost imperceptible
between notes.

OFFTremolos
THE STRING BOWINGS

8. Spiccato: This is normally a(Unmeasured)

light, middle of the bow stroke in which the bow bounces
Wagner
off the string. It is used frequently in orchestral
playing but
notIsolde
when the
dynamic
Tristan
und
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level is to be louder than mf. The notation for this bowing
is
dots
or
the
word
?
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$?spiccato
$
$
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can be written in.
"
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16 !
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9. Another spiccato example.
!
10. Flying staccato: This is an unusual bowing that is similar to the slurred staccato but is
Measured
played off the string. It is solo technique that is rarely used in section playing.
Beethoven
Sixth
Symphony
11. Jt, richot saltando:
This means thrown in French, the bow in the upper half, is made
Allegro
@ $@
$ 2 $ very
$ $ $most
@ @ repeated
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to bounce on
with a down bow$stroke
$ 2 $ rapidly
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17 The notation consists of dots under
$ $a fairly brisk
2 $ $ 2a$ slur.
@ @ @ for
notes.
$ $It$is usually@ written
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tempo.
12. Successive down bows. This device is used when a very decided break between notes
is desired. It is a very rhythmic, and often gruff sound. It is not for too fast a tempo
nor too long a sustained period.
13. Successive
bows.
16.down
Tremolos:
These can be played
14. Successive
up
bows:
This
is
for
a
more delicate effect at softer dynamic levels.
measured or unmeasured,
15. Successive up bows.

Ex. 16 is unmeasured, and is marked with

the three lines though the stems. It is played
as rapidly as possible.
17. The measured tremolo calls for a
definite number of repeated notes. One
line through a quarter note means eighth
notes, one line through eighth notes means
sixteenths etc. Triplets are indicated with a
three above each note.

3. Martel: This is called hammered bowing but that is misleading. The bow does not
strike the string from above but begins and ends right on the string, so there is a very
marked separation between notes. It is often done at the upper part of the bow, but
can be done at the frog for a more robust effect. The indication can be dots,
arrowheads, accents or a combination.
4. Slurred Staccato: Staccato generally means short notes. However, when used as part
of a term slurred staccato it refers to a group of notes is taken (generally with an upbow) with a separate push for each note. Not too many notes can be done in this
fashion but it is useful in a limited way. It provides a graceful touch to a phrase.
5. This is called a hooked bowing. It can be an up bow or down bow and it often
occurs in a dotted rhythm. This is a bowing that should be not noticeable to the
listener and is a way to resolve bowing issues.
OFF THE STRING BOWINGS
6. Also -2hooked bowing but shorter notes.
7. Lour: This is a brush
bowing
that Bewegung
is for a music of slow,
cantabile character. This
Spiccato
In ruhig
fliessender
Mahler
16.anTremelos:
Thisbogen.
can bebreak
played
measured
can make
almost imperceptible
between
notes.or unmeasured. This example is unmeasured,
spring

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with
the three
the stems.
5 It is played
OFF
THE
BOWINGS
$& rapidly
+ + + is,8marked
$ lines
$ $
!and
$ through
$ STRING
$ 2 $ as
$

$& middle
" $& bow
&
possible.
8. Spiccato: This
is normally
$& $& in$& which& the
& & of& the$& bow
& bounces
$& $& a$&light,
$& stroke
off the string.
It is
used
frequently
in
orchestral
playing
but
not
when
the
dynamic
17. The
measured
tremelo
calls
for
a
definite
number
of
repeated
notes,
! mf. The notation for this bowing is dots or the word spiccatothe number being
level is to beshown
louderinthan
the notation. One line through a quarter note means eighth notes, one line
can be written
in.
through
eighth
notes means sixteenths, two lines are thirty-seconds. Triplets are
First
Symphony
Shostakovich
9. Another spiccato
example.
indicated
with a three above each note or occasionally three dots next to the note
Allegretto
10. Flying staccato:
This is an unusual bowing that is similar to the slurred staccato
& but
& is" $ $ & " $& $& " $& $&
head.
Used
frequently
by
film
composers.
"
$
2
$
played off
the
9 string. It is solo technique that is rarely used
+ $& in section+ $playing.
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$& is made
9 !saltando: This means thrown+in$ French,
$& 2 $upper
11. Jt, richot
$in+the
2 $& $&the bow
& & half,
+
:
$
2
$
&
&
. string very rapidly with a down bow stroke & most
to bounce on the
often repeated
notes. The notation consists of dots under a slur. It is usually written for a fairly brisk
tempo.
Flying spiccato
Fourth
Symphony
Mahler
12. Successive down
bows. This
device is used when a very decided break between notes
Moderato and often gruff sound.%It is not for too #fast a &tempo
# rhythmic,
4%
is desired. It"is a very
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$ $ 9 "$ $& "$
nor too
period.
10long a sustained
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13. Successive down
!bows.
legg. This is for a more delicate effect at softer dynamic levels.
14. Successive up bows:
15. Successive up bows.
Jet, (ricochet, saltando, sautill)
8

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Capriccio Espagnol

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Fifth
Symphony
3
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Fifth Symphony
13

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Stravinsky

Prokofieff

Successive up-bows

Fifth Symphony
14

Prokofieff

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Andante

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SPECIAL EFFECTS
Tremolos
(Unmeasured)
Wagner
Tristan und Isolde

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16 !
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Measured

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Andante

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Rimsky - Korsakof

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Successive down-bows

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Classical Symphony

17

Beethoven

Allegro
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Sixth Symphony